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Vol. 32. Issue 7.
Pages 332-340 (August - September 1996)
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Vol. 32. Issue 7.
Pages 332-340 (August - September 1996)
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Estudio de calidad y selección de muestras de lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) en neumopatías difusas
Quality study and screening of bronchoalveolar lavage samples
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J. Martín Juan*, F. Valenzuela Mateos, G. Soto Campos, A. Segado Soriano, F. Rodríguez Panadero, J. Castillo Gómez
Servicio de Respiratorio. Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío. Sevilla
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Uno de los requisitos esenciales en la técnica de LBA, cuando se utiliza con el fin concreto de estudiar la respuesta inmune o inflamatoria en patología intersticial pulmonar, es que las muestras obtenidas sean representativas del tracto respiratorio inferior. Por ello, la selección de muestras adecuadas es un paso obligado en el estudio de rutina.

Valorar la incidencia de muestras de LBA no idóneas para estudio citológico y determinar la relación entre parámetros relacionados con la técnica y patología subyacente con la calidad de especímenes.

Se incluyeron 161 pacientes: 72 infectados por el VIH con infiltrados pulmonares difusos, 34 fibrosis pulmonar idiopàtica (FPI), 10 sarcoidosis, 10 neumonitis por hipersensibilidad, 19 con neumopatía intersticial asociada a enfermedades del colágeno, dos con eosinofilia pulmonar y 14 pacientes seleccionados como grupo control.

Para el estudio de calidad se realizó tinción de muestras de LBA con técnica de Wright-Giemsa modificada y se emplearon los criterios de selección descritos por Chamberlain et al. (1987). Resultaron no útiles para estudio el 53% de muestras en pacientes infectados por el VIH, el 35% en pacientes con fibrosis pulmonar idiopàtica y el 21% en neumopatía intersticial asociada a conectivopatías. En el resto, todas las muestras fueron útiles para estudio. La intolerancia del LBA con descenso del porcentaje de fluido recuperado se asoció significativamente con la calidad de muestras sobre todo en el grupo con FPI. Los hallazgos citológicos que invalidaron las muestras fueron diferentes entre grupos. Como dato común, las muestras inadecuadas mostraron una baja concentración celular. Por otro lado, la evidencia o no de infección asociada en pacientes infectados por el VIH, al contrario que en otras neumopatías, no parece ser un factor que determine por sí mismo la calidad de muestras.

Es previsible la obtención de un porcentaje importante de muestras de LBA no idóneas para estudio, sobre todo en neumopatía difusa asociada a infección VIH, FPI y neumopatía intersticial asociada a conectivopatías. Por otra parte, la tolerancia de la técnica, entre otros factores, influye en la calidad del espécimen y, por tanto, ha de tenerse en cuenta en la valoración de los hallazgos citológicos.

Falta por homogeneizar la aplicación de criterios de calidad entre los distintos grupos de trabajo y determinar si la exclusión de muestras no útiles repercute en la composición final de los grupos de estudio.

Palabras clave:
Lavado broncoalveolar
Calidad de muestras
Enfermedad pulmonar intersticial

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples used to study immune or inflammatory response in interstitial lung disease must be representative of the lower respiratory tract. Thus, the selection of suitable samples must be part of routine practice.

To assess the incidence of unsuitable BAL samples used for cytology and to determine the relation between parameters related to underlying disease and the quality of samples.

One hundred sixty-one patients were enrolled. Seventytwo were HIV positive and had diffuse pulmonary infiltrates, 34 had idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), 10 had sarcoidosis, 10 had hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 19 had interstitial lung disease and collagen diseases and 2 had pulmonary eosinophilia. Fourteen individuals formed the control group.

The quality study was carried out by staining the BAL samples following a modified Wright-Giemsa technique and evaluating the samples by the selection criteria described by Chamberlain and colleagues (1987).

We identified unsuitable samples from 53% of the HIV positive patients, from 35% of the IPF patients and from 21% of the interstitial lung disease patients with associated connective tissue disease. In the other groups, all samples were suitable for analysis. Intolerance of BAL with decreasing percentage of fluid recovered was significantly associated with sample quality, particularly in the IPF group. The cytology results that invalidated the samples differed by group. In all groups, unsuitable specimens had low cell counts. The finding or not of evidence of associated infectionin HIV-infected patients, on the other hand, did not appear to determine sample quality in and of itself, although it did in samples related to other entities.

We can predict that a high rate of unsuitable BAL samples will come mainly from patients with diffuse lung disease associated to HIV infection, IPF and interstitial lung disease with associated connective tissue disease. Tolerance to the technique influences quality of the specimen obtained and, therefore, should be taken into account in interpreting the findings of cytology.

The criteria applied by the various teams using BAL should be unified, and it should be determined whether the exclusion of inappropriate samples affects the final composition of study groups.

Key words:
Bronchoalveolar lavage
Quality samples
Interstitial lung disease
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Copyright © 1996. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
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