Journal Information
Vol. 41. Issue 1.
Pages 20-26 (February 2005)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 41. Issue 1.
Pages 20-26 (February 2005)
Originales
Full text access
Cuadro clínico y factores pronósticos de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad grave en adultos hospitalizados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos
Clinical Picture and Prognostic Factors for Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit
Visits
28159
A. Díaza,
Corresponding author
alediazf@hotmail.com

Correspondencia: Dr. A. Díaz Fuenzalida. Departamento de Enfermedades Respiratorias. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Marcoleta, 345, 4.°. Santiago de Chile. Chile.
, M. Álvareza, C. Callejasb, R. Rossob, K. Schnettlerb, F. Saldíasa
a Departamento de Enfermedades Respiratorias. Facultad de Medicina. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago de Chile
b Alumnos del séptimo curso de Medicina. Facultad de Medicina. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago de Chile. Chile
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Objetivo

En Chile existe escasa información acerca de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad de carácter grave manejada en las unidades de cuidados intensivos. En este trabajo se describen el cuadro clínico, los factores pronósticos y el tratamiento de pacientes adultos hospitalizados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos por neumonía adquirida en la comunidad grave.

Pacientes y métodos

Se ha realizado un estudio clínico prospectivo y descriptivo que ha incluido a 113 pacientes consecutivos.

Resultados

De los 113 pacientes incluidos (edad media ± desviación estándar: 73 ± 15 años), el 95% tenía comorbilidad asociada y un 81% pertenecía a las categorías de alto riesgo del índice de gravedad de la neumonía (Pneumonia Severity Index). Se demostró la etiología en el 31% y los patógenos más frecuentes fueron Streptococcus pneumoniae (40%), bacilos gramnegativos (17%) y Mycoplasma pneumoniae (6%). Las principales complicaciones fueron necesidad de ventilación mecánica (45%), shock séptico (26%), insuficiencia cardíaca (24%) y arritmias (15%). La mortalidad a los 30 días fue del 16,8% y mediante un análisis multivariado se identificaron los siguientes factores asociados a mayor riesgo de muerte: insuficiencia renal aguda (odds ratio = 5,1) y glucemia mayor de 300 mg/dl (odds ratio = 7,2).

Conclusiones

Los pacientes con neumonía grave ingresados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos son de edad avanzada, con una alta tasa de comorbilidad y complicaciones, pero la mayoría sobrevive.

Palabras clave:
Neumonía
Comunidad
Grave
Cuidados intensivos
Pronóstico
Riesgo
Objective

In Chile very little information is available on severe community-acquired pneumonia treated in intensive care units. This study describes the clinical picture, prognostic factors, and treatment of adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit for severe community-acquired pneumonia.

Patients and methods

A total of 113 consecutive patients were included in this prospective, descriptive study.

Results

The mean (SD) age of the 113 patients was 73 (15). Of these, 95% had associated comorbidity, and 81% were in the high-risk classes of the Pneumonia Severity Index. Etiology was identified in 31%, and the most common pathogens were Streptococcus pneumoniae (40%), gram negative bacilli (17%), and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (6%). The main complications were the need for mechanical ventilation (45%), septic shock (26%), heart failure (24%), and arrhythmias (15%). Mortality at 30 days was 16.8%, and multivariate analysis revealed the following factors to be associated with a greater risk of death: acute renal failure (odds ratio: 5.1), and glycemia above 300 mg/dL (odds ratio: 7.2).

Conclusions

The patients with severe pneumonia admitted to the intensive care unit are elderly, with a high level of comorbidity and complications, but most survive.

Key words:
Pneumonia
Community
Severe
Intensive care
Prognosis
Risk
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
R.A. Garibaldi.
Epidemiology of community-acquired respiratory tract infections in adults. Incidence, etiology, and impact.
Am J Med, 78 (1985), pp. 32-37
[2.]
G. Valdivia.
Neumonías adquiridas en la comunidad: epidemiología y conceptos generales.
Bol Esc Med Universidad Católica, 28 (1999), pp. 85-91
[3.]
S. Ewig, A. Torres.
Severe community-acquired pneumonia.
Clin Chest Med, 20 (1999), pp. 575-587
[4.]
A. Ortqvist, G. Sterner, J.A. Nilsson.
Severe community-acquired pneumonia: factors influencing need of intensive care treatment and prognosis.
Scand J Infect Dis, 17 (1985), pp. 377-386
[5.]
J. Pachon, M.D. Prados, F. Capote, J.A. Cuello, J. Garnacho, A. Verano.
Severe community-acquired pneumonia. Etiology, prognosis, and treatment.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 142 (1990), pp. 369-373
[6.]
A. Torres, J. Serra-Batllés, A. Ferrer, et al.
Severe communityacquired pneumonia. Epidemiology and prognostic factors.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 144 (1991), pp. 312-318
[7.]
The British Thoracic Society Research Committee and The Public Health Laboratory Service.
The aetiology, management and outcome of severe community-acquired pneumonia on the intensive care unit.
Respir Med, 86 (1992), pp. 7-13
[8.]
P. Moine, J.B. Vercken, S. Chevret, C. Chastang, P. Gajdos.
Severe community-acquired pneumonia. Etiology, epidemiology, and prognosis factors. French Study Group for Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the Intensive Care Unit.
Chest, 105 (1994), pp. 1487-1495
[9.]
N.S. Dahmash, M.N. Chowdhury.
Re-evaluation of pneumonia requiring admission to an intensive care unit: a prospective study.
Thorax, 49 (1994), pp. 71-76
[10.]
J. Almirall, E. Mesalles, J. Klamburg, O. Parra, A. Agudo.
Prognostic factors of pneumonia requiring admission to the intensive care unit.
Chest, 107 (1995), pp. 511-516
[11.]
C. Feldman, S. Ross, A.G. Mahomed, J. Omar, C. Smith.
The aetiology of severe community-acquired pneumonia and its impact on initial, empiric, antimicrobial chemotherapy.
Respir Med, 89 (1995), pp. 187-192
[12.]
J. Rello, R. Rodríguez, P. Jubert, B. Álvarez.
Severe communityacquired pneumonia in the elderly: epidemiology and prognosis. Study Group for Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia.
Clin Infect Dis, 23 (1996), pp. 723-728
[13.]
F. Saldías, M. Blacutt, R. Moreno.
Manejo de los pacientes con neumonía severa en ventilación mecánica. Utilidad del lavado broncoalveolar.
Rev Med Chil, 124 (1996), pp. 950-958
[14.]
H. Cabello, C. Cortes, M. Ruiz, et al.
Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad: comunicación de 8 casos de neumonía severa por Legionella pneumophila del serogrupo 1 en Chile.
Rev Med Chil, 130 (2002), pp. 309-313
[15.]
F. Saldías, J.M. Mardónez, M. Marchesse, P. Viviani, G. Farías, A. Díaz.
Cuadro clínico y factores pronósticos en la neumonía comunitaria en adultos hospitalizados.
Rev Med Chil, 130 (2002), pp. 1373-1382
[16.]
M.J. Fine, T.E. Auble, D.M. Yealy, et al.
A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia.
N Engl J Med, 336 (1997), pp. 243-250
[17.]
W.S. Lim, M.M. Van der Earden, R. Laing, W.G. Boersma, N. Karalus, G.I. Town, et al.
Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study.
Thorax, 58 (2003), pp. 377-382
[18.]
American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Crit Care Med. 1992;20:864-74.
[19.]
M.S. Niederman, J.B. Bass Jr, G.D. Campbell, et al.
Guidelines for the initial management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: diagnosis, assessment of severity, and initial antimicrobial therapy. American Thoracic Society. Medical Section of the American Lung Association.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 148 (1993), pp. 1418-1426
[20.]
P. Jiménez, F. Saldías, M. Meneses, M.E. Silva, M.G. Wilson, L. Otth.
Diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopy in patients with communityacquired pneumonia. Comparison between bronchoalveolar lavage and telescoping plugged catheter cultures.
Chest, 103 (1993), pp. 1023-1027
[21.]
L.M. Noriega, P. González, C. Canals, P. Michaud.
Septicemia por Streptococcus pneumoniae. Análisis de 40 casos.
Rev Med Chil, 122 (1994), pp. 1385-1392
[22.]
P. Fernández, L. San Martín.
Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad: terapia secuencial de cefalosporina intravenosa a cefalosporina oral.
Rev Med Chil, 128 (2000), pp. 267-272
[23.]
A. Díaz, M. Calvo, A. O’Brien, G. Farías, J.M. Mardónez, F. Saldías.
Utilidad clínica de los hemocultivos en pacientes hospitalizados por neumonía comunitaria.
Rev Med Chil, 130 (2002), pp. 993-1000
[24.]
F. Saldías, A. O’Brien, A. Gederlini, G. Farías, A. Díaz.
Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en el anciano inmunocompetente que requiere hospitalización. Cuadro clínico, factores pronósticos y tratamiento.
Arch Bronconeumol, 39 (2003), pp. 333-340
[25.]
G.D. Fang, M. Fine, J. Orloff, et al.
New and emerging etiologies for community-acquired pneumonia with implications for therapy. A prospective multicenter study of 359 cases.
Medicine (Baltimore), 69 (1990), pp. 307-316
[26.]
O. Leroy, P. Devos, B. Guery, et al.
Simplified prediction rule for prognosis of patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia in ICUs.
Chest, 116 (1999), pp. 157-165
[27.]
J. Sorensen, I. Cederholm, C. Carlsson.
Pneumonia: a deadly disease despite intensive care treatment.
Scand J Infect Dis, 18 (1986), pp. 329-335
[28.]
M. Ruiz, S. Ewig, A. Torres, et al.
Severe community-acquired pneumonia. Risk factors and follow-up epidemiology.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 160 (1999), pp. 923-929
[29.]
A.A. El-Solh, P. Sikka, F. Ramadan, J. Davies.
Etiology of severe pneumonia in the very elderly.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 163 (2001), pp. 645-651
[30.]
D.C. Angus, T.J. Marrie, D.S. Obrosky, et al.
Severe communityacquired pneumonia: use of intensive care services and evaluation of American and British Thoracic Society Diagnostic criteria.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 166 (2002), pp. 717-723
[31.]
Sociedad Chilena de Enfermedades Respiratorias.
Consenso Nacional en Neumonías del Adulto Adquiridas en la Comunidad.
Rev Chil Enf Respir, 15 (1999), pp. 70-105
[32.]
Y.K. Tan, K.L. Khoo, S.P. Chin, Y.Y. Ong.
Aetiology and outcome of severe community-acquired pneumonia in Singapore.
Eur Respir J, 12 (1998), pp. 113-115
[33.]
G. Van den Berghe, P. Wouters, F. Weekers, et al.
Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients.
N Engl J Med, 345 (2001), pp. 1359-1367
Copyright © 2005. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?