Article information
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
Pocket Guide for Asthma Management and Prevention.
Global initiative for asthma,
[2.]
S.R. Durham, B. Assoufi, C.J. Corrigan.
Patterns of response to corticosteroids.
Severe asthma. Pathogenesis and clinical management, pp. 243-252
[3.]
S.J. Lane, T.H. Lee.
Glucocorticoid-resistant asthma.
Difficult asthma, pp. 389-412
[4.]
J. Mullol, L. Pujols, C. Picado.
Mecanismos de accion de los glucocorticoides. Aplicacion al tratamiento de la inflamacion bronquial.
Arch Bronconeumol, 32 (1996), pp. 527-534
[5.]
L. Di Croce, S. Okret, S. Kersten, J.A. Guftafsson, M. Parker, W. Wahli, et al.
Steroid and nuclear receptors. Villefranche-surMer, France, May 25-27, 1999.
Embo J, 18 (1999), pp. 6201-6210
[6.]
C.M. Bamberger, A.M. Bamberger, M. De Castro, G.P. Chrousos.
Glucocorticoid receptor β, a potential endogenous inhibitor of glucocorticoid action in humans.
J Clin Invest, 95 (1995), pp. 2435-2441
[7.]
R.H. Oakley, M. Sar, J.A. Cidlowsky.
The human glucocorticoid beta isoform. Expression, biochemical, properties and putative functions.
J Biol Chem, 271 (1996), pp. 9550-9559
[8.]
R.H. Oakley, J.C. Webster, M. Sar, C. Parker, J.A. Cidlowsky.
Expression and subcellular distribution of the β-isoform of the human glucocorticoid receptor.
Endocrinology, 138 (1997), pp. 5028-5038
[9.]
C.M. Bamberger, A.M. Bamberger, M. Wald, G.P. Chrousos, H.M. Schulte.
Inhibition of mineralcorticoid activity by the beta-isoform of the human glucocorticoid receptor.
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 60 (1997), pp. 43-50
[10.]
M. De Castro, S. Elliot, T. Kino, C. Bamberger, M. Karl, E. Webster, et al.
The non-ligand binding β-isoform of the human glucocorticoid receptor (hGRβ): tissue levels, mechanism of action, and potential physiologic role.
Mol Med, 2 (1996), pp. 597-607
[11.]
H. Shahidi, A. Vottero, C.A. Stratakis, S.E. Taymans, M. Karl, C.A. Longui, et al.
Imbalanced expression of the glucocorticoid receptor isoforms in cultured lymphocytes from a patient with systemic glucocorticoid resistance and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 254 (1999), pp. 555-565
[12.]
R. Gagliardo, P. Chanez, A.M. Vignola, J. Bousquet, I. Vachier, P. Godard, et al.
Glucocorticoid receptor α and β in glucocorticoid dependent asthma.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 162 (2000), pp. 7-13
[13.]
M. Honda, F. Orii, T. Ayabe, S. Imai, T. Ashida, T. Obara, et al.
Expression of glucocorticoid receptor β in lymphocites of patients with glucocorticoid-resistant ulcerative colitis.
Gastroenterology, 118 (2000), pp. 859-866
[14.]
R.H. Oakley, C.M. Jewell, M.R. Yudt, D.M. Bofetiado, J.A. Cidlowski.
The dominant negative activity of the human glucocorticoid receptor beta isoform: specificity and mechanism of action.
J Biol Chem, 274 (1999), pp. 27857-27866
[15.]
K. Hecht, J. Carlstedt-Duke, P. Stierna, J.A. Gustafsson, M. Bron-negard, A.C. Wikstrom.
Evidence that the β isoform of the human glucocorticoid receptor does not act as a physiologically significant represor.
J Biol Chem, 272 (1997), pp. 26659-26664
[16.]
L. Pujols, J. Mullol, M. Perez, J. Roca Ferrer, M. Juan, A. Xaubet, et al.
Expression of the human glucocorticoid receptor α and β isoforms in human respiratory epithelial cells and their regulation by dexamethasone.
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 24 (2001), pp. 49-57
[17.]
K.L. Burnstein, J.A. Cidlowski.
Regulation of gene expression by glucocorticoids.
Annu Rev Phisiol, 51 (1989), pp. 683-699
[19.]
V. Giguere, S.M. Hollenberg, M.G. Rosenfeld, R.M. Evans.
Functional domains of the human glucocorticoid receptor.
Cell, 46 (1986), pp. 645-652
[20.]
C.M. Bamberger, T. Else, A.M. Bamberger, F.U. Beil, H.M. Schulte.
Regulation of the human interleukine-2 gene by the alpha and beta isoforms of the glucocorticoid receptor.
Mol Cell Endocrinology, 136 (1997), pp. 23-28
[21.]
P. De Lange, J.W. Koper, A.O. Brinkmann, F.H. De Jong, S.W. Lamberts.
Natural variants of the β isoform of the human glucocorticoid receptor do not alter sensitivity to glucocorticoids.
Mol Cell Endocrinology, 153 (1999), pp. 163-168
[22.]
I.J. Brogan, I.A. Murray, G. Cerillo, M. Needham, A. White, J.R. Davis.
Interaction of glucocorticoid receptor isoforms with transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappa B: lack of effect of glucocorticoid receptor β.
Mol Cell Endocrinology, 157 (1999), pp. 95-104
[23.]
R. Gagliardo, A.M. Vignola, M. Mathieu.
Is there a role for glucocorticoid receptor beta in asthma?.
Respir Res, 2 (2001), pp. 1-4
[24.]
D. Leung, Q. Hamid, A. Vottero, S.J. Szefler, W. Surs, A. Minshall, et al.
Association of glucocorticoid insensitivity with increased expresion of glucocorticoid receptor β.
J Exp Med, 186 (1997), pp. 1567-1573
[25.]
A.R. Sousa, S.J. Lane, J.A. Cidlowski, D.Z. Staynov, T.H. Lee.
Glucocorticoid resistance in asthma is associated with elevated in vivo expression of the glucocorticoid receptor beta-isoform.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 105 (2000), pp. 943-950
[26.]
Q. Hamid, S. Wenzel, P.J. Hauk, A. Tsicopoulos, B. Wallaert, J. Lafitte, et al.
Increased glucocorticoid receptor β in airway cells of glucocorticoid- insensitive asthma.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159 (1999), pp. 1600-1604
[27.]
J.C. Webster, R.H. Oakley, C.M. Hewell, J.A. Cidlowsky.
Proinflamatory cytokines regulate human glucocorticoid receptor gene expression and lead to the acumulation of the dominant negative β isoform: a mechanism for the generation of glucocorticoid resistance.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98 (2001), pp. 6865-6870
[28.]
P. Demoly, D. Jaffuel, M. Mathieu, H. Sahla, P. Godard, F.B. Michel, et al.
Glucocorticoid insensitivity asthma: a one year clinical follow up pilot study.
Thorax, 53 (1998), pp. 1063-1065
[29.]
D.Y.M. Leung, Q. Hamid, A. Vottero, S.J. Szefler, W. Surs, E. Minshall, et al.
Association of glucocorticoid insensitivity with increased expression of glucocorticoid receptor beta.
J Exp Med, 196 (1997), pp. 1567-1574
[30.]
E.R. Sher, D.Y.M. Leung, W. Surs, J.C. Kam, G. Zieg, A.K. Kamada, et al.
Steroid-resistant asthma: cellular mechanisms contributing to inadequate response to glucocorticoid therapy.
J Clin Invest, 93 (1994), pp. 33-39
[31.]
D.Y.M. Leung, R.J. Martin, S.J. Szefler, E.R. Sher, S. Ying, A.B. Kay, et al.
Dysregulation of interleukine 4, interleukine 5, and interferon gamma gene expression in steroid-resistant asthma.
J Exp Med, 181 (1995), pp. 33-40
[32.]
J.D. Spahn, S.J. Szefler, W. Surs, D.E. Doherty, S.R. Nimmagadda, D.Y.M. Leung.
A novel action of IL-13: induction of diminished monocyte glucocorticoid receptor-binding affinity.
J Immunol, 181 (1996), pp. 33-40
[33.]
P.J. Hauk, G.P. Hamid QA Chrousos, D.Y.M. Leung.
Induction of corticosteroid insensitivity in human PBMCs by microbial superantigens.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 105 (2000), pp. 782-787
[34.]
S.J. Lane, J.P. Arm, D.Z. Staynov, T.H. Lee.
Clinical mutational analysis of the human glucocorticoid receptor cDNA in glucocorticoidresistant bronchial asthma.
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 11 (1994), pp. 42-48
[35.]
D.L. Hamilos, D.Y.M. Leung, S. Muro, A.M. Kahn, S.S. Hamilos, S.E. Thawley, et al.
GRβ expression in nasal polyp inflamatory cells and its relationship to the anti-inflammatory effects of intranasal fluticasone.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 108 (2001), pp. 59-68
Copyright © 2002. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
