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Vol. 45. Issue 12.
Pages 585-590 (December 2009)
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Vol. 45. Issue 12.
Pages 585-590 (December 2009)
Original article
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Perinatal Exposure to Tobacco and Respiratory and Allergy Symptoms in First Years of Life
Exposición prenatal y posnatal al tabaco y síntomas respiratorios y alérgicos en los primeros años de vida
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Bibiana Frígulsa, Óscar García-Algara,
Corresponding author
restrepom@uthscsa.edu

Corresponding author.
, Carme Puiga, Cecilia Figueroaa, Jordi Sunyerb, Oriol Valla
a Unitat de Recerca Infància i Entorn (URIE), Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
b Centro de Investigación en Epidemiología Ambiental (CREAL), Institut Municipal d’Investigació Mèdica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Background and objectives

To analyse the relationship between prenatal and postnatal tobacco exposure and the development of respiratory and allergy symptoms during the first 4 years of life.

Patients and methods

Prospective and multicentred cohort study that included the subjects belonging to AMICS (Asthma Multicentred Infant Cohort Study) located in Ashford (England), Barcelona and Minorca (Spain). We recruited 1611 children, followed from the pregnancy to the 4th year of life, whose parents annually answered a questionnaire on their tobacco consumption and their children's respiratory and allergy health. In the Barcelona cohort (n=487) a tobacco exposure biomarker (cotinine) was analysed on several matrices.

Results

Prenatal tobacco exposure is associated with a greater risk of hospitalisation due to respiratory infection, particularly in the second year of life, whereas postnatal tobacco exposure is associated more strongly with the presence of late wheezing presence and increases in the chance of being diagnosed with asthma at 4 years of age. The children prenatally and postnatally exposed had more persistent wheezing, persistent rhoncus, early cough, a higher number of upper respiratory infections per year and a greater number were diagnosed with asthma. The higher the levels of cotinine measured, the higher was the risk for wheezing. No relationship was seen between tobacco exposure and atopic symptoms.

Conclusions

Passive smoke exposure during pregnancy and childhood has very distinct clinical respiratory effects in children. Therefore, smoking cessation of childbearing age women must be a priority of preventive medicine.

Keywords:
Tobacco exposure
Prenatal
Postnatal
Respiratory symptoms
Wheezing
Asthma
Children
Resumen
Introducción

El objetivo del estudio ha sido analizar la relación de la exposición prenatal y posnatal al tabaco con la aparición de síntomas respiratorios y alérgicos en los primeros 4 años de vida.

Pacientes y métodos

Estudio de cohortes prospectivo y multicéntrico que incluye a sujetos del estudio AMICS (Asthma Multicentric Infant Cohort Study) en Ashford (Reino Unido), Barcelona y Menorca (España). Se incluyó a 1.611 niños que fueron seguidos desde el embarazo hasta el cuarto año de vida mediante cuestionarios anuales para obtener información sobre tabaquismo de los padres y síntomas respiratorios y alérgicos de los niños. En la cohorte de Barcelona (n=487) se procedió al análisis de un biomarcador de exposición al tabaco (cotinina) en distintas matrices.

Resultados

La exposición prenatal exclusiva al tabaco se relaciona con mayor riesgo de hospitalización por infección respiratoria, especialmente en el segundo año de vida, mientras que la exposición posnatal se asocia con la aparición de sibilancias tardías y aumenta la probabilidad del diagnóstico de asma a los 4 años. Los niños expuestos pre y posnatalmente presentan más sibilancias y roncus persistentes, tos nocturna, episodios de resfriados al año y diagnósticos de asma. El riesgo de presentar sibilancias es mayor cuan to más altos son los valores de cotinina. No existe asociación entre exposición al tabaco y síntomas atópicos.

Conclusiones

La exposición pasiva al humo del tabaco durante el embarazo y la infancia tiene efectos clínicos respiratorios bien diferenciados en niños, por lo que la interrupción del hábito tabáquico en mujeres en edad fértil tiene que ser una prioridad en medicina preventiva.

Palabras clave:
Exposición al tabaco
Prenatal
Posnatal
Síntomas respiratorios
Sibilancias
Asma
Niños
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