Journal Information
Vol. 45. Issue 12.
Pages 585-590 (December 2009)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 45. Issue 12.
Pages 585-590 (December 2009)
Original article
Full text access
Perinatal Exposure to Tobacco and Respiratory and Allergy Symptoms in First Years of Life
Exposición prenatal y posnatal al tabaco y síntomas respiratorios y alérgicos en los primeros años de vida
Visits
4305
Bibiana Frígulsa, Óscar García-Algara,
Corresponding author
restrepom@uthscsa.edu

Corresponding author.
, Carme Puiga, Cecilia Figueroaa, Jordi Sunyerb, Oriol Valla
a Unitat de Recerca Infància i Entorn (URIE), Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
b Centro de Investigación en Epidemiología Ambiental (CREAL), Institut Municipal d’Investigació Mèdica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Abstract
Background and objectives

To analyse the relationship between prenatal and postnatal tobacco exposure and the development of respiratory and allergy symptoms during the first 4 years of life.

Patients and methods

Prospective and multicentred cohort study that included the subjects belonging to AMICS (Asthma Multicentred Infant Cohort Study) located in Ashford (England), Barcelona and Minorca (Spain). We recruited 1611 children, followed from the pregnancy to the 4th year of life, whose parents annually answered a questionnaire on their tobacco consumption and their children's respiratory and allergy health. In the Barcelona cohort (n=487) a tobacco exposure biomarker (cotinine) was analysed on several matrices.

Results

Prenatal tobacco exposure is associated with a greater risk of hospitalisation due to respiratory infection, particularly in the second year of life, whereas postnatal tobacco exposure is associated more strongly with the presence of late wheezing presence and increases in the chance of being diagnosed with asthma at 4 years of age. The children prenatally and postnatally exposed had more persistent wheezing, persistent rhoncus, early cough, a higher number of upper respiratory infections per year and a greater number were diagnosed with asthma. The higher the levels of cotinine measured, the higher was the risk for wheezing. No relationship was seen between tobacco exposure and atopic symptoms.

Conclusions

Passive smoke exposure during pregnancy and childhood has very distinct clinical respiratory effects in children. Therefore, smoking cessation of childbearing age women must be a priority of preventive medicine.

Keywords:
Tobacco exposure
Prenatal
Postnatal
Respiratory symptoms
Wheezing
Asthma
Children
Resumen
Introducción

El objetivo del estudio ha sido analizar la relación de la exposición prenatal y posnatal al tabaco con la aparición de síntomas respiratorios y alérgicos en los primeros 4 años de vida.

Pacientes y métodos

Estudio de cohortes prospectivo y multicéntrico que incluye a sujetos del estudio AMICS (Asthma Multicentric Infant Cohort Study) en Ashford (Reino Unido), Barcelona y Menorca (España). Se incluyó a 1.611 niños que fueron seguidos desde el embarazo hasta el cuarto año de vida mediante cuestionarios anuales para obtener información sobre tabaquismo de los padres y síntomas respiratorios y alérgicos de los niños. En la cohorte de Barcelona (n=487) se procedió al análisis de un biomarcador de exposición al tabaco (cotinina) en distintas matrices.

Resultados

La exposición prenatal exclusiva al tabaco se relaciona con mayor riesgo de hospitalización por infección respiratoria, especialmente en el segundo año de vida, mientras que la exposición posnatal se asocia con la aparición de sibilancias tardías y aumenta la probabilidad del diagnóstico de asma a los 4 años. Los niños expuestos pre y posnatalmente presentan más sibilancias y roncus persistentes, tos nocturna, episodios de resfriados al año y diagnósticos de asma. El riesgo de presentar sibilancias es mayor cuan to más altos son los valores de cotinina. No existe asociación entre exposición al tabaco y síntomas atópicos.

Conclusiones

La exposición pasiva al humo del tabaco durante el embarazo y la infancia tiene efectos clínicos respiratorios bien diferenciados en niños, por lo que la interrupción del hábito tabáquico en mujeres en edad fértil tiene que ser una prioridad en medicina preventiva.

Palabras clave:
Exposición al tabaco
Prenatal
Posnatal
Síntomas respiratorios
Sibilancias
Asma
Niños
Full text is only aviable in PDF
References
[1.]
K. Mulholland.
Global burden of acute respiratory infections in children: implications for interventions.
Pediatr Pulmonol, 36 (2003), pp. 469-474
[2.]
Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema: ISAAC.
The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Steering Committee.
Lancet, 351 (1998), pp. 1225-1232
[3.]
J.M. Samet.
Asthma and the environment: do environmental factors affect the incidence and prognosis of asthma?.
Toxicol Lett, (1995),
[4.]
D.G. Cook, D.P. Strachan.
Health effects of passive smoking. 3. Parental smoking and prevalence of respiratory symptoms and asthma in school age children.
Thorax, 52 (1997), pp. 1081-1094
[5.]
B. Taylor, J. Wadsworth.
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and lower respiratory tract illness in early life.
Arch Dis Child, 62 (1987), pp. 786-791
[6.]
A.L. Lux, A.J. Henderson, S.J. Pocock.
Wheeze associated with prenatal tobacco smoke exposure: a prospective, longitudinal study. ALSPAC Study Team.
Arch Dis Child, 83 (2000), pp. 307-312
[7.]
F.D. Gilliland, Y.F. Li, J.M. Peters.
Effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy and environmental tobacco smoke on asthma and wheezing in children.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 163 (2001), pp. 429-436
[8.]
J.J. Jaakkola, A.A. Kosheleva, B.A. Katsnelson, S.V. Kuzmin, L.I. Privalova, J.D. Spengler.
Prenatal and postnatal tobacco smoke exposure and respiratory health in Russian children.
Respir Res, 7 (2006), pp. 48
[9.]
J.O. Warner, C.K. Naspitz.
Third International Pediatric Consensus Statement on the management of childhood asthma. International Pediatric Asthma Consensus Group.
Pediatr Pulmunol, 25 (1998), pp. 1-17
[10.]
R.T. Stein, F.D. Martínez.
Asthma phenotypes in childhood: lessons from an epidemiological approach.
Paediatr Respir Rev, 5 (2004), pp. 155-161
[11.]
H. Van Vunakis, H.B. Gijka, J.J. Langone.
Radioimmunoassay for nicotine and cotinine.
IARC Sci Publ, (1993), pp. 293-299
[12.]
S. Pichini, C. Puig, O. García-Algar, R. Pacifici, C. Figueroa, O. Vall, et al.
Neonatal effects of smoking habit during pregnancy and sociodemographic determinants in Barcelona, Spain.
Med Clin (Barc), 118 (2002), pp. 53-56
[13.]
J.S. Li, J.K. Peat, W. Xuan, G. Berry.
Meta-analysis on the association between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and the prevalence of lower respiratory tract infection in early childhood.
Pediatr Pulmonol, 27 (1999), pp. 5-13
[14.]
W. Jedrychowski, E. Flak.
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and postnatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke as predisposition factors to acute respiratory infections.
Environ Health Perspect, 105 (1997), pp. 302-306
[15.]
C.S. Robbins, D.E. Dawe, S.I. Goncharova, M.A. Pouladi, A.G. Drannik, F.K. Swirski, et al.
Cigarette smoke decreases pulmonary dendritic cells and impacts antiviral immune responsiveness.
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 30 (2004), pp. 202-211
[16.]
M.L. Sopori, W. Kozak.
Immunomodulatory effects of cigarette smoke.
J Neuroimmunol, 83 (1998), pp. 148-156
[17.]
S.M. Stick, P.R. Burton, L. Gurrin, P.D. Sly, P.N. LeSouef.
Effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy and a family history of asthma on respiratory function in newborn infants.
Lancet, 348 (1996), pp. 1060-1064
[18.]
M. Wjst, M. Popescu, M.J. Trepka, J. Heinrich, H.E. Wichmann.
Pulmonary function in children with initial low birth weight.
Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 9 (1998), pp. 80-90
[19.]
J. Cunningham, G.T. O’Connor, D.W. Dockery, F.E. Speizer.
Environmental tobacco smoke, wheezing, and asthma in children in 24 communities.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 153 (1996), pp. 218-224
[20.]
R.J. Kurukulaaratchy, S. Matthews, S.H. Arshad.
Does environment mediate earlier onset of the persistent childhood asthma phenotype?.
Pediatrics, 113 (2004), pp. 345-350
[21.]
D.G. Cook, D.P. Strachan.
Parental smoking, bronchial reactivity and peak flow variability in children.
Thorax, 53 (1998), pp. 295-301
[22.]
S.L. Stathis, D.M. O’Callaghan, G.M. Williams, J.M. Najman, M.J. Andersen, W. Bor.
Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy is an independent predictor for symptoms of middle ear disease at five years’ postdelivery.
Pediatrics, 104 (1999), pp. e16
[23.]
C. Puig, J. Sunyer, O. García-Algar, L. Muñoz, R. Pacifici, S. Pichini, et al.
Incidence and risk factors of lower respiratory tract illnesses during infancy in a Mediterranean birth cohort.
Acta Paediatr, 97 (2008), pp. 1406-1411
[24.]
D.P. Strachan, D.G. Cook.
Health effects of passive smoking. 5. Parental smoking and allergic sensitisation in children.
Thorax, 53 (1998), pp. 117-123
[25.]
V. Soyseth, J. Kongerud, J. Boe.
Postnatal maternal smoking increases the prevalence of asthma but not of bronchial hyperresponsiveness or atopy in their children.
Chest, 107 (1995), pp. 389-394
[26.]
C.G. Magnusson.
Maternal smoking influences cord serum IgE and IgD levels and increases the risk for subsequent infant allergy.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 78 (1986), pp. 898-904
[27.]
A. Atici, D. Altintas, B. Yuksel, N. Evliyaoglu, C. Evrüke, M. Satar, et al.
Do parental smoking and history of allergy influence cord-serum IgE?.
Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 6 (1995), pp. 213-215
[28.]
W.J. Simpson.
A preliminary report on cigarette smoking and the incidence of prematurity.
Am J Obstet Gynecol, 73 (1957), pp. 807-815
[29.]
R.J. Morrow, J.W. Ritchie, S.B. Bull.
Maternal cigarette smoking: the effects on umbilical and uterine blood flow velocity.
Am J Obstet Gynecol, 159 (1988), pp. 1069-1071
[30.]
P.W. Soothill, W. Morafa, G.A. Ayida, C.H. Rodeck.
Maternal smoking and fetal carboxyhaemoglobin and blood gas levels.
Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 103 (1996), pp. 78-82
[31.]
J. Kline, Z. Stein, M. Hutzler.
Cigarettes, alcohol and marijuana: varying associations with birthweight.
Int J Epidemiol, 16 (1987), pp. 44-51
[32.]
A.A. Lindley, S. Becker, R.H. Gray, A.A. Herman.
Effect of continuing or stopping smoking during pregnancy on infant birth weight, crown-heel length, head circumference, ponderal index, and brain: body weight ratio.
Am J Epidemiol, 152 (2000), pp. 219-225
[33.]
D.L. Patrick, A. Cheadle, D.C. Thompson, P. Diehr, T. Koepsell, S. Kinne.
The validity of self-reported smoking: a review and meta-analysis.
Am J Public Health, 84 (1994), pp. 1086-1093
[34.]
W. Jedrychowski, R.M. Whyatt, T.B. Cooper, E. Flak, F.P. Perera.
Exposure misclassification error in studies on prenatal effects of tobacco smoking in pregnancy and the birth weight of children.
J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol, 8 (1998), pp. 347-357
[35.]
M. Jarvis, H. Tunstall-Pedoe, C. Feyerabend, C. Vesey, Y. Salloojee.
Biochemical markers of smoke absorption and self reported exposure to passive smoking.
J Epidemiol Community Health, 38 (1984), pp. 335-339
[36.]
S. Pichini, X.B. Basagana, R. Pacifici, O. García, C. Puig, O. Vall, et al.
Cord serum cotinine as a biomarker of fetal exposure to cigarette smoke at the end of pregnancy.
Environ Health Perspect, 108 (2000), pp. 1079-1083
[37.]
C. Puig, O. García-Algar, T. Monleon, R. Pacifici, P. Zuccaro, J. Sunyer, et al.
A longitudinal study of environmental tobacco smoke exposure in children: parental self reports versus age dependent biomarkers.
BMC Pub Health, 8 (2008), pp. 47
Copyright © 2009. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?