Journal Information
Vol. 33. Issue 11.
Pages 566-571 (December 1997)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 33. Issue 11.
Pages 566-571 (December 1997)
Full text access
Microepidemias de tuberculosis: a propósito de dos brotes escolares en el área 15 de la Comunidad Valenciana
Microepidemic of tuberculosis: on two school outbreaks in area 15 of the Valencian Community (Spain)
Visits
3713
J.L. Calpea,*, E. Chinera, E. Sánchezb, V. Armeroc, M.T. Puigcerverd, C. Carbonelle, A. Vilare
a Secciones de Neumología, Hospital de la Marina Baixa. Alicante
b Secciones de Salud Pública, Hospital de la Marina Baixa. Alicante
c Secciones de ATS, Hospital de la Marina Baixa. Alicante
d Secciones de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria, Hospital de la Marina Baixa. Alicante
e Secciones de Medicina Interna. Hospital de la Marina Baixa. Alicante
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics

La escuela representa una concentración de personas jóvenes con baja exposición previa a Mycobacterium tuberculosis, con mayor riesgo para desarrolar la enfermedad después de la infección, ocurriendo de forma esporádica brotes localizados. Presentamos el estudio de dos brotes que tuvieron lugar en dos colegios de EGB (A y B), tras detectar en 1990 y 1994 2 casos de tuberculosis pulmonar bacilífera en sendos profesores. Se procedió al estudio de los contactos, en A por parte de atención primaria y en B por neumología y salud pública, dividiendo los contactos de ambos colegios en grupo de riesgo (GR) y grupo de bajo riesgo (GBR). El GR estuvo compuesto por 187 contactos en A y 59 en B y el GBR por 429 y 116, respectivamente. Se obtuvieron 108 Mantoux positivos en el GR y 45 en el GBR de A (p<0,001). En B se obtuvieron 50 positivos en el GR frente a 29 del GBR (p<0,001). Se observó una mayor proporción de Mantoux positivos en el GR de B frente a los positivos del GR de A (p<0,01), atribuible al mayor tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad y a la posible afectación laríngea del caso índice. Asimismo, se observó una menor proporción de tuberculín positivos en el GBR de A frente a la proporción de positivos del GBR de B (p<0,001), debido a la composición inadecuada de dicho grupo en A. Se observó un total de 13 casos de tuberculosis en A, seis de los cuales debieron haber recibido quimioprofilaxis tras el estudio de contactos. Se constata la importancia de las características tanto del caso índice como de las condiciones de exposición para que se produzcan dichos brotes y se demuestra la necesidad de actuar de forma adecuada en el estudio de contactos, que debería estar a cargo de los servicios de neumología.

Palabras clave:
Tuberculosis
Microepidemias

Schools are settings with high concentrations of young people with little exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and greater risk of developing disease when infection occurs as the result of sporadic localized outbreaks. We studied two outbreaks in two elementary schools (A and B) after two cases of bacilliferous pulmonary tuberculosis were detected in teachers in 1990 and 1994. Contacts were trace din school A by the primary care physician and in school B by the pneumologist and public health authorities. Contacts were classified as belonging to the risk group (RG) or the low risk group (LGR). The RG was composed of 187 contacts in school A and 59 in school B. Individuals in the LRG numbered 429 and 116 respectively. Mantoux positives numbered 108 in the RG and 45 in the LRG in school A (p<0.001). In school B 50 RG individuals and 29 LRG individuals were positive (p<0.001). The proportion of Mantoux positives was greater in the RG of school B than in the RG of school A (p<0.01), probably owing to longer time of evolution of disease and possible laryngeal involvement in the index case. Likewise, tuberculin positives were fewer in the LRG of school A than in the LRG of school B (p<0.001), owing to the small size of the LRG in school A. Thirteen cases of tuberculosis were seen in school A, six of which called for drug prophylaxis after contacts were traced. The nature of the index case and the conditions of exposure are both important in such outbreaks, demonstrating the need to act appropiately to trace contacts, preferably under the supervision of a pneumologists.

Key words:
Tuberculosis
Microepidemics
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
J.A. Jereb, G.D. Kelly, S.W. Dooley Jr., et al.
Tuberculosis morbidity in the United States: final data, 1990 in CDC surveillance summaries, December 1991.
MMWR, 40 (1991), pp. 23-27
[2.]
P. Domínguez Fenolle, T. Cenarro Guerrero, A. Rivas Chamorro, et al.
Tuberculosis: estudio epidemiológico y clínico de 268 pacientes en edad infantil.
An Esp Pediat, 35 (1991), pp. 26-30
[3.]
P.F. Bames, A.B. Bloch, P.T. Davidson, et al.
Tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
N Engl J Med, 324 (1991), pp. 1.644-1.650
[4.]
Direcció General de Salut Pública i Servei d’Epidemiologia. Barcelona: Conselleria de Sanitat i Consum: Butlletí de Vigilancia en Salut Pública, N.°127, 1992.
[5.]
Centers for Disease Control.
Screening for tuberculosis and tuberculosis infection in high-risk populations and the use of preventive therapy for tuberculosis infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee for Elimination of Tuberculosis. En: Recommendations and Reports.
MMWR, 39 (1990), pp. 1-12
[6.]
K.E. Powell, M.P. Meador, L.S. Farer.
Recent trends in tuberculosis in children.
JAMA, 251 (1984), pp. 1.289-1.292
[7.]
P. De March Ayuela, A. Espinar Martín, A. Gatón Rosón, J.M. Pina Gutiérrez, R. Rey Duran, R. Vidal Plá.
Quimioprofilaxis antituberculosa. Recomendaciones SEPAR.
Arch. Bronconeumol, 28 (1992), pp. 257-258
[8.]
Conselleria de Sanitat i Consum. Programa de Prevención y Control de Tuberculosis. Monografies Sanitàries. València: Generalitat Valenciana, 1993; Sèrie E, n.° 15.
[9.]
P. De Ayuela, M.A. Boqué Geovard.
Brotes explosivos de tuberculosis: a propósito de diez epidemias escolares en Barcelona y provincia.
Rev Clin Esp, 183 (1988), pp. 24-29
[10.]
C. Teale, D.B. Cundall, S.B. Pearson.
School microepidemic of tuberculosis.
Thorax, 47 (1992), pp. 208
[11.]
D. Hevolett Jr., D. Franchini, D. Hom, C. Alfalla, et al.
Outbreak of multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis at a hospital New York: 1991.
MMWR, 42 (1993), pp. 427-433
[12.]
M.W. Frampton.
An outbreak of tuberculosis among hospital personnel caring for a patient with a skin ulcer.
Ann Inter Med, 117 (1992), pp. 312-313
[13.]
C.E. Haley, R.C. McDonald, L. Rossi, W.D. Jones Jr., R.W. Haley, J.P. Luby.
Tuberculosis epidemic among hospital personnel.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 10 (1989), pp. 204-210
[14.]
W.W. Stead.
Undetected tuberculosis in prisión Source of infection for community at largo.
JAMA, 240 (1978), pp. 2.544-2.547
[15.]
W.W. Siead, J.P. Lotgren, E. Warren, C. Thomas.
Tuberculosis as an endemic and nosocomial infection among the eiderly ¡n nursing homes.
N Engí J Med, 312 (1985), pp. 1.483-1.487
[16.]
M. Cabañes Argudo, S. Sánchez García, J. Franco Serrano.
Brote familiar de tuberculosis respiratoria.
An Med ínter (Madrid), 8 (1991), pp. 291-293
[17.]
R. Vidal Pla, R. Roca Tey, M. Miravitlles, J. De Gracia, A.R. Nubiola.
Microepidemia familiar de tuberculosis.
Med Clin, 95 (1990), pp. 221-223
[18.]
J. Veen.
Tuberculosis in a low prevalence country: a wolf in sheep's clothing.
Bulletin Int Unión Tubcrc Lung Dis, 66 (1991), pp. 203-205
[19.]
K.K. Leonhardt, E. Gcntile, B.P. Gilbert, M. Aiken.
A cluster of tuberculosis among crack housc contacts in San Maleo County California.
Am J Public Health, 84 (1994), pp. 1.834-1.836
[20.]
S. Grzybowski.
A small epidemic ot tuberculosis.
Am Rev Tuberc Pulm Dis, 75 (1957), pp. 432-441
[21.]
J.J. Waring.
The significance of small epidemics of tuberculosis.
Dis Chest, 28 (1955), pp. 170-176
[22.]
J. Meijer.
Some notes on the current tuberculosis situation in the Netherlands.
Select Papers, 9 (1965), pp. 5-12
[23.]
E.W. Abrahams, F.G.B. Edwards, K.W.H. Harris, G. Howells, R.S.A. Marsham, J.R. Pearson, et al.
Minor epidemics of tuberculosis.
Med J Australia, 2 (1967), pp. 1.115-1.119
[24.]
S.M. Lavieren van, J. Meijer.
Una infección tuberculosa masiva de grupo en un país con baja prevaicncia.
Bol Un ínter Tubero, 59 (1984), pp. 131-132
[25.]
T.H. Hyge.
Epidemic of tuberculosis in a State schools.
Acta Tubero Scand, 21 (1947), pp. 1-57
[26.]
J. Aspin, M. Sheldon.
An epidemic of tuberculosis in a Staffordshire school.
Tubercle, 46 (1965), pp. 321-344
[27.]
V.K. Rideout, J.E. Hiltz.
An epidemic of tuberculosis in a rural high school in 1967.
Can J Public Health, 60 (1969), pp. 22-28
[28.]
P.D. Darney, N.D. Clenny.
Tuberculosis outbreak in an Alabama high school.
JAMA, 216 (1971), pp. 2.117-2.118
[29.]
Centers for Disease Control.
An outbreak of tuberculosis. Pike County, Kentucky.
MMWR, 19 (1970), pp. 137-138
[30.]
Centers for Disease Control.
An outbreak of tuberculosis, Magoffin County.
Kentucky. MMWR, 19 (1970), pp. 321-322
[31.]
R. Revés, D. Blakey, D.E. Snider Jr., et al.
Transmission of múltiple drug-resistant tuberculosis: report of a school and community outbreak.
Am J Epidemiol, 113 (1981), pp. 423-435
[32.]
D.E. Snider Jr., H.L. Rieder, D. Combs, et al.
Epidemiology of a tuberculosis outbreak in a Soulh Carolina júnior high school.
Am J Public Health, 75 (1985), pp. 361-365
[33.]
J.M. Querol, C. Oltra, J. Mínguez, et al.
Descripción de una microepidemia escolar de tuberculosis.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 1 (1993), pp. 267-270
[34.]
Center for Disease Control.
Tuberculosis: Maine.
MMWR, 22 (1973), pp. 223-224
[35.]
J.M. Wales, A.R. Buchan, J.B. Cookson, et al.
Tuberculosis in a primary school: the Uppingham outbreak.
Br Med J, 291 (1985), pp. 1.039-1.040
[36.]
A.J. Frew, R.T. Mayon-White, M.K. Benson.
An outbreak of tuberculosis in an Oxfordshire school.
Br J Dis Chest, 81 (1987), pp. 293-295
[37.]
C.W. Hoge, L. Fisher, H.D. Donnell Jr., D.R. Dodson, G.V. Tomlinson Jr., R.F. Breiman, et al.
Risk factors for transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a primary school outbreak: lack of racial differences in susceptibility to infection.
Am J Epidemiol, 139 (1994), pp. 520-530
[38.]
A. Shannon, P. Kelly, M. Lucey, M. Cooney, P. Corcoran, L. Clancy.
Isoniaz.id resistant tuberculosis in a school outbreak: the protective effect of BCG.
Eur Respir J, 4 (1991), pp. 778-782
[39.]
Conselleria de Sanitat i Consum. Generalitat Valenciana. Situación actual de la tuberculosis en la Comunidad Valenciana. En: Programa de prevención y control de la tuberculosis, 1993. Valencia, Generalitat Valenciana, 1994.
[40.]
J.R. Villaibí, J.A. Caylá, J.L. Taberner, T. Serra.
El declive de la infección tuberculosa en los escolares de Barcelona.
Med Clin, 91 (1988), pp. 371-374
[41.]
American Thoracic Socicty Center for Disease Control.
Control of tuberculosis.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 128 (1983), pp. 336-342
[42.]
E. Bouvet, E. Casalino, G. Mendoza-Sassi, S. Lariven, E. Vallée, M. Pernet, et al.
A nosocomial outbreak of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium bovis among HIV-Infected patients. A case-control study.
AIDS, 7 (1993), pp. 1.453-1.460
[43.]
M.A. Fischl, R.B. Uttamchandani, G.L. Daikos, R.B. Poblete, J.N. Moreno, R.R. Reyes, et al.
An outbreak of tuberculosis caused by multiple-drug-resistant tubercle bacilli among palients with HIV infection.
Ann Intern Med, 117 (1992), pp. 177-183
[44.]
G. Di Perri, M. Conciani, M.C. Danzi, R. Luzzati, et al.
Nosocomial epidemic of active tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients.
Lancet, 2 (1989), pp. 1.502-1.504
[45.]
S. Grybowski, G.D. Bornett, K. Styblo.
Contacts of cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis. Report N.°. 3 of TSRU.
Bull IVAT, 60 (1975), pp. 90
[46.]
J.B. Shaw, N. Wynn-Willialns.
Infectivity of pulmonary tuberculosis in relation lo sputum status.
Am Rev Tub Respir Dis, 69 (1954), pp. 724-732
[47.]
British Thoracic Society.
Control and prevention of tuberculosis: a code of practice.
Br Med J, 287 (1983), pp. 1.118-1.121
[48.]
M.D. Iseman.
Containment of tuberculosis.
Chest, 76 (1979), pp. 801-804
[49.]
S. Romero, S. Pertusa, I. Padilla, R. García-Sevilla.
Repercusión de un caso de tuberculosis activa sobre una comunidad cerrada de estudiantes.
Med Clin, 94 (1990), pp. 278
[50.]
G.W. Comstock.
Epidemiology of tuberculosis.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 125 (1982), pp. 8-15
[51.]
L. Sultán, W. Nyka, C. Milis, F. O’Grady, W. Wells, R.L. Riley.
Tuberculosis disseminators. A study of the variability of aerial infectivity of tuberculosis patients.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 82 (1960), pp. 358-369
[52.]
V.N. Houk.
Spread of tuberculosis via recirculated air in a naval vessels.
The Byrd study. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 353 (1981), pp. 10-24
[53.]
Contact Study Sub-Commitee of the Research Commitee of British Thoracic Association.
A study of a standardised contact procedure in tuberculosis.
Tubercle, 59 (1978), pp. 245-259
[54.]
P. Godoy, J.M. Díaz, P. Álvarez, N. Madrigal, J. Ibarra, M. Jiménez, et al.
Brote de tuberculosis: importancia del tiempo de exposición frente a la proximidad a la fuente de infección.
Med Clin, 108 (1997), pp. 414-418
[55.]
D.E. Sneider, H.L. Rieder, D. Combs, B. Bloch, C.H. Hayden, M. Smith.
Tuberculosis in children. Pediatr.
Infect Dis J, 7 (1988), pp. 271-278
[56.]
R.L. Nemir, K. Krasinki.
Tuberculosis in children and adolescents in the 1989s.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 7 (1988), pp. 375-379
[57.]
M.L. Castán Vidal, M.L. Vidal López, M.J. Cerro Marín, R. Rey Duran, A. Ortega Calderón, J. García-Hortelano.
Contactos infantiles de enfermos tuberculosos.
An Esp Pediat, 34 (1991), pp. 129-131
[58.]
G.W. Comstock, V.T. Lievesay, S.F. Woolpert.
The prognosis of a positive tuberculin reaction in childhood and adolescence.
Am J Epidemiol, 99 (1974), pp. 131-138
[59.]
C.P. Bredin, M. Godfrey, J. McKiernan.
A school microepidemic of tuberculosis.
Thorax, 46 (1991), pp. 922-923
[60.]
P. Rivest.
Dépistage tuberculinique dans une école secondaire de Montréal suite à cas de tuberculose pulmonaire.
Can J Public Heatlh, 84 (1993), pp. 303-306
[61.]
K. Ikeda, M. Sugimori, K. Kawasaki, H. Kurokama, C. Kijimoto.
Active tuberculosis in children who received INH chemoprophylaxis.
Kekkaku, 67 (1992), pp. 653-658
[62.]
Conselleria de Sanitat i Consum. Generalitat Valenciana. Organización del programa.
Programa de prevención y control de la tuberculosis.
Generalitat Valenciana, Monografies Samtàries, (1993), pp. 37
[63.]
Direcció General de Salud, Pblica, Conselleria de Sanitat i Consum.
Generalitat Valenciana Organización del programa de control de la tuberculosis. En: Pland de Prevención y Control de la Tuberculosis.
Generalitat Valenciana, Monografies Sanitàries, (1997), pp. 41-45
[64.]
J. Alcaide Megías, M.N. Altet Gómez, J.L. Taberner Zaragoza, P. Garrido Morales, L. Salleras Sanmartí.
Epidemiología de la tuberculosis en Cataluña: 1982-1989.
Med Clin, 95 (1990), pp. 529-534
[65.]
Collaborative Group for the Study of Tuberculosis in Spain.
Epidemiológical trends of tuberculosis in Spain from to 1992.
Tubercler and Lung Disease, 76 (1995), pp. 522-528
Copyright © 1997. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?