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Vol. 33. Issue 11.
Pages 561-565 (December 1997)
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Vol. 33. Issue 11.
Pages 561-565 (December 1997)
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Progresión de la disfunción de los músculos respiratorios en pacientes con enfermedad obstructiva crónica severa
Progress of respiratory muscle dysfunction in patients with severe chronic obstructive disease
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M. Montes de Oca, J. Rassulo
Servicio de Neumonología y Cirugía del Tórax. Hospital Universitario de Caracas. Universidad Central de Venezuela. Caracas, D.F. Venezuela.
B.R. Cellia,*
a Pulmonary and Critical Care Division. St. Elizabeth's Medical Center. Tufts University School of Medicine. Pulmonary Section Boston VA Medical Center. Boston University School of Medicine. Boston, MA. EE.UU
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La función de los músculos respiratorios (MR) se encuentra alterada en pacientes con EPOC. Esto ha sido documentado por estudios de corte y no por seguimiento prospectivo. Con la finalidad de evaluar la progresión de la disfunción muscular y su relación con la hiperinflación, obstrucción al flujo aéreo y debilidad muscular generalizada, estudiamos 7 pacientes al ingreso y 10-25 meses más tarde. Se determinaron la presión inspiratoria (PImáx) y espiratoria máxima (PEmáx) en la boca, y la presión pleural inspiratoria (Pplimáx) y transdiafragmática máxima (Pdimáx). Pdimáx se obtuvo usando balones gástrico (Pg) y esofágico (Ppl). Para evaluar el reclutamiento de los MR se usó la pendiente de excursión de Pg y Ppl determinadas al final de la inspiración y espiración (Pg/Ppl). El estado nutricional fue evaluado con la relación peso/talla (P/T). El VEMS1, permaneció sin cambio (1,0±0,1 a 0,8±0,3 1), mientras que la CRF incrementó de 7,1±1,0 a 8,9±2,0 1 (p<0,05). El P/T, PImáx, Pplimáx y PEmáx permanecieron sin cambios, mientras que Pdimáx disminuyó significativamente de 83±35 a 47±16 cmH2O. Se observó un incremento de los índices de carga diafragmática (TTDI y Pdi/Pdimáx), y un desplazamiento del Pg/Ppl hacia un mayor uso de los músculos accesorios. Este último se relacionó significativamente con los cambios de la CRF (r=0,87; p<0,05). Concluimos que en pacientes con EPOC severa existe un deterioro progresivo de la función diafragmática a pesar de mantener preservada la fuerza general de los músculos inspiratorios. Esto aparentemente es consecuencia del efecto de factores mecánicos (hiperinflación), y no de la obstrucción al flujo aéreo o debilidad muscular generalizada.

Palabras clave:
Músculos respiratorios
EPOC.

The altered function of respiratory muscle function in chronic obstructive pulmnary disease (COPD) has been documented by short term studies but not by prospective follow-up. To evalúate the progression of muscle dysfunction and its relation to hyperinflation, air flow obstruction and generalized muscle weakness, we studied seven patients upon admission and 10 to 25 months later. We measured peak inspiratory (PImax) and expiratory (PEmax) pressures in the mouth, peak pleural inspiratory pressure (Pplimax) and peak transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdimax). Pdimax was measured using gastric (Pg) and esophageal (Ppl) balloons. The slope of excursion of Pg and Ppl measured at the end of inspiration and expiration (Pg/Ppl) was used to assess respiratory muscle recruitment. Nutritional status was indexed as the ratio of weight to height (W/H). FEV1 remained unchanged (1.0±0.1 to 0.8±0.3 L), while functional residual capacity (FRC) increased from 7.1±1.0 to 8.9±2.0 L (p<0,05). W/H, PImax, Pplimax and PEmax remained unchanged, while Pdimax decreased significantly from 83±35 to 47±16 cmH2O. Diaphgram loading (TTDI and Pdi/Pdimax) were found to increase and Pg/Ppl shifted toward increased use of accessory muscles. The last finding was significantly related to changes in FRC (r=0.87; p<0.05). We conclude that diaphragm function deteriorates progressively in patients with severe COPD, even though overall inspiratory muscle strength is preserved, apparently as a consequence of the effect of mechanical factors (hyperinflation) but not of air flow obstruction or generalized muscle weakness.

Key words:
Respiratory muscles
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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