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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Background and objectives</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Obstructive sleep apnoea &#40;OSA&#41; has been increasingly linked to cardiovascular disease&#46; Inflammatory processes associated with OSA may contribute to this morbidity&#46; Some studies have reported serum levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein &#40;hs-CRP&#41; and interleukin-6 &#40;IL-6&#41; to be increased in these patients&#46; Primary objective&#58; investigate the impact of short and long-term autoadjusting positive airway pressure &#40;APAP&#41; therapy on IL-6 and hs-CRP serum levels in patients with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnoea&#46; Secundary Objective&#58; evaluate the basal hs-CRP and IL-6 levels in OSA patients and its possible relation to OSA severity&#44; independently of confounders and compare the hs-CRP levels in OSA patients with those in community controls&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Patients and methods</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This is a prospective study including 98 male patients with moderate to severe OSA confirmed by domiciliary sleep study&#46; Malignancy and chronic inflammatory diseases were exclusion criteria&#46; hs-CRP and IL-6 serum levels were evaluated before APAP&#44; 9 days and 6 months after therapy&#46; Community controls &#40;n&#61;103&#41; were selected using random digit dialling&#44; and matched by age and body mass index &#40;BMI&#41; for comparison of hs-CRP levels at baseline&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The studied population had a mean age of 55&#46;3&#177;10&#46;7 years&#44; mean BMI 33&#46;2&#177;5&#46;0kg&#47;m2&#44; mean apnoeahypopnoea index 51&#46;7&#177;21&#46;3&#47;h and mean desaturation index 86&#46;3&#177;5&#46;3&#47;h&#46; The APAP compliance was good&#58; 91&#46;27&#38;&#37;&#215;000B1&#59;20&#46;45 days usage and 5&#46;76&#177;1&#46;59h&#47;night of usage&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean basal hs-CRP and IL-6 serum values were 0&#46;52&#177;0&#46;53 &#956;g&#47;l and 17&#46;7&#177;22&#46;5 &#956;g&#47;l&#44; respectively&#46; CRP levels at baseline correlated significantly with apnoea-hypopnoea index&#44; desaturation index and minimum nocturnal oxygen saturation&#46; IL-6 levels at baseline correlated significantly and negatively with minimum nocturnal oxygen saturation&#46; When adjusting for confounding factors found in this study&#44; all these relations lost significance&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CRP is significantly increased in patients when compared to controls &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;002&#41; and when considering hs-CRP cardiovascular risk stratified categories&#44; cases had significantly more patients at high risk of cardiovascular events than controls &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;002&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">After adjustment for BMI and arterial hypertension&#44; cases had an almost twofold moderate risk of cardiovascular events and more than a twofold severe risk of cardiovascular events when compared to controls&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We found no significant difference between hs-CRP and IL-6 concentrations pre-treatment and in two moments post-treatment &#40;9 days and 6 months&#41; &#40;CRP&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;720 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;387&#44; respectively&#59; IL-6&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;266 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;238&#44; respectively&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">OSA is associated with a low-grade inflammatory process&#59; hs-CRP serum levels are elevated in OSA patients when comparing to community controls&#44; independently of age and BMI and the former have a significantly higher risk of cardiovascular events when compared to the latter&#46; There was no significant decrease of both inflamatory mediators &#40;hs-CRP&#44; IL-6&#41; after short and long-term APAP therapy&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introducci&#243;n</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La apnea obstructiva del sue&#241;o &#40;AOS&#41; se ha vinculado de forma creciente con las enfermedades cardiovasculares&#46; Los procesos inflamatorios asociados a la AOS pueden contribuir a esta morbilidad&#46; Algunos estudios han se&#241;alado que las concentraciones s&#233;ricas de prote&#237;na C reactiva de alta sensibilidad &#40;PCR-as&#41; y de interleucina-6 &#40;IL-6&#41; est&#225;n aumentadas en estos pacientes&#46; El objetivo principal del estudio has sido investigar la repercusi&#243;n a corto y largo plazo del tratamiento de presi&#243;n positiva autom&#225;tica en la v&#237;a a&#233;rea &#40;APAP&#41; sobre las concentraciones s&#233;ricas de PCR-as e IL-6 en pacientes con AOS clasificada entre moderada y grave&#46; Como objetivo secundario&#44; nos propusimos evaluar las concentraciones basales de PCRas e IL-6 en los pacientes con AOS y su posible relaci&#243;n con la gravedad de dicho s&#237;ndrome&#44; independientemente de los factores de confusi&#243;n&#44; y comparar las concentraciones de PCR-as en los afectados de AOS con los de una poblaci&#243;n de control procedente de la comunidad&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se trata de un estudio prospectivo que ha incluido a 98 pacientes varones con AOS de moderada a grave&#44; confirmada mediante un estudio domiciliario del sue&#241;o&#46; Las neoplasias malignas y las enfermedades inflamatorias cr&#243;nicas fueron criterios de exclusi&#243;n&#46; Se evaluaron las concentraciones s&#233;ricas de PCR-as y de IL-6 antes de la APAP&#44; a los 9 d&#237;as y a los 6 meses del tratamiento&#46; Los controles de la comunidad &#40;n&#61;103&#41;&#44; que se seleccionaron mediante llamadas telef&#243;nicas aleatorias&#44; se emparejaron por edad e &#237;ndice de masa corporal &#40;IMC&#41; con el grupo de pacientes con objeto de comparar las concentraciones de PCR-as al inicio del estudio&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La poblaci&#243;n estudiada presentaba una media &#40;&#177; desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#41; de edad de 55&#44;3&#177;10&#44;7 a&#241;os&#44; un IMC medio de 33&#44;2&#177;5&#44;0kg&#47;m2&#44; un &#237;ndice medio de apneas-hipopneas de 51&#44;7&#177;21&#44;3&#47;h y un &#237;ndice de desaturaci&#243;n de 86&#44;3&#177;5&#44;3&#47;h&#46; El cumplimiento del tratamiento con APAP fue bueno&#44; con un uso de un 91&#44;27&#177;20&#44;45&#37; de los d&#237;as y de 5&#44;76&#177;1&#44;59h&#47;noche&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Al inicio del estudio&#44; los valores s&#233;ricos medios de PCR-as e IL-6 fueron de 0&#44;52&#177;0&#44;53 y 17&#44;7&#177;22&#44;5 &#956;g&#47;l&#44; respectivamente&#46; Los de PCR-as se correlacionaban de forma significativa con el &#237;ndice de apneas-hipopneas&#44; el &#237;ndice de desaturaci&#243;n y la saturaci&#243;n de ox&#237;geno m&#237;nima durante la noche&#44; y los de IL-6 estaban correlacionados de forma significativa y negativa con la saturaci&#243;n de ox&#237;geno m&#237;nima durante la noche&#46; Al ajustar por los factores de confusi&#243;n encontrados en el estudio&#44; todas estas relaciones perdieron significaci&#243;n&#46; La PCR-as se encontraba significativamente elevada en los pacientes respecto a los controles &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;002&#41;&#46; Al considerar las categor&#237;as de estratificaci&#243;n del riesgo cardiovascular mediante la PCR-as&#44; en el grupo de pacientes era significativamente mayor el n&#250;mero de personas con riesgo elevado de episodios cardiovasculares en comparaci&#243;n con el grupo control &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;002&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tras el ajuste por IMC e hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#44; el grupo de pacientes presentaba un riesgo moderado casi 2 veces superior y un riesgo importante m&#225;s de 2 veces superior de desarrollar episodios cardiovasculares en comparaci&#243;n con el grupo de control&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No encontramos diferencias significativas entre las concentraciones de PCR-as e IL-6 antes del tratamiento y en los 2 per&#237;odos posteriores&#44; es decir&#44; a los 9 d&#237;as y a los 6 meses &#40;PCR&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;720 y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;387&#59; IL-6&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;266 y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;238&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La AOS est&#225; asociada con un proceso inflamatorio de bajo grado&#46; Las concentraciones s&#233;ricas de PCR-as se encuentran elevadas en los pacientes con AOS al compararlas con las de un grupo de control procedente de la comunidad&#44; independientemente de la edad y del IMC&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; el grupo de pacientes presentaba un riesgo significativamente mayor de desarrollar episodios cardiovasculares que el de control&#46; No se observ&#243; una disminuci&#243;n significativa de las concentraciones de los mediadores inflamatorios &#40;PCRas e IL-6&#41; tras el tratamiento de APAP a corto ni a largo plazo&#46;</p>"
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Vol. 45. Issue 12.
Pages 577-584 (December 2009)
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Vol. 45. Issue 12.
Pages 577-584 (December 2009)
Original article
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Long Term Effect of Autoadjusting Positive Airway Pressure on C-Reactive Protein and Interleukin-6 in Men With Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome
Efecto a largo plazo de la presión positiva automática en la vía aérea sobre la proteína C reactiva y la interleucina-6 en varones con síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño
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Marta Drummonda,
Corresponding author
marta.drummond@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, João Wincka, João Guimarãesb, Ana C. Santosc, João Almeidaa, João Marquesa
a Departamento de Neumología, Hospital de João de Sao, Facultad de Medicina de Porto, Oporto, Portugal
b Departamento de Bioquímica y Patología Clínica, Hospital de João de Sao, Facultad de Medicina de Porto, Oporto, Portugal
c Departamento de Epidemiología e Higiene, Hospital de João de Sao, Facultad de Medicina de Porto, Oporto, Portugal
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Abstract
Background and objectives

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) has been increasingly linked to cardiovascular disease. Inflammatory processes associated with OSA may contribute to this morbidity. Some studies have reported serum levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) to be increased in these patients. Primary objective: investigate the impact of short and long-term autoadjusting positive airway pressure (APAP) therapy on IL-6 and hs-CRP serum levels in patients with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnoea. Secundary Objective: evaluate the basal hs-CRP and IL-6 levels in OSA patients and its possible relation to OSA severity, independently of confounders and compare the hs-CRP levels in OSA patients with those in community controls.

Patients and methods

This is a prospective study including 98 male patients with moderate to severe OSA confirmed by domiciliary sleep study. Malignancy and chronic inflammatory diseases were exclusion criteria. hs-CRP and IL-6 serum levels were evaluated before APAP, 9 days and 6 months after therapy. Community controls (n=103) were selected using random digit dialling, and matched by age and body mass index (BMI) for comparison of hs-CRP levels at baseline.

Results

The studied population had a mean age of 55.3±10.7 years, mean BMI 33.2±5.0kg/m2, mean apnoeahypopnoea index 51.7±21.3/h and mean desaturation index 86.3±5.3/h. The APAP compliance was good: 91.27&%×000B1;20.45 days usage and 5.76±1.59h/night of usage.

Mean basal hs-CRP and IL-6 serum values were 0.52±0.53 μg/l and 17.7±22.5 μg/l, respectively. CRP levels at baseline correlated significantly with apnoea-hypopnoea index, desaturation index and minimum nocturnal oxygen saturation. IL-6 levels at baseline correlated significantly and negatively with minimum nocturnal oxygen saturation. When adjusting for confounding factors found in this study, all these relations lost significance.

CRP is significantly increased in patients when compared to controls (P=.002) and when considering hs-CRP cardiovascular risk stratified categories, cases had significantly more patients at high risk of cardiovascular events than controls (P=.002).

After adjustment for BMI and arterial hypertension, cases had an almost twofold moderate risk of cardiovascular events and more than a twofold severe risk of cardiovascular events when compared to controls.

We found no significant difference between hs-CRP and IL-6 concentrations pre-treatment and in two moments post-treatment (9 days and 6 months) (CRP: P=.720 and P=.387, respectively; IL-6: P=.266 and P=.238, respectively).

Conclusions

OSA is associated with a low-grade inflammatory process; hs-CRP serum levels are elevated in OSA patients when comparing to community controls, independently of age and BMI and the former have a significantly higher risk of cardiovascular events when compared to the latter. There was no significant decrease of both inflamatory mediators (hs-CRP, IL-6) after short and long-term APAP therapy.

Keywords:
Obstructive sleep apnoea
High sensitivity C- reactive protein
Interleukin-6
Resumen
Introducción

La apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS) se ha vinculado de forma creciente con las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Los procesos inflamatorios asociados a la AOS pueden contribuir a esta morbilidad. Algunos estudios han señalado que las concentraciones séricas de proteína C reactiva de alta sensibilidad (PCR-as) y de interleucina-6 (IL-6) están aumentadas en estos pacientes. El objetivo principal del estudio has sido investigar la repercusión a corto y largo plazo del tratamiento de presión positiva automática en la vía aérea (APAP) sobre las concentraciones séricas de PCR-as e IL-6 en pacientes con AOS clasificada entre moderada y grave. Como objetivo secundario, nos propusimos evaluar las concentraciones basales de PCRas e IL-6 en los pacientes con AOS y su posible relación con la gravedad de dicho síndrome, independientemente de los factores de confusión, y comparar las concentraciones de PCR-as en los afectados de AOS con los de una población de control procedente de la comunidad.

Pacientes y métodos

Se trata de un estudio prospectivo que ha incluido a 98 pacientes varones con AOS de moderada a grave, confirmada mediante un estudio domiciliario del sueño. Las neoplasias malignas y las enfermedades inflamatorias crónicas fueron criterios de exclusión. Se evaluaron las concentraciones séricas de PCR-as y de IL-6 antes de la APAP, a los 9 días y a los 6 meses del tratamiento. Los controles de la comunidad (n=103), que se seleccionaron mediante llamadas telefónicas aleatorias, se emparejaron por edad e índice de masa corporal (IMC) con el grupo de pacientes con objeto de comparar las concentraciones de PCR-as al inicio del estudio.

Resultados

La población estudiada presentaba una media (± desviación estándar) de edad de 55,3±10,7 años, un IMC medio de 33,2±5,0kg/m2, un índice medio de apneas-hipopneas de 51,7±21,3/h y un índice de desaturación de 86,3±5,3/h. El cumplimiento del tratamiento con APAP fue bueno, con un uso de un 91,27±20,45% de los días y de 5,76±1,59h/noche.

Al inicio del estudio, los valores séricos medios de PCR-as e IL-6 fueron de 0,52±0,53 y 17,7±22,5 μg/l, respectivamente. Los de PCR-as se correlacionaban de forma significativa con el índice de apneas-hipopneas, el índice de desaturación y la saturación de oxígeno mínima durante la noche, y los de IL-6 estaban correlacionados de forma significativa y negativa con la saturación de oxígeno mínima durante la noche. Al ajustar por los factores de confusión encontrados en el estudio, todas estas relaciones perdieron significación. La PCR-as se encontraba significativamente elevada en los pacientes respecto a los controles (P=.002). Al considerar las categorías de estratificación del riesgo cardiovascular mediante la PCR-as, en el grupo de pacientes era significativamente mayor el número de personas con riesgo elevado de episodios cardiovasculares en comparación con el grupo control (P=.002).

Tras el ajuste por IMC e hipertensión arterial, el grupo de pacientes presentaba un riesgo moderado casi 2 veces superior y un riesgo importante más de 2 veces superior de desarrollar episodios cardiovasculares en comparación con el grupo de control.

No encontramos diferencias significativas entre las concentraciones de PCR-as e IL-6 antes del tratamiento y en los 2 períodos posteriores, es decir, a los 9 días y a los 6 meses (PCR: P=.720 y P=.387; IL-6: P=.266 y P=.238, respectivamente).

Conclusiones

La AOS está asociada con un proceso inflamatorio de bajo grado. Las concentraciones séricas de PCR-as se encuentran elevadas en los pacientes con AOS al compararlas con las de un grupo de control procedente de la comunidad, independientemente de la edad y del IMC. Además, el grupo de pacientes presentaba un riesgo significativamente mayor de desarrollar episodios cardiovasculares que el de control. No se observó una disminución significativa de las concentraciones de los mediadores inflamatorios (PCRas e IL-6) tras el tratamiento de APAP a corto ni a largo plazo.

Palabras clave:
Proteína C reactiva de alta sensibilidad
Interleucina-6
Apnea obstructiva del sueño
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