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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease &#40;PVOD&#41; is a rare form of pulmonary arterial hypertension&#46; The incidence of this entity is unknown&#44; partly due to underdiagnosis and mistaken classification as idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension &#40;IPAH&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PVOD is distinguished by a marked reduction in carbon monoxide diffusing capacity &#40;DLCO&#41; and a typical radiological pattern&#46; It occurs more often in men&#44; and has a more aggressive course than IPAH&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Multiple causes&#44; including genetic alterations&#44; have been associated with its development&#46; Recently&#44; homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EIF2AK4</span> gene was described as the cause of PVOD&#46; This mutation appears to occur in 25&#37; of sporadic cases and 100&#37; of familial cases&#44; showing an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern and high penetrance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our group has described a homozygous founder mutation C&#46;3344C&#62;T&#40;p&#46; Pro1115Leu&#41; in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EIF2AK4</span> in 18 patients from 10 highly consanguineous Romani families with several affected members &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All patients developed the disease as young adults &#40;mean&#58; 27&#46;43&#177;7&#46;3 years&#41;&#44; and most progressed rapidly to a fatal outcome &#40;death or double-lung transplantation&#41; in the first year after diagnosis&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the clinical characteristics of the patients varied on diagnosis&#44; they all had a common trait&#58; severely reduced DLCO&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is interesting to note that the study of family members revealed a high incidence of death among relatives with no genetic studies but with a history suggestive of PVOD&#46; Moreover&#44; we found an alarming number of family members &#40;59&#46;7&#37;&#41; who were heterozygous carriers of the mutation&#44; generating a risk of new homozygous cases in future generations &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the current time&#44; the Romani population in Spain&#44; a community characterized by a high level of consanguinity&#44; is estimated to be around 750<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000 individuals distributed around the whole country&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> Since this <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EIF2AK4</span> mutation appears to be typical of the Romani race&#44; and in view of the severity of the disease&#44; we are facing a potentially serious public health problem among this population&#44; which could be partially prevented by early genetic diagnosis and appropriate genetic counseling aimed at reducing the number of new cases&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore&#44; we believe that maintaining a high level of suspicion is essential for Spanish physicians&#58; and that PVOD must be ruled out and a genetic study for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EIF2AK4</span> should be performed &#40;as lung biopsy is contraindicated&#41; in those Romani patients presenting with dyspnea and a family history of PAH or severely diminished DLCO&#46; If <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EIF2KA4</span> homozygous mutations are found&#44; the patient must be rapidly referred to a hospital with an available lung transplantation program being the initiation of pulmonary vasodilators contraindicated due to the high risk of triggering severe pulmonary edema&#46; Moreover&#44; family members of carriers of this mutation must be screened and given appropriate genetic counseling&#44; in order to avoid new cases in future generations and to prevent the propagation of this devastating disease&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cardiovascular Research Network &#40;RIC&#41; of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III&#44; the Spanish Pulmonary Hypertension Association&#44; Actelion and the Fundaci&#243;n Air Liquide&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Navas P&#44; Rodriguez Reguero JJ&#44; Escribano Sub&#237;as P&#46; Hallazgo de la mutaci&#243;n fundadora C&#46;3344C&#62;t&#40;p&#46;Pro1115Leu&#41; en el gen <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EIF2KA4</span> en pacientes ib&#233;ricos de etnia gitana con enfermedad veno-oclusiva pulmonar&#58; una llamada de atenci&#243;n a nuestra pr&#225;ctica diaria&#46; Arch Bronconeumol&#46; 2016&#59;52&#58;444&#8211;445&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&#46; of Index Cases&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&#46; of Healthy Heterozygous Family Members&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&#46; of Homozygous Family Members Without PVOD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Family 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Family 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Family 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Family 4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Family 5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Family 6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Family 7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Family 8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Family 9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Family 10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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Journal Information
Vol. 52. Issue 8.
Pages 444-445 (August 2016)
Vol. 52. Issue 8.
Pages 444-445 (August 2016)
Letter to the Editor
Full text access
Founder Mutation C.3344C>t(p.Pro1115Leu) in the EIF2KA4 Gene in Iberian Romani Patients With Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease: A Warning for our Daily Practice
Hallazgo de la mutación fundadora C.3344C>t(p.Pro1115Leu) en el gen EIF2KA4 en pacientes ibéricos de etnia gitana con enfermedad veno-oclusiva pulmonar: una llamada de atención a nuestra práctica diaria
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Paula Navasa,b,
Corresponding author
paulanavastejedor@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Jose Julián Rodriguez Regueroc, Pilar Escribano Subíasd
a Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
b Red de investigación Cardiovascular, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
c Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
d Unidad Multidisciplinar de Hipertensión Pulmonar, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Red de investigación Cardiovascular, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Table 1. Summary of Families Studied.
Full Text
To the Editor:

Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) is a rare form of pulmonary arterial hypertension. The incidence of this entity is unknown, partly due to underdiagnosis and mistaken classification as idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH).

PVOD is distinguished by a marked reduction in carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO) and a typical radiological pattern. It occurs more often in men, and has a more aggressive course than IPAH.1 Multiple causes, including genetic alterations, have been associated with its development. Recently, homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation of the EIF2AK4 gene was described as the cause of PVOD. This mutation appears to occur in 25% of sporadic cases and 100% of familial cases, showing an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern and high penetrance.1

Our group has described a homozygous founder mutation C.3344C>T(p. Pro1115Leu) in EIF2AK4 in 18 patients from 10 highly consanguineous Romani families with several affected members (Table 1).2

Table 1.

Summary of Families Studied.

Family  No. of Index Cases  No. of Family Members Studied  No. of Healthy Heterozygous Family Members  No. of Homozygous Family Members Without PVOD 
Family 1  12 
Family 2 
Family 3  13 
Family 4 
Family 5 
Family 6  28  21 
Family 7 
Family 8 
Family 9 
Family 10 
Total  18  67  40 

PVOD: pulmonary veno-occlusive disease.

All patients developed the disease as young adults (mean: 27.43±7.3 years), and most progressed rapidly to a fatal outcome (death or double-lung transplantation) in the first year after diagnosis.

Although the clinical characteristics of the patients varied on diagnosis, they all had a common trait: severely reduced DLCO.

It is interesting to note that the study of family members revealed a high incidence of death among relatives with no genetic studies but with a history suggestive of PVOD. Moreover, we found an alarming number of family members (59.7%) who were heterozygous carriers of the mutation, generating a risk of new homozygous cases in future generations (Table 1).

At the current time, the Romani population in Spain, a community characterized by a high level of consanguinity, is estimated to be around 750000 individuals distributed around the whole country.3,4 Since this EIF2AK4 mutation appears to be typical of the Romani race, and in view of the severity of the disease, we are facing a potentially serious public health problem among this population, which could be partially prevented by early genetic diagnosis and appropriate genetic counseling aimed at reducing the number of new cases.

Therefore, we believe that maintaining a high level of suspicion is essential for Spanish physicians: and that PVOD must be ruled out and a genetic study for EIF2AK4 should be performed (as lung biopsy is contraindicated) in those Romani patients presenting with dyspnea and a family history of PAH or severely diminished DLCO. If EIF2KA4 homozygous mutations are found, the patient must be rapidly referred to a hospital with an available lung transplantation program being the initiation of pulmonary vasodilators contraindicated due to the high risk of triggering severe pulmonary edema. Moreover, family members of carriers of this mutation must be screened and given appropriate genetic counseling, in order to avoid new cases in future generations and to prevent the propagation of this devastating disease.

Funding

Cardiovascular Research Network (RIC) of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, the Spanish Pulmonary Hypertension Association, Actelion and the Fundación Air Liquide.

References
[1]
M. Eyries, D. Montani, B. Girerd, C. Perret, A. Leroy, C. Lonjou, et al.
EIF2AK4 mutations cause pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, a recessive form of pulmonary hypertension.
Nat Genet, 46 (2014), pp. 65-69
[2]
J. Tenorio, P. Navas, E. Barrios, L. Fernández, J. Nevado, C.A. Quezada, et al.
A founder EIF2AK4 mutation causes an aggressive form of pulmonary arterial hypertension in Iberian Gypsies.
Clin Genet, 88 (2015), pp. 579-583
[3]
M. Laparra.
Informe sobre la situación social y tendencias de cambio en la población gitana.
Una primera aproximación, Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales, (2007),
[4]
Estrategia Nacional para la Inclusión Social de la población Gitana en España 2012-2020.

Please cite this article as: Navas P, Rodriguez Reguero JJ, Escribano Subías P. Hallazgo de la mutación fundadora C.3344C>t(p.Pro1115Leu) en el gen EIF2KA4 en pacientes ibéricos de etnia gitana con enfermedad veno-oclusiva pulmonar: una llamada de atención a nuestra práctica diaria. Arch Bronconeumol. 2016;52:444–445.

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