array:23 [
  "pii" => "S1579212906604382"
  "issn" => "15792129"
  "doi" => "10.1016/S1579-2129(06)60438-2"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2006-04-01"
  "aid" => "60438"
  "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR)"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2006"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 0
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2006;42:171-4"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => false
    "ES2" => false
    "LATM" => false
  ]
  "gratuito" => false
  "lecturas" => array:2 [
    "total" => 2062
    "formatos" => array:3 [
      "EPUB" => 101
      "HTML" => 1355
      "PDF" => 606
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S1579212906604394"
    "issn" => "15792129"
    "doi" => "10.1016/S1579-2129(06)60439-4"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2006-04-01"
    "aid" => "60439"
    "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR)"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2006;42:175-82"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 3011
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 90
        "HTML" => 2153
        "PDF" => 768
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:10 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Articles</span>"
      "titulo" => "Risk Factors for Increased Cost of Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "es"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "175"
          "paginaFinal" => "182"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "en" => true
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "C&#46; Llor, K&#46; Naberan, J&#46;M&#46; Cots, J&#46; Molina, F&#46; Ros, M&#46; Miravitlles"
          "autores" => array:7 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "C&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Llor"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "K&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Naberan"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "J&#46;M&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Cots"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "J&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Molina"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "F&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Ros"
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "preGrado" => "Dr&#46;"
              "nombre" => "M&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Miravitlles"
            ]
            6 => array:1 [
              "colaborador" => "on behalf of the EFEMAP"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212906604394?idApp=UINPBA00003Z"
    "url" => "/15792129/0000004200000004/v1_201305150241/S1579212906604394/v1_201305150241/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S1579212906604370"
    "issn" => "15792129"
    "doi" => "10.1016/S1579-2129(06)60437-0"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2006-04-01"
    "aid" => "60437"
    "copyright" => "Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Neumolog&#237;a y Cirug&#237;a Tor&#225;cica &#40;SEPAR&#41;"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2006;42:165-70"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 2492
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 92
        "HTML" => 1730
        "PDF" => 670
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:10 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Articles</span>"
      "titulo" => "Home Ventilatory Assistance in Chilean Children&#58; 12 Years&#39; Experience"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "es"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "165"
          "paginaFinal" => "170"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "en" => true
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "P&#46; Bertrand, E&#46; Fehlmann, M&#46; Lizama, N&#46; Holmgren, M&#46; Silva, I&#46; S&#225;nchez"
          "autores" => array:6 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "preGrado" => "Dr&#46;"
              "nombre" => "P&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Bertrand"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "E&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Fehlmann"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "M&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Lizama"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "N&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Holmgren"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "M&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Silva"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "I&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "S&#225;nchez"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212906604370?idApp=UINPBA00003Z"
    "url" => "/15792129/0000004200000004/v1_201305150241/S1579212906604370/v1_201305150241/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:15 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Articles</span>"
    "titulo" => "Does Experience Influence Perception of Dyspnea&#63;"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "171"
        "paginaFinal" => "174"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "E&#46; Mart&#237;nez-Morag&#242;n, M&#46; Perpi&#241;&#225;, A&#46; Belloch"
        "autores" => array:3 [
          0 => array:5 [
            "preGrado" => "Dra&#46;"
            "nombre" => "E&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Mart&#237;nez-Morag&#242;n"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "emm01v&#64;saludalia&#46;com"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff1"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor1"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "M&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Perpi&#241;&#225;"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff2"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "A&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Belloch"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff3"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:3 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumolog&#237;a&#44; Hospital Universitario La Fe de Valencia&#44; Valencia&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
            "identificador" => "aff1"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumolog&#237;a&#44; Hospital de Sagunto&#44; Sagunto&#44; Valencia&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
            "identificador" => "aff2"
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Departamento de Personalidad&#44; Evaluaci&#243;n y Tratamientos PsicolSoAgicos&#44; Facultad de Psicolog&#237;a&#44; Universidad de Valencia&#44; Valencia&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>"
            "identificador" => "aff3"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor1"
            "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
            "correspondencia" => "Correspondence&#58; Dra&#46; E&#46; Mart&#237;nez-Morag&#243;n&#46; Avda&#46; P&#233;rez Gald&#243;s&#44; 12&#8211;10&#46; 46007 Valencia&#46; Espa&#241;a"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2005-03-22"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2005-10-11"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Key words"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec154306"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Dyspnea"
            1 => "Asthma"
            2 => "Perception"
            3 => "Bronchoconstriction"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec154307"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Disnea"
            1 => "Asma"
            2 => "Percepci&#243;n"
            3 => "Broncoconstricci&#243;n"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The perception of somatic sensations like dyspnea can be influenced by such factors as an individual&#39;s personality&#44; experiences&#44; or ability to adapt to stimuli&#46; Our aim was to determine whether the perception of acute bronchoconstriction is different for patients with asthma and patients who have never experienced an episode of airway obstruction&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Patients and method</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We studied 2 groups of patients&#46; The first consisted of 24 subjects with intermittent rhinitis and asthma &#40;10 females and 14 males&#41; with a mean &#40;SD&#41; age of 25 &#40;7&#41; years&#46; All reported not feeling dyspnea at rest on a Borg scale&#46; The second group consisted of 24 subjects who only had rhinitis but no lung disease &#40;no episode of asthma&#41; or dyspnea at rest &#40;12 females and 12 males&#41; with a mean age of 27 &#40;6&#41; years&#46; There were no significant differences between the groups with regard to sex&#44; smoking&#44; economic or educational level&#44; anxiety &#40;determined by the trait portion of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory&#41;&#44; depression &#40;Beck Depression Inventory&#41;&#44; or spirometric parameters&#46; All took a histamine bronchial provocation test in which the patient assessed dyspnea on a modified Borg scale after each histamine dose&#46; The provocation dose needed to produce a 20&#37; decrease &#40;PD<span class="elsevierStyleInf">20</span>&#41; in forced expiratory volume in the first second &#40;FEV1&#41; was calculated&#46; We also recorded the dyspnea perception score when FEV1 fell 5&#37;&#44; 10&#37;&#44; 15&#37;&#44; and 20&#37; &#40;PS<span class="elsevierStyleInf">20</span>&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">NO dyspnea was perceived at PS<span class="elsevierStyleInf">20</span> by 12&#46;5&#37; of the asthmatics and by 45&#37; of nonasthmatics &#40;P&#60;&#46;0001&#41;&#46; The mean PS<span class="elsevierStyleInf">20</span> was 2&#46;4 &#40;2&#46;1&#41; &#40;range&#44; 0&#8211;7&#41; in the first group and 0&#46;37 &#40;0&#46;48&#41; &#40;range&#44; 0&#8211;3&#41; in the second &#40;P&#60;&#46;0001&#41;&#46; More asthma patients than nonasthmatics perceived dyspnea at all degrees of bronchial obstruction&#46; PD<span class="elsevierStyleInf">20</span> was different in the 2 groups &#40;1&#46;6 &#91;2&#93; vs 6&#46;03 &#91;5&#93; for the first and second groups&#44; respectively&#59; P&#60;&#46;003&#41;&#44; but there was no significant relation between PD<span class="elsevierStyleInf">20</span> and PS<span class="elsevierStyleInf">20</span> &#40;Spearman&#39;s correlation coefficient&#44; 0&#46;19&#59; P&#61;&#46;221&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusion</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Our findings support the hypothesis that appropriate perception of dyspnea is grounded in prior experience and learning&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En la percepci&#243;n de las sensaciones som&#225;ticas&#44; como la disnea&#44; pueden influir factores tales como la propia personalidad del individuo&#44; su experiencia previa o su capa-cidad de adaptaci&#243;n a los est&#237;mulos&#46; El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido conocer si los pacientes con asma perciben una situaci&#243;n de broncoconstricci&#243;n aguda de forma diferente de los pacientes que nunca han sufrido un episodio previo de obstrucci&#243;n de la v&#237;a a&#233;rea&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Patientes y m&#233;todo</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudiamos 2 grupos de pacientes&#46; El primero estaba formado por 24 sujetos con rinitis y asma intermitente &#40;10 mujeres y 14 varones&#44; con una edad media &#177; desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar de 25 &#177; 7 a&#241;os&#41;&#44; que no refer&#237;an sentir disnea basal en la escala de Borg&#46; El segundo lo formaron 24 pacientes con rinitis sola&#44; sin enfermedad pulmonar &#40;nunca hab&#237;an sufrido un episodio de asma&#41; ni disnea basal &#40;12 mujeres y 12 varones&#44; edad media de 27 &#177; 6 a&#241;os&#41;&#46; No hab&#237;a diferencias significativas entre los grupos en cuanto a edad&#44; sexo&#44; porcentaje de fumadores&#44; nivel econ&#243;mico y educativo&#44; ansiedad-determinada por el State-Trait Anxiety Inventory&#44; versi&#243;n Rasgo &#40;STAI-R&#41;-&#44; depresi&#243;n &#40;Beck&#41; ni par&#225;metros espirom&#233;tricos&#46; A todos ellos se les realiz&#243; una prueba de broncoprovocaci&#243;n con histamina midiendo la disnea experimentada tras cada dosis del f&#225;rmaco en una escala modificada de Borg&#46; Se calcul&#243; la PD<span class="elsevierStyleInf">20</span>&#44; es decir&#44; la dosis de agente broncoconstrictor ca-paz de producir un descenso del 20&#37; del valor inicial del volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo &#40;FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41;&#44; as&#237; como la percepci&#243;n de disnea con una ca&#237;da del FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> del 5&#44; el 10&#44; el 15 y el 20&#37; &#40;PS<span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span>&#44; PS<span class="elsevierStyleInf">10</span>&#44; PS<span class="elsevierStyleInf">15</span> y PS<span class="elsevierStyleInf">20</span>&#44; respecti-vamente&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">NO percibi&#243; disnea con el descenso del 20&#37; en el FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> el 12&#44;5&#37; de los pacientes con asma&#44; frente a un 45&#37; de las personas no asm&#225;ticas &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;0001&#41;&#46; La media de la PS<span class="elsevierStyleInf">20</span> en el primer grupo fue de 2&#44;4 &#177; 2&#44;1 &#40;rango&#58; 0&#8211;7&#41; y en el segundo de 0&#44;37 &#177; 0&#44;48 &#40;rango&#58; 0&#8211;3&#41; &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;0001&#41;&#46; En todos los grados de obstrucci&#243;n bronquial la disnea percibida por los pacientes con asma fue mayor&#46; La PD<span class="elsevierStyleInf">20</span> fue diferente en ambos grupos &#40;1&#44;6 &#177; 2 frente a 6&#44;03 &#177; 5&#59; p &#60; 0&#44;003&#41;&#44; pero no hubo relaci&#243;n significativa entre la PD<span class="elsevierStyleInf">20</span> y la PS<span class="elsevierStyleInf">20</span> &#40;coeficiente de correlaci&#243;n de Spearman&#58; 0&#44;19&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;221&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Nuestros datos apoyan la hip&#243;tesis de que la adecuada percepci&#243;n de la disnea se fundamenta en aspectos como la experiencia previa y el aprendizaje&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:1 [
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">This study was partially funded by a grant from Red RESPIRA-Instituto de Salud Carlos III &#40;RTIC-03&#47;11&#41;&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "REFERENCES"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:1 [
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:24 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib1"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Disnea&#58; bases fisiopatol&#243;gicas&#44; medici&#243;n e implicaciones en la rehabilitaci&#243;n"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "M Perpi&#241;&#225; Tordera"
                            1 => "M Mart&#237;nez Franc&#233;s"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "Rehabilitaci&#243;n respiratoria"
                        "paginaInicial" => "39"
                        "paginaFinal" => "59"
                        "serieFecha" => "1999"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib2"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Coping strategies for dyspnea"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "V Carrieri-Kohlman"
                            1 => "JM Gormley"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "Dyspnea"
                        "paginaInicial" => "287"
                        "paginaFinal" => "320"
                        "serieFecha" => "1998"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib3"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Beyond attentional strategies&#58; a cognitive-perceptual model of somatic interpretation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "D Cioffi"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Psychol Bull&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1991"
                        "volumen" => "109"
                        "paginaInicial" => "25"
                        "paginaFinal" => "41"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2006227"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib4"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dyspnea&#46; Mechanisms&#44; assessment&#44; and management&#58; a consensus statement"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "PM Meek"
                            1 => "RM Schwartzstein"
                            2 => "L Adams"
                            3 => "MD Altose"
                            4 => "EH Breslin"
                            5 => "V Carrieri-Kohlman"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm.159.1.ats898"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "159"
                        "paginaInicial" => "321"
                        "paginaFinal" => "340"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9872857"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib5"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Determinants of dyspnea in patients with different grades of stable asthma"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "E Mart&#237;nez Morag&#243;n"
                            1 => "M Perpi&#241;&#225;"
                            2 => "A Belloch"
                            3 => "A de Diego"
                            4 => "ME Mart&#237;nez Franc&#233;s"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Asthma&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "40"
                        "paginaInicial" => "375"
                        "paginaFinal" => "382"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12870833"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib6"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Percepci&#243;n de disnea de los pacientes con asma durante la broncoconstricci&#243;n aguda"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "E Mart&#237;nez Morag&#243;n"
                            1 => "M Perpi&#241;&#225;"
                            2 => "A Belloch"
                            3 => "A de Diego"
                            4 => "ME Mart&#237;nez Franc&#233;s"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "39"
                        "paginaInicial" => "67"
                        "paginaFinal" => "73"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12586046"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib7"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Concordancia entre la percepci&#243;n de disnea del asm&#225;tico durante la obstrucci&#243;n aguda y cr&#243;nica"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "E Mart&#237;nez Morag&#243;n"
                            1 => "M Perpi&#241;&#225;"
                            2 => "A Belloch"
                            3 => "A de Diego"
                            4 => "ME Mart&#237;nez Franc&#233;s"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "41"
                        "paginaInicial" => "371"
                        "paginaFinal" => "375"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16029729"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib8"
              "etiqueta" => "8"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Evoluci&#243;n temporal de la percepci&#243;n exagerada de disnea en los pacientes con asma"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "E Mart&#237;nez Morag&#243;n"
                            1 => "M Perpi&#241;&#225;"
                            2 => "A Belloch"
                            3 => "B Serra"
                            4 => "A Lloris"
                            5 => "V Maci&#225;n"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "42"
                        "paginaInicial" => "120"
                        "paginaFinal" => "124"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16545249"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib9"
              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:3 [
                          "colaboracion" => "in collaboration with the World Health Organization"
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "J Bousquet"
                            1 => "P van Cauwenberge"
                            2 => "N Khaltaev"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Allergy Clin Immunol&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "108"
                        "paginaInicial" => "147"
                        "paginaFinal" => "333"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib10"
              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "Global Initiative for Asthma"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "Global strategy for asthma management and prevention&#46; NHLBI&#47;WHO Workshop Report"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "editorial" => "National Institutes of Health"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Bethesda"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib11"
              "etiqueta" => "11"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychophysical basis of perceived exertion"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "GAV Borg"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Med Sci Sports Exerc&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1982"
                        "volumen" => "14"
                        "paginaInicial" => "377"
                        "paginaFinal" => "381"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7154893"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib12"
              "etiqueta" => "12"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "CD Spielberger"
                            1 => "RL Gorsuch"
                            2 => "E Lushene"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "STAI&#44; manual for the State-Trait anxiety Inventory &#40;self evaluation questionnaire&#41;"
                        "fecha" => "1970"
                        "editorial" => "Consulting Psychologist Press"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Palo Alto"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib13"
              "etiqueta" => "13"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "AT Beck"
                            1 => "AJ Rush"
                            2 => "BF Shaw"
                            3 => "G Emery"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "Cognitive therapy of depression"
                        "fecha" => "1979"
                        "editorial" => "Guilford Press"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "New York"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib14"
              "etiqueta" => "14"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Normativa para la pr&#225;ctica de la espirometr&#237;a forzada"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J Sanchis"
                            1 => "P Cas&#225;n"
                            2 => "J Castillo"
                            3 => "N Gonz&#225;lez"
                            4 => "L Palenciano"
                            5 => "J Roca"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1989"
                        "volumen" => "25"
                        "paginaInicial" => "132"
                        "paginaFinal" => "142"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib15"
              "etiqueta" => "15"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Perception scoring of induced bronchoconstriction as an index of awareness of asthma symptoms"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "LP Boulet"
                            1 => "P Leblanc"
                            2 => "H Turcotte"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Chest"
                        "fecha" => "1994"
                        "volumen" => "105"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1430"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1433"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8181331"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib16"
              "etiqueta" => "16"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Bronchial reactivity to inhaled histamine&#58; a method and clinical survey"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "DW Cockroft"
                            1 => "DN Killian"
                            2 => "JA Mellon"
                            3 => "FE Hargreave"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Clin Allergy"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "7"
                        "paginaInicial" => "235"
                        "paginaFinal" => "243"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/908121"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib17"
              "etiqueta" => "17"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Distinguishable types of dyspnea in patients with shortness of breath"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "PM Simon"
                            1 => "RM Schwartzstein"
                            2 => "JW Weiss"
                            3 => "V Fencl"
                            4 => "M Teghtsoonian"
                            5 => "SE Weinberger"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm/142.5.1009"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am Rev Respir Dis&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "volumen" => "142"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1009"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1014"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2240820"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib18"
              "etiqueta" => "18"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The language of breathlessness&#58; use of verbal descriptors by patients with cardiorespiratory disease"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "MW Elliot"
                            1 => "L Adams"
                            2 => "A Cockcroft"
                            3 => "KD Macrae"
                            4 => "K Murphy"
                            5 => "A Guz"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm/144.4.826"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am Rev Respir Dis&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1991"
                        "volumen" => "144"
                        "paginaInicial" => "826"
                        "paginaFinal" => "832"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1928956"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib19"
              "etiqueta" => "19"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Descriptors of breathlessness in cardiorespiratory diseases"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "DA Mahler"
                            1 => "A Harver"
                            2 => "T Lentine"
                            3 => "JA Scott"
                            4 => "K Beck"
                            5 => "RM Schwartzstein"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm.154.5.8912748"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "154"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1357"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1363"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8912748"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib20"
              "etiqueta" => "20"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Understanding dyspnoea by its language"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "G Scano"
                            1 => "L Stendardi"
                            2 => "M Grazzini"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1183/09031936.05.00059404"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "25"
                        "paginaInicial" => "380"
                        "paginaFinal" => "385"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15684306"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib21"
              "etiqueta" => "21"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "titulo" => "Proceedings of the ATS workshop on refractory asthma&#58; current understanding&#44; recommendations&#44; and unanswered questions&#46; American Thoracic Society"
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm.162.6.ats9-00"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "162"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2341"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2351"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11112161"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib22"
              "etiqueta" => "22"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The risk of hospitalization and near-fatal asthma in relation to the perception of dyspnea"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "R Magadle"
                            1 => "N Berar-Yanay"
                            2 => "P Weiner"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Chest"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "121"
                        "paginaInicial" => "329"
                        "paginaFinal" => "333"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11834639"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib23"
              "etiqueta" => "23"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Near fatal asthma&#58; clinical and physiologic features&#44; perception of bronchoconstriction and psychogenic profile"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "LP Boulet"
                            1 => "F Deschessness"
                            2 => "H Turcotte"
                            3 => "F Gignac"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Allergy Clin Immunol&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1991"
                        "volumen" => "88"
                        "paginaInicial" => "838"
                        "paginaFinal" => "846"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1744354"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib24"
              "etiqueta" => "24"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Normativa para el asma de control dif&#237;cil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A L&#243;pez-Vi&#241;a"
                            1 => "R Ag&#252;ero-Balb&#237;n"
                            2 => "JL Aller-&#193;lvarez"
                            3 => "T Baz&#250;s"
                            4 => "A de Diego"
                            5 => "FB Garc&#237;a-Cosio"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronoconeumol&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "41"
                        "paginaInicial" => "513"
                        "paginaFinal" => "523"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/15792129/0000004200000004/v1_201305150241/S1579212906604382/v1_201305150241/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => null
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/15792129/0000004200000004/v1_201305150241/S1579212906604382/v1_201305150241/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00003Z&text.app=https://archbronconeumol.org/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212906604382?idApp=UINPBA00003Z"
]
Share
Journal Information
Vol. 42. Issue 4.
Pages 171-174 (April 2006)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 42. Issue 4.
Pages 171-174 (April 2006)
Original Articles
Full text access
Does Experience Influence Perception of Dyspnea?
Visits
3839
E. Martínez-Moragòna,
Corresponding author
emm01v@saludalia.com

Correspondence: Dra. E. Martínez-Moragón. Avda. Pérez Galdós, 12–10. 46007 Valencia. España
, M. Perpiñáb, A. Bellochc
a Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario La Fe de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
b Servicio de Neumología, Hospital de Sagunto, Sagunto, Valencia, Spain
c Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamientos PsicolSoAgicos, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
This item has received
Article information
Objective

The perception of somatic sensations like dyspnea can be influenced by such factors as an individual's personality, experiences, or ability to adapt to stimuli. Our aim was to determine whether the perception of acute bronchoconstriction is different for patients with asthma and patients who have never experienced an episode of airway obstruction.

Patients and method

We studied 2 groups of patients. The first consisted of 24 subjects with intermittent rhinitis and asthma (10 females and 14 males) with a mean (SD) age of 25 (7) years. All reported not feeling dyspnea at rest on a Borg scale. The second group consisted of 24 subjects who only had rhinitis but no lung disease (no episode of asthma) or dyspnea at rest (12 females and 12 males) with a mean age of 27 (6) years. There were no significant differences between the groups with regard to sex, smoking, economic or educational level, anxiety (determined by the trait portion of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), depression (Beck Depression Inventory), or spirometric parameters. All took a histamine bronchial provocation test in which the patient assessed dyspnea on a modified Borg scale after each histamine dose. The provocation dose needed to produce a 20% decrease (PD20) in forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) was calculated. We also recorded the dyspnea perception score when FEV1 fell 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (PS20).

Results

NO dyspnea was perceived at PS20 by 12.5% of the asthmatics and by 45% of nonasthmatics (P<.0001). The mean PS20 was 2.4 (2.1) (range, 0–7) in the first group and 0.37 (0.48) (range, 0–3) in the second (P<.0001). More asthma patients than nonasthmatics perceived dyspnea at all degrees of bronchial obstruction. PD20 was different in the 2 groups (1.6 [2] vs 6.03 [5] for the first and second groups, respectively; P<.003), but there was no significant relation between PD20 and PS20 (Spearman's correlation coefficient, 0.19; P=.221).

Conclusion

Our findings support the hypothesis that appropriate perception of dyspnea is grounded in prior experience and learning.

Key words:
Dyspnea
Asthma
Perception
Bronchoconstriction
Objetivo

En la percepción de las sensaciones somáticas, como la disnea, pueden influir factores tales como la propia personalidad del individuo, su experiencia previa o su capa-cidad de adaptación a los estímulos. El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido conocer si los pacientes con asma perciben una situación de broncoconstricción aguda de forma diferente de los pacientes que nunca han sufrido un episodio previo de obstrucción de la vía aérea.

Patientes y método

Estudiamos 2 grupos de pacientes. El primero estaba formado por 24 sujetos con rinitis y asma intermitente (10 mujeres y 14 varones, con una edad media ± desviación estándar de 25 ± 7 años), que no referían sentir disnea basal en la escala de Borg. El segundo lo formaron 24 pacientes con rinitis sola, sin enfermedad pulmonar (nunca habían sufrido un episodio de asma) ni disnea basal (12 mujeres y 12 varones, edad media de 27 ± 6 años). No había diferencias significativas entre los grupos en cuanto a edad, sexo, porcentaje de fumadores, nivel económico y educativo, ansiedad-determinada por el State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, versión Rasgo (STAI-R)-, depresión (Beck) ni parámetros espirométricos. A todos ellos se les realizó una prueba de broncoprovocación con histamina midiendo la disnea experimentada tras cada dosis del fármaco en una escala modificada de Borg. Se calculó la PD20, es decir, la dosis de agente broncoconstrictor ca-paz de producir un descenso del 20% del valor inicial del volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo (FEV1), así como la percepción de disnea con una caída del FEV1 del 5, el 10, el 15 y el 20% (PS5, PS10, PS15 y PS20, respecti-vamente).

Resultados

NO percibió disnea con el descenso del 20% en el FEV1 el 12,5% de los pacientes con asma, frente a un 45% de las personas no asmáticas (p < 0,0001). La media de la PS20 en el primer grupo fue de 2,4 ± 2,1 (rango: 0–7) y en el segundo de 0,37 ± 0,48 (rango: 0–3) (p < 0,0001). En todos los grados de obstrucción bronquial la disnea percibida por los pacientes con asma fue mayor. La PD20 fue diferente en ambos grupos (1,6 ± 2 frente a 6,03 ± 5; p < 0,003), pero no hubo relación significativa entre la PD20 y la PS20 (coeficiente de correlación de Spearman: 0,19, p = 0,221).

Conclusión

Nuestros datos apoyan la hipótesis de que la adecuada percepción de la disnea se fundamenta en aspectos como la experiencia previa y el aprendizaje.

Palabras clave:
Disnea
Asma
Percepción
Broncoconstricción
Full text is only aviable in PDF
REFERENCES
[1]
M Perpiñá Tordera, M Martínez Francés.
Disnea: bases fisiopatológicas, medición e implicaciones en la rehabilitación.
Rehabilitación respiratoria, pp. 39-59
[2]
V Carrieri-Kohlman, JM Gormley.
Coping strategies for dyspnea.
Dyspnea, pp. 287-320
[3]
D Cioffi.
Beyond attentional strategies: a cognitive-perceptual model of somatic interpretation.
Psychol Bull., 109 (1991), pp. 25-41
[4]
PM Meek, RM Schwartzstein, L Adams, MD Altose, EH Breslin, V Carrieri-Kohlman, et al.
Dyspnea. Mechanisms, assessment, and management: a consensus statement.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 159 (1999), pp. 321-340
[5]
E Martínez Moragón, M Perpiñá, A Belloch, A de Diego, ME Martínez Francés.
Determinants of dyspnea in patients with different grades of stable asthma.
J Asthma., 40 (2003), pp. 375-382
[6]
E Martínez Moragón, M Perpiñá, A Belloch, A de Diego, ME Martínez Francés.
Percepción de disnea de los pacientes con asma durante la broncoconstricción aguda.
Arch Bronconeumol., 39 (2003), pp. 67-73
[7]
E Martínez Moragón, M Perpiñá, A Belloch, A de Diego, ME Martínez Francés.
Concordancia entre la percepción de disnea del asmático durante la obstrucción aguda y crónica.
Arch Bronconeumol., 41 (2005), pp. 371-375
[8]
E Martínez Moragón, M Perpiñá, A Belloch, B Serra, A Lloris, V Macián.
Evolución temporal de la percepción exagerada de disnea en los pacientes con asma.
Arch Bronconeumol., 42 (2006), pp. 120-124
[9]
J Bousquet, P van Cauwenberge, N Khaltaev, in collaboration with the World Health Organization.
Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma.
J Allergy Clin Immunol., 108 (2001), pp. 147-333
[10]
Global Initiative for Asthma.
Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. NHLBI/WHO Workshop Report, National Institutes of Health, (1996),
[11]
GAV Borg.
Psychophysical basis of perceived exertion.
Med Sci Sports Exerc., 14 (1982), pp. 377-381
[12]
CD Spielberger, RL Gorsuch, E Lushene.
STAI, manual for the State-Trait anxiety Inventory (self evaluation questionnaire), Consulting Psychologist Press, (1970),
[13]
AT Beck, AJ Rush, BF Shaw, G Emery.
Cognitive therapy of depression, Guilford Press, (1979),
[14]
J Sanchis, P Casán, J Castillo, N González, L Palenciano, J Roca.
Normativa para la práctica de la espirometría forzada.
Arch Bronconeumol., 25 (1989), pp. 132-142
[15]
LP Boulet, P Leblanc, H Turcotte.
Perception scoring of induced bronchoconstriction as an index of awareness of asthma symptoms.
Chest, 105 (1994), pp. 1430-1433
[16]
DW Cockroft, DN Killian, JA Mellon, FE Hargreave.
Bronchial reactivity to inhaled histamine: a method and clinical survey.
Clin Allergy, 7 (1997), pp. 235-243
[17]
PM Simon, RM Schwartzstein, JW Weiss, V Fencl, M Teghtsoonian, SE Weinberger.
Distinguishable types of dyspnea in patients with shortness of breath.
Am Rev Respir Dis., 142 (1990), pp. 1009-1014
[18]
MW Elliot, L Adams, A Cockcroft, KD Macrae, K Murphy, A Guz.
The language of breathlessness: use of verbal descriptors by patients with cardiorespiratory disease.
Am Rev Respir Dis., 144 (1991), pp. 826-832
[19]
DA Mahler, A Harver, T Lentine, JA Scott, K Beck, RM Schwartzstein.
Descriptors of breathlessness in cardiorespiratory diseases.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 154 (1996), pp. 1357-1363
[20]
G Scano, L Stendardi, M Grazzini.
Understanding dyspnoea by its language.
Eur Respir J., 25 (2005), pp. 380-385
[21]
Proceedings of the ATS workshop on refractory asthma: current understanding, recommendations, and unanswered questions. American Thoracic Society.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 162 (2000), pp. 2341-2351
[22]
R Magadle, N Berar-Yanay, P Weiner.
The risk of hospitalization and near-fatal asthma in relation to the perception of dyspnea.
Chest, 121 (2002), pp. 329-333
[23]
LP Boulet, F Deschessness, H Turcotte, F Gignac.
Near fatal asthma: clinical and physiologic features, perception of bronchoconstriction and psychogenic profile.
J Allergy Clin Immunol., 88 (1991), pp. 838-846
[24]
A López-Viña, R Agüero-Balbín, JL Aller-Álvarez, T Bazús, A de Diego, FB García-Cosio, et al.
Normativa para el asma de control difícil.
Arch Bronoconeumol., 41 (2005), pp. 513-523

This study was partially funded by a grant from Red RESPIRA-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (RTIC-03/11).

Copyright © 2006. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR)
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?