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Vol. 39. Issue 8.
Pages 333-340 (August 2003)
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Vol. 39. Issue 8.
Pages 333-340 (August 2003)
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Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en el anciano inmunocompetente que requiere hospitalización. Cuadro clínico, factores pronósticos y tratamiento
Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization in immunocompetent elderly patients: clinical features, prognostic factors and treatment
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F. Saldías Peñafiela,
Corresponding author
fsaldias@med.puc.cl

Correspondencia: Departamento de Enfermedades Respiratorias. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Marcoleta, 345, 4.° piso. Santiago. Chile
, A. O'Brien Solarb, A. Gederlini Gollerinoc, G. Farías Gontupild, A. Díaz Fuenzalidaa
a Departamento de Enfermedades Respiratorias. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago
b Departamento de Radiología. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago
c Departamento de Bioestadística. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago
d Alumno de sexto curso de Medicina. Universidad Católica de Chile. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago. Chile
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Fundamento Y Objetivos

La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) es la principal causa de muerte de origen infeccioso en el anciano. Realizamos este trabajo con el propósito de examinar el cuadro clínico, la etiología, los factores pronósticos y el tratamiento de la NAC en el anciano inmunocompetente que requiere hospitalización. Diseño: estudio clínico prospectivo descriptivo observacional

Resultados

Se evaluó a 306 pacientes (80 ± 7 años), un 54% de ellos eran varones, el 89% presentaba comorbilidad (especialmente cardiovascular, neurológica, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, diabetes) y el 97% fue tratados con cefalosporinas de segunda o tercera generación. La estancia promedio en el hospital fue de 10 días, aproximadamente el 10% de los pacientes falleció en el hospital y alrededor del 13% en el seguimiento a los 30 días. En la NAC del anciano, comparada con la del adulto joven, fue más frecuente la presencia de comorbilidad múltiple, estado mental alterado, hipoxemia y nitrógeno ureico sérico elevado en la admisión, así como la necesidad de ingreso en la unidad de cuidado intensivo. Además, la estancia y la mortalidad en el hospital y en el seguimiento a los 30 días fueron más elevadas en la población senescente. En la práctica clínica habitual, la etiología microbiana se estableció en aproximadamente el 25% de los casos. Los patógenos aislados con mayor frecuencia fueron Streptococcus pneumoniae (10,5%), bacilos gramnegativos entéricos (5,2%), Staphylococcus aureus (4,2%) y Haemophilus influenzae (3,9%). En el análisis multivariado, los factores medidos en la admisión asociados con mayor riesgo de morir en el hospital fueron la edad avanzada (> 83 años), ausencia de tos, hipotensión arterial e hiperfosfemia

Conclusion

La NAC en el anciano es una enfermedad prevalente que presenta características clinicoepidemiológicas, evolución y pronóstico particulares

Palabras clave:
Neumonía comunitaria
Ancianidad
Cuadro clínico
Factores pronósticos
Background

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the leading cause of death from infectious disease among the elderly. This study was carried out to examine the clinical manifestations, etiology, prognostic factors and treatment of CAP in immunocompetent elderly patients requiring hospitalization

Results

A total of 306 elderly (80 ± 7 years) patients were evaluated: 54% were male, 89% had concurrent diseases (principally cardiovascular and neurological disease, chronic obstructive lung disease and diabetes), and 97% were treated with second-or third-generation cephalosporins. Mean hospital stay was 10 days, and mortality was approximately 10% in hospital and around 13% on follow up at 30 days. As compared to younger CAP patients, multiple comorbidity, altered mental status, hypoxemia, high serum urea nitrogen on hospital admission were more frequent in the elderly. Intermediate care and intensive care unit admissions were also more frequent in the elderly. Hospital length of stay as well as mortality in the hospital and at 30 days were higher in elderly patients. The pathogen was identified as part of routine care in around 25% of cases. The most frequent pathogens were Streptococcus pneumoniae (10.5%), enteric Gram negative bacilli (5.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (4.2%) and Haemophilus influenzae (3.9%). In multivariate analysis the prognostic factors on admission associated with in-hospital mortality were advanced age (> 83 years), absence of cough, low blood pressure and hyperphosphatemia

Conclusions

CAP in elderly patients is a prevalent disease with specific clinical and epidemiological characteristics, clinical course and prognosis

Key words:
Community-acquired pneumonia
Elderly patients
Clinical course
Prognostic factors
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Copyright © 2003. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
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