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Vol. 37. Issue 6.
Pages 281-286 (June 2001)
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Vol. 37. Issue 6.
Pages 281-286 (June 2001)
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Enfermedades por micobacterias ambientales en pacientes con y sin infección por el VIH: características epidemiológicas, clínicas y curso evolutivo
Environmental mycobacterial diseases in patients with and without HIV infection: epidemiology, clinical features and evolution
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E. Martínez-Moragóna, R. Menéndezb,*, P. Palasíc, M. Santosd, J. López Aldeguerc
a Unidad de Neumología. Hospital de Sagunto. Valencia
b Servicios de Neumología, Hospital Universitario La Fe. Valencia
d Servicios de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario La Fe. Valencia
c Servicios de Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Hospital Universitario La Fe. Valencia
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El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido averiguar las caraterísticas clínicas, los factores predisponentes, el espectro microbiológico y la evolución tras el tratamiento de las enfermedades por micobacterias ambientales (MA) en los pacientes con y sin infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) de nuestra población. Se han revisado 88 pacientes diagnosticados de enfermedades por MA entre 1989- 1997; 46 de ellos (52,7%) eran VIH positivos. Globalmente, Mycobacterium kansasii ha sido la MA con mayor prevalencia (54%), seguida de Mycobacterium complex (40%). Sin embargo, en los pacientes VIH positivos predominó M. avium complex (61%) y en los VIH negativos M. kansasii (76%). Las formas de enfermedad en los VIH negativos fueron pulmonares y localizadas, mientras que el 74% de los VIH positivos presentaron formas diseminadas. Entre los pacientes seronegativos era frecuente padecer una enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica o consumir corticoides. El cuadro clínico fue subagudo e inespecífico en las formas pulmonares de ambos grupos de pacientes, mientras que la mayor parte de individuos con formas diseminadas comenzaron con molestias abdominales. En el 76% de los casos VIH negativos se encontraron infiltrados cavitados en la radiografía de tórax y el 60% de VIH positivos presentó la radiografía normal. Las pruebas de sensibilidad antimicrobiana no evidenciaron diferencias entre las cepas que afectaron a VIH positivos y negativos. El pronóstico fue muy bueno en el grupo VIH negativo utilizando combinaciones de 2 a 4 antituberculosos de primera línea, mientras que entre los VIH positivos la respuesta fue pobre pese al empleo de tratamientos prolongados con 3 a 5 fármacos. No obstante, en los últimos años del estudio, debido al tratamiento antirretroviral altamente efectivo, parece observarse una mejor respuesta terapéutica con formas menos agresivas de enfermedad por MA.

Palabras clave:
Micobacterias no tuberculosas
Infección por micobacterias
Infección por el VIH
Pacientes inmunocompetentes
Mycobacterium avium complex
Mycobacterium kansasii

The objective of the present study was to ascertain the clinical features, risk factors, microbiologic spectrum and course of disease after treatment of infections by environmental mycobacteria (EM) in patients with and without HIV infection in our community. Eighty-eight patients with diseases caused by EM diagnosed between 1989 and 1997 were studied; 46 (52.7%) were HIV-positive. Mycobacterium kansasii was the most prevalent pathogen (54%) overall, followed by M. avium complex (40%). However, M. avium complex was most prevalent among HIV-positive patients (61%) and M. kansasii was most prevalent among HIV-negative patients (76%). Localized lung infections were most common among HIV-negative patients, whereas 74% of HIV-positive patients had disseminated disease. Among HIV-negative patients, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and corticosteroid use were common associations. Pulmonary disease was subacute and non-specific in both patient groups, whereas abdominal pain was the first symptom of most patients with disseminated disease. On the chest films of 76% of the HIVnegative patients, we observed cavitation and infiltrates; 60% of HIV-negative patients had normal x-rays. No differences in antibiotic sensitivity were observed between strains from HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients. The prognosis was good in the HIV-negative group with combined therapy with 2 to 4 first-line antituberculous drugs, whereas response was poor in HIV-positive patients in spite of prolonged treatment with 3 to 5 drugs. Nevertheless, thanks to the highly effective anti-retroviral treatment of recent years, we seem to be observing improved response to therapy with less aggressive forms of EM disease.

Key words:
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria
Mycobacterial infection
HIV infection
Immunocompetent patients
Mycobacterium avium complex
Mycobacterium kansasii
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Copyright © 2001. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
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