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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetive</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study was to describe 5 microepidemics of tuberculosis occurring in schools&#44; establish the risk factors associated with the outbreaks&#44; assess how well a concentric circles strategy for contact tracing predicts infection&#44; and assess the usefulness of genotyping strains in the analysis of the outbreaks&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material and methods</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The study assessed 5 epidemic outbreaks of tuberculosis using a standard contact tracing procedure&#46; The outbreaks occurred in 2 day nurseries and 2 high schools between 1998 and 2005&#46; Contacts were stratified using a concentric circle system based on level of exposure&#46; DNA fingerprints of the available strains were determined based on the restriction fragment length polymorphism &#40;RFLP&#41; IS6110 and compared with the contact study to interpret the transmission of the infection&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We analyzed 5 outbreaks&#46; Eighty-five contacts were analyzed in the first outbreak&#44; 519 in the second&#44; 116 in the third&#44; 655 in the fourth&#44; and 102 in the fifth&#46; The rate of infection was 31&#37;&#44; 29&#37;&#44; 66&#37;&#44; 37&#46;6&#37;&#44; and 32&#37;&#44; respectively&#46; Secondary cases of active disease were detected&#58; 9 in the first outbreak&#44; 16 in the second&#44; 5 in the third&#44; 6 in the fourth&#44; and 13 in the fifth&#46; RFLP analysis revealed that a single strain was involved in 3 of the outbreaks&#44; and in a fourth&#44; at least 2 strains were involved&#46; In outbreaks 2&#44; 3&#44; and 5&#44; there was a significant association between the degree of contact and the probability of infection &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;05&#41;&#46; In all of the outbreaks&#44; the relative risk of developing the disease was associated with the level of exposure&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analysis of contacts based on concentric circles of risk predicts the likelihood of infection&#46; RFLP facilitates analysis of complex transmission routes that are not detected using traditional methods of contact screening&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El prop&#243;sito del presente estudio ha sido describir 5 microepidemias de tuberculosis en centros escolares&#44; establecer los factores de riesgo relacionados con su aparici&#243;n&#44; valorar la predicci&#243;n de infecci&#243;n mediante la estrategia de c&#237;rculos conc&#233;ntricos y analizar la utilidad de la tipificaci&#243;n gen&#233;tica de cepa en su interpretaci&#243;n&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se presenta el estudio de 5 brotes de tuberculosis&#44; y su estudio convencional de contactos&#44; ocurridos en 2 guarder&#237;as y 2 institutos de ense&#241;anza media entre 1998 y 2005&#46; Los contactos se estratificaron seg&#250;n el grado de convivencia siguiendo el sistema de c&#237;rculos conc&#233;ntricos&#46; Se identificaron los perfiles gen&#233;ticos &#40;RFLP&#8211;polimorfismo de longitud de los fragmentos de restricci&#243;n&#8211;IS6110&#41; de las cepas disponibles y se cotejaron los resultados con el estudio de contactos para interpretar la transmisi&#243;n de la infecci&#243;n&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analizamos 5 brotes&#46; En el primero estudiamos a 85 contactos&#59; en el segundo&#44; a 519&#59; en el tercero&#44; a 116&#59; en el cuarto&#44; a 655&#44; y 102 en el quinto&#46; La prevalencia de infecci&#243;n fue del 31&#44; el 29&#44; el 66&#44; el 37&#44;6 y el 32&#37;&#44; respectivamente&#46; Se detectaron casos secundarios de enfermedad activa&#58; 9 en el primero&#44; 16 en el segundo&#44; 5 en el tercero&#44; 6 en el cuarto y 13 en el quinto&#46; El an&#225;lisis mediante RFLP identific&#243; la coincidencia gen&#233;tica de todas las cepas en 3 brotes&#44; y en el cuarto evidenci&#243; la existencia de al menos 2 cepas implicadas en su desarrollo&#46; En los brotes 2&#44; 3 y 5 encontramos una asociaci&#243;n importante entre el grado de convivencia y las probabilidades de infectarse &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;05&#41;&#46; En todos los brotes el riesgo relativo de infectarse y enfermar se asoci&#243; con la intensidad de la exposici&#243;n&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El estudio de contactos basado en c&#237;rculos de riesgo predice la probabilidad de infecci&#243;n&#46; La RFLP permite aclarar v&#237;as de transmisi&#243;n complejas que no son detectables mediante el estudio convencional de contactos&#46;</p>"
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Vol. 43. Issue 11.
Pages 611-616 (January 2007)
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Vol. 43. Issue 11.
Pages 611-616 (January 2007)
Original Articles
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The Importance of Genotyping of Strains for the Evaluation and Interpretation of 5 School-Based Epidemic Outbreaks of Tuberculosis
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Pedro Jorge Marcos Rodrígueza,
Corresponding author
pedrojmarcos@canalejo.org

Correspondence: Dr. P.J. Marcos Rodríguez. Servicio de Neumología. Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Juan Canalejo. Xubias de Arriba, 84. 15006 A Coruña. España
, Daniel Díaz-Cabanelaa, María Isabel Ursua Díazb, María Fernández-Albalat Ruizb, Héctor Verea Hernandoa
a Servicio de Neumología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Juan Canalejo, A Coruña, Spain
b Servicio de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Juan Canalejo, A Coruña, Spain
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Objetive

The aim of this study was to describe 5 microepidemics of tuberculosis occurring in schools, establish the risk factors associated with the outbreaks, assess how well a concentric circles strategy for contact tracing predicts infection, and assess the usefulness of genotyping strains in the analysis of the outbreaks.

Material and methods

The study assessed 5 epidemic outbreaks of tuberculosis using a standard contact tracing procedure. The outbreaks occurred in 2 day nurseries and 2 high schools between 1998 and 2005. Contacts were stratified using a concentric circle system based on level of exposure. DNA fingerprints of the available strains were determined based on the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) IS6110 and compared with the contact study to interpret the transmission of the infection.

Results

We analyzed 5 outbreaks. Eighty-five contacts were analyzed in the first outbreak, 519 in the second, 116 in the third, 655 in the fourth, and 102 in the fifth. The rate of infection was 31%, 29%, 66%, 37.6%, and 32%, respectively. Secondary cases of active disease were detected: 9 in the first outbreak, 16 in the second, 5 in the third, 6 in the fourth, and 13 in the fifth. RFLP analysis revealed that a single strain was involved in 3 of the outbreaks, and in a fourth, at least 2 strains were involved. In outbreaks 2, 3, and 5, there was a significant association between the degree of contact and the probability of infection (P<.05). In all of the outbreaks, the relative risk of developing the disease was associated with the level of exposure.

Conclusions

Analysis of contacts based on concentric circles of risk predicts the likelihood of infection. RFLP facilitates analysis of complex transmission routes that are not detected using traditional methods of contact screening.

Key words:
Tuberculosis
Microepidemic
Outbreak
School
Restriction fragment length polymorphism
Objetivo

El propósito del presente estudio ha sido describir 5 microepidemias de tuberculosis en centros escolares, establecer los factores de riesgo relacionados con su aparición, valorar la predicción de infección mediante la estrategia de círculos concéntricos y analizar la utilidad de la tipificación genética de cepa en su interpretación.

Material y métodos

Se presenta el estudio de 5 brotes de tuberculosis, y su estudio convencional de contactos, ocurridos en 2 guarderías y 2 institutos de enseñanza media entre 1998 y 2005. Los contactos se estratificaron según el grado de convivencia siguiendo el sistema de círculos concéntricos. Se identificaron los perfiles genéticos (RFLP–polimorfismo de longitud de los fragmentos de restricción–IS6110) de las cepas disponibles y se cotejaron los resultados con el estudio de contactos para interpretar la transmisión de la infección.

Resultados

Analizamos 5 brotes. En el primero estudiamos a 85 contactos; en el segundo, a 519; en el tercero, a 116; en el cuarto, a 655, y 102 en el quinto. La prevalencia de infección fue del 31, el 29, el 66, el 37,6 y el 32%, respectivamente. Se detectaron casos secundarios de enfermedad activa: 9 en el primero, 16 en el segundo, 5 en el tercero, 6 en el cuarto y 13 en el quinto. El análisis mediante RFLP identificó la coincidencia genética de todas las cepas en 3 brotes, y en el cuarto evidenció la existencia de al menos 2 cepas implicadas en su desarrollo. En los brotes 2, 3 y 5 encontramos una asociación importante entre el grado de convivencia y las probabilidades de infectarse (p < 0,05). En todos los brotes el riesgo relativo de infectarse y enfermar se asoció con la intensidad de la exposición.

Conclusiones

El estudio de contactos basado en círculos de riesgo predice la probabilidad de infección. La RFLP permite aclarar vías de transmisión complejas que no son detectables mediante el estudio convencional de contactos.

Palabras clave:
Tuberculosis
Microepidemia
Brote
Escuela
RFLP
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