Journal Information
Vol. 45. Issue 1.
Pages 4-11 (January 2009)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 45. Issue 1.
Pages 4-11 (January 2009)
Original Article
Full text access
Phenotypic Characterization and Course of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the PAC-COPD Study: Design and Methods
Caracterización fenotípica y evolución de la EPOC en el estudio PAC-COPD: diseño y metodología
Visits
4611
Judith Garcia-Aymericha,
Corresponding author
jgarcia@creal.cat

Corresponding author.
, Federico P. Gómezb, Josep M. Antóa, on behalf of the PAC-COPD research group
a Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Institut Municipal d’Investigació Mèdica-Hospital del Mar, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
b Servei de Pneumologia, Institut del Tòrax, Hospital Clínic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Barcelona, Spain
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Abstract
Background and Objectives

The Phenotype and Course of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (PAC-COPD) study aims to improve our understanding of the phenotypic heterogeneity of this disease and the extent to which this heterogeneity is related to clinical course. The main objectives are a) to characterize the phenotypic variability in first-time hospitalizations for exacerbation of COPD and to propose a classification into subtypes, and b) to ascertain the association between the defined subtypes and the clinical and functional course of COPD.

Patients and Methods

This is a cross-sectional and cohort study of 342 patients with COPD from 9 tertiary hospitals in 3 autonomous communities. The minimum follow-up period is 5 years. The main variables of interest are respiratory symptoms, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, use of health care services, medical care, treatment received, activities of daily living, comorbid conditions, sleepiness, anxiety and depression, quality of life, forced spirometry and bronchodilator tests, lung volume and inspiratory capacity measured by body plethysmography, carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, baseline arterial blood gas values, respiratory and peripheral muscle function, electrocardiogram, body weight and composition measured by bioelectric impedance, chest radiograph, skin prick test, capacity for exercise measured in the 6-minute walk test and cardiopulmonary exercise test, induced sputum (for quantitative microbiological culture and determination of inflammatory markers), nighttime pulse oximetry, chest computed tomography scan, and echocardiography. Levels of markers of inflammation and oxidative stress are measured in serum and plasma; these samples are also used for genetic analysis and will be stored for other possible measurements that might be required in the future. The statistical analysis combines factor analysis and survival models such as Cox regression analysis. This project will enable us to reconsider the definition and classification of COPD and to better understand the factors associated with its natural history.

Keywords:
Epidemiology
Phenotype
COPD
Resumen
Introducción y objetivos

El estudio Caracterización Fenotípica y Evolución de la Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica (PAC-COPD) pretende mejorar la comprensión de la heterogeneidad fenotípica de esta enfermedad y el grado en que dicha heterogeneidad se relaciona con su evolución. Los principales objetivos son: a) caracterizar la variabilidad fenotípica de las personas que ingresan por primera vez por agudización de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) y proponer una clasificación en subtipos, y b) estimar la asociación entre los subtipos definidos y la evolución clínica y funcional de la EPOC.

Pacientes y método

El diseño de investigación incluye un estudio transversal y un estudio de seguimiento de una cohorte de 342 pacientes con EPOC procedentes de 9 hospitales terciarios de 3 comunidades autónomas. El período de seguimiento abarca un mínimo de 5 años. Las principales medidas que se determinarán son las siguientes: síntomas respiratorios, tabaco, alcohol, actividad física, utilización de servicios sanitarios, atención médica, tratamientos recibidos, actividades de la vida diaria, comorbilidades, somnolencia, ansiedad y depresión, calidad de vida, espirometría forzada y prueba broncodilatadora, pletismografía corporal con volúmenes pulmonares y capacidad inspiratoria, capacidad de transferencia del monóxido de carbono, gasometría arterial basal, función de músculos respiratorios y periféricos, electrocardiograma, peso y composición nutricional mediante impedanciometría bioeléctrica, radiografía de tórax, pruebas cutáneas de alergia, capacidad de ejercicio según la prueba de la marcha de 6 min y prueba de ejercicio cardiopulmonar, esputo inducido (para cultivo microbiológico cuantitativo y determinación de marcadores de inflamación), pulsioximetría nocturna, tomografía computarizada pulmonar y ecocardiografía. Además, se obtienen muestras de suero y plasma para la medición de marcadores inflamatorios y de estrés oxidativo, análisis genéticos y otras posibles mediciones que puedan plantearse en el futuro. Para el análisis estadístico de los resultados se combinará el análisis factorial con modelos de supervivencia como la regresión de Cox. El proyecto permitirá replantear la definición y clasificación de la EPOC, así como comprender mejor los factores asociados a su evolución.

Palabras clave:
Epidemiología
Fenotipo
EPOC
Full text is only aviable in PDF
References
[1.]
C.D. Mathers, D. Loncar.
Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030.
[2.]
A.S. Buist, M.A. McBurnie, W.M. Vollmer, S. Gillespie, P. Burney, D.M. Mannino, et al.
International variation in the prevalence of COPD (the BOLD Study): a populationbased prevalence study.
[3.]
J.M. Antó, P. Vermeire, J. Vestbo, J. Sunyer.
Epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Eur Respir J, 17 (2001), pp. 982-994
[4.]
R.A. Pauwels, A.S. Buist, P.M. Calverley, C.R. Jenkins, S.S. Hurd.
GOLD Scientific Committee. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Workshop summary.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 163 (2001), pp. 1256-1276
[5.]
B.R. Celli, W. MacNee.
ATS/ERS Task Force Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper.
Eur Respir J, 23 (2004), pp. 932-946
[6.]
P.M.A. Calverley, P. Walker.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Lancet, 362 (2003), pp. 1053-1061
[7.]
F.J. Álvarez-Gutiérrez, M. Miravitlles, M. Calle, E. Gobartt, F. López, A. Martín, et al.
Impacto de la EPOC en la vida diaria de los pacientes. Resultados del estudio multicéntrico EIME.
Arch Bronconeumol, 43 (2007), pp. 64-72
[8.]
M.V. López Varela, T. Anido, M. Larrosa.
Estado funcional y supervivencia de los pacientes con EPOC tras rehabilitación respiratoria.
Arch Bronconeumol, 42 (2006), pp. 434-439
[9.]
J.J. Soler Cataluña.
El papel de las exacerbaciones en la historia natural de la EPOC.
Arch Bronconeumol, 43 (2007), pp. 55-58
[10.]
I. Solanes, P. Casan, M. Sangenís, N. Calaf, B. Giraldo, R. Güell.
Factores de riesgo de mortalidad en la EPOC.
Arch Bronconeumol, 43 (2007), pp. 445-449
[11.]
J.J. Soler Cataluña, M.A. Martínez García.
Factores pronósticos en la EPOC.
Arch Bronconeumol, 43 (2007), pp. 680-691
[12.]
B.R. Celli, D.G. Cote, J.M. Marín, C. Casanova, M. Montes de Oca, R.A. Méndez, et al.
The body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
N Engl J Med, 350 (2004), pp. 1005-1012
[13.]
S.E. Wenzel.
Asthma: defining of the persistent adult phenotypes.
[14.]
E. Benigno Arribalzaga.
Terminología en lesiones endobronquiales sospechosas de neoplasia.
Arch Bronconeumol, 43 (2007), pp. 640
[15.]
N.R. Anthonisen, J. Manfreda, C.P. Warren, E.S. Hershfield, G.K. Harding, N.A. Nelson.
Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Ann Intern Med, 106 (1987), pp. 196-204
[16.]
M.F. Folstein, S.E. Folstein, P. McHugh.
“Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician.
J Psy Res, 12 (1975), pp. 189-198
[17.]
R. Blesa, M. Pujol, M. Aguilar, P. Santacruz, I. Bertran-Serra, G. Hernández, et al.
Clinical validity of the “mini-mental state” for Spanish speaking communities.
Neuropsychologia, 39 (2001), pp. 1150-1157
[18.]
J. Garcia-Aymerich, E. Monsó, R.M. Marrades, J. Escarrabill, M.A. Félez, J. Sunyer, et al.
Risk factors for hospitalization for a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation. EFRAM study.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 164 (2001), pp. 1002-1007
[19.]
J. Garcia-Aymerich, J. Escarrabill, R.M. Marrades, E. Monso, E. Barreiro, J.M. Antó, et al.
Differences in COPD care among doctors who control the disease: general practitioner vs. pneumologist.
Respir Med, 100 (2006), pp. 332-339
[20.]
J. Garcia-Aymerich, E. Farrero, M.A. Félez, J. Izquierdo, R.M. Marrades, J.M. Antó, et al.
Risk factors of readmission to hospital for a COPD exacerbation: a prospective study.
Thorax, 58 (2003), pp. 100-105
[21.]
J. Garcia-Aymerich, E. Barreiro, E. Farrero, R.M. Marrades, J. Morera, J.M. Antó, et al.
Patients hospitalized for COPD have a high prevalence of modifiable risk factors for exacerbation (EFRAM study).
Eur Respir J, 16 (2000), pp. 1037-1042
[22.]
L. Eltayara, M.R. Becklake, C.A. Volta, J. Milic-Emili.
Relationship between chronic dyspnea and expiratory flow limitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154 (1996), pp. 1726-1734
[23.]
J. Alonso, J.M. Antó.
Enquesta de Salut de Barcelona 1986.
Publicacions de l’ Ajuntament de Barcelona, (1989),
[24.]
P.G. Burney, C. Luczynska, S. Chinn, D. Jarvis.
The European Community Respiratory Health Survey.
Eur Respir J, 7 (1994), pp. 954-960
[25.]
C. Samanic, M. Kogevinas, M. Dosemeci, N. Malats, F.X. Real, M. García-Closas, et al.
Smoking and bladder cancer in Spain: effects of tobacco type, timing, environmental tobacco smoke, and gender.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 15 (2006), pp. 1348-1354
[26.]
L. Dipietro, C.J. Caspersen, A.M. Ostfeld, E.R. Nadel.
A survey for assessing physical activity among older adults.
Med Sci Sports Exerc, 25 (1993), pp. 628-642
[27.]
S. De Abajo, R. Larriba, S. Márquez.
Validity and reliability of the Yale Physical Activity Survey in Spanish elderly.
J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 41 (2001), pp. 479-485
[28.]
M. Charlson, T.P. Szatrowski, J. Peterson, J. Gold.
Validation of a combined comorbidity index.
J Clin Epidemiol, 47 (1994), pp. 1245-1251
[29.]
A.G. Gift.
Validation of a vertical visual analogue scale as a measure of clinical dyspnea.
Rehab Nurs, 14 (1989), pp. 323-325
[30.]
M. Ferrer, J. Alonso, L. Prieto, V. Plaza, R. Marrades, M.C. Aguar, et al.
Validity and reliability of the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire after adaptation to a different language and culture: the Spanish example.
Eur Respir J, 9 (1996), pp. 1160-1166
[31.]
P.W. Jones, F.H. Quirk, C.M. Baveystock.
The St George's Respiratory Questionnaire.
Respir Med, 85 (1991), pp. 25-31
[32.]
F. Mahoney, D. Barthel.
Functional evaluation: the Barthel Index.
Md State Med J, 14 (1965), pp. 61-65
[33.]
M. Ferrer, G. Vilagut, C. Monasterio, J.M. Montserrat, M. Mayos, J. Alonso.
Medida del impacto de los trastornos del sueño: las versiones españolas del cuestionario del impacto funcional del sueño y de la escala de somnolencia de Epworth.
Med Clin (Barc), 113 (1999), pp. 250-255
[34.]
M.W. Johns.
A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale.
Sleep, 14 (1991), pp. 540-545
[35.]
T.E. Weaver, A.M. Laizner, L.K. Evans, G. Maislin, D.K. Chugh, K. Lyon, et al.
An instrument to measure functional status outcomes for disorders of excessive sleepiness.
Sleep, 20 (1997), pp. 835-843
[36.]
J.M. Quintana, A. Padierna, C. Esteban, I. Arostegui, A. Bilbao, I. Ruiz.
Evaluation of the psychometric characteristics of the Spanish version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.
Acta Psychiatr Scand, 107 (2003), pp. 216-221
[37.]
A.S. Zigmond, R.P. Snaith.
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.
Acta Psychiatr Scand, 67 (1983), pp. 361-370
[38.]
M. Orozco-Levi, J. Garcia-Aymerich, J. Villar, A. Ramírez-Sarmiento, J.M. Antó, J. Gea.
Wood smoke exposure and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Eur Respir J, 27 (2006), pp. 542-546
[39.]
Manual SEPAR de Procedimientos. Módulo 3. Procedimientos de evaluación de la función pulmonar. Madrid: Luzán 5, SA de Ediciones; 2002.
[40.]
Manual SEPAR de Procedimientos. Módulo 4. Procedimientos de evaluación de la función pulmonar-II. Barcelona: Publicaciones Permanyer; 2004.
[41.]
Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2004. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.org
[42.]
S.H. Wilson, N.T. Cooke, R.H. Edwards, S.G. Spiro.
Predicted normal values for maximal respiratory pressures in caucasian adults and children.
Thorax, 39 (1984), pp. 535-538
[43.]
P. Morales, J. Sanchis, P.J. Cordero, J.L. Díez.
Presiones respiratorias estáticas máximas en adultos. Valores de referencia en una población caucasiana mediterránea.
Arch Bronconeumol, 33 (1997), pp. 213-219
[44.]
E.M. Baarends, W.D. Van Marken Lichtenbelt, E.F. Wouters, AM. Schols.
Body-water compartments measured by bio-electrical impedance spectroscopy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Clin Nutr, 17 (1998), pp. 15-22
[45.]
ATS Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary Function Laboratories. ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:111-7.
[46.]
G.H. Guyatt, S.O. Pugsley, M.J. Sullivan, P.J. Thompson, L. Berman, N. Jones, et al.
Effect of encouragement on walking test performance.
Thorax, 39 (1984), pp. 818-822
[47.]
Grupo de Trabajo de la SEPAR. Pruebas de ejercicio cardiopulmonar. Arch Bronconeumol. 2001;37:247-68.
[48.]
American Thoracic Society, American College of Chest Physicians. ATS/ACCP Statement on Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167:211-77.
[49.]
J.A. Neder, L.E. Nery, A. Castelo, S. Andreoni, M.C. Lenario, A. Sachs, et al.
Prediction of metabolic and cardiopulmonary response to maximum cycle ergometry: a randomised study.
Eur Respir J, 14 (1999), pp. 1304-1313
[50.]
J. Belda, R. Leigh, K. Parameswaran, P.M. O’Byrne, M.R. Sears, F.E. Hargreave.
Induced sputum cell counts in healthy adults.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 161 (2000), pp. 475-478
[51.]
M.A. Quiñones, C.M. Otto, M. Stoddard, A. Waggoner, WA. Zoghbi.
Recommendations for quantification of Doppler echocardiography: a report from the Doppler Quantification Task Force of the Nomenclature and Standards Committee of the American Society of Echocardiography.
J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 15 (2002), pp. 167-184
[52.]
J.M. Gardin, D.B. Adams, P.S. Douglas, H. Feigenbaum, D.H. Forst, A.G. Fraser, et al.
Recommendations for a standardized report for adult transthoracic echocardiography: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography's Nomenclature and Standards Committee and Task Force for a Standardized Echocardiography Report.
J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 15 (2002), pp. 275-290
[53.]
S. Edwards, M.L. Slattery, M. Mori, T.D. Berry, B.J. Caan, P. Palmer, et al.
Objective system for interviewer performance evaluation for use in epidemiologic studies.
Am J Epidemiol, 140 (1994), pp. 1020-1028
[54.]
A.D. Oxman, D.L. Sackett, G.H. Guyatt.
Users’ guides to the medical literature. I. How to get started. The Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group.
JAMA, 270 (1993), pp. 2093-2095
Copyright © 2009. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?