Journal Information
Vol. 43. Issue 2.
Pages 81-85 (February 2007)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 43. Issue 2.
Pages 81-85 (February 2007)
Original Articles
Full text access
Parental Smoking and Lung Function in Healthy Children and Adolescents
Visits
4836
Francisco Javier González Barcalaa,
Corresponding author
fjgbarcala@telefonica.net

Correspondence: Dr. F.J. González Barcala. Servicio de Neumología. Hospital Clínico Universitario. Choupana, s/n. 15706 Santiago de Compostela. A Coruña. España
, Bahi Takkoucheb, Luis Valdésa, Enrique Temesc, Rosaura Leisd, Rodrigo Cabanasd, José Ramón Rodríguez Suáreza, Rafael Tojod
a Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
b Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
c Servicio de Neumología, Hospital de Pontevedra, Pontevedra, Spain
d Departamento de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruía, Spain
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Objective

The debate continues on the effect of passive smoking on nonsmokers. The effect of parental smoking on the lung function of children varies considerably according to geographic area, source of passive smoking, and sex. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of parental smoking on the lung function of children.

Population and Methods

A cross-sectional study was performed on a sample of the population of healthy children and adolescents between 6 and 18 years of age in Galicia. Subjects were selected by means of 2-stage cluster sampling grouped by sex and age.

Results

Approximately 56% of the children were exposed to the tobacco smoke of one of their parents. Children whose fathers were smokers presented a 40% higher risk of reduced forced expiratory flow at 75% of forced vital capacity (FEF75%) and a 30% higher risk of reduced FEF25%–75%. Children whose mothers were smokers presented a 30% higher risk of reduced forced expiratory volume in the first second and a 40% higher risk of reduced FEF50%. There was a 60% increase in risk of reduced FEF75%. The fact that both parents smoked did not appear to increase the risk of reduced lung function.

Conclusions

Parental smoking has a considerable effect on the lung function of children and adolescents. Smoking by either the mother or the father has a decisive influence. The fact that this effect is independent of the growth of the child and that the obstructive effect is located principally in the distal airways appears to confirm the hypothesis that this effect is produced after birth.

Key words:
Lung function
Passive smoking
Spirometry
Objetivo

Continúa la controversia sobre el efecto del tabaquismo pasivo en los no fumadores. El efecto del tabaquismo de los padres sobre la función pulmonar de los hijos presenta gran variabilidad entre diferentes zonas geográficas, fuente del tabaquismo pasivo y sexos. El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido valorar el efecto del tabaquismo de los padres sobre la función pulmonar de sus hijos.

Población y Métodos

Hemos llevado a cabo un estudio transversal en una muestra de la población de niños y adolescentes sanos de 6 a 18 años de Galicia, seleccionada mediante un muestreo bietápico en racimos y estratificada por sexo y edad.

Resultados

Alrededor del 56% de los niños estaban expuestos al humo del tabaco de alguno de sus padres. Los niños de padres fumadores presentaban un 40% más de riesgo de reducción del flujo espiratorio forzado al 75% de la capacidad vital forzada (FEF75%), y un 30% de reducción del FEF25–75%. Los niños cuyas madres eran fumadoras tenían un 30% más de riesgo de reducción del volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo, y un 40% de reducción del FEF50%. El incremento de riesgo de reducción del FEF75% fue del 60%. El hecho de que fumaran ambos progenitores no pareció incrementar el riesgo de función pulmonar reducida.

Conclusiones

El tabaquismo parental tiene un importante efecto sobre la función pulmonar de niños y adolescentes. Tanto el tabaquismo materno como el paterno influyen decisivamente. El hecho de que este efecto sea independiente del crecimiento del niño y que el efecto obstructivo se localice fundamentalmente en la vía aérea distal parece confirmar la hipótesis de que este efecto se produce después del nacimiento.

Palabras clave:
Función pulmonar
Tabaquismo pasivo
Espirometría
Full text is only aviable in PDF
REFERENCES
[1]
JE Enstrom, GC Kabat.
Environmental tobacco smoke and tobacco related mortality in a prospective study of Californians, 196098.
[2]
JE Fielding, KJ Phenow.
Health effects of involuntary smoking.
N Engl J Med, 319 (1988), pp. 1452-1460
[3]
DG Cook, DP Strachan.
Health effects of passive smoking-10: summary of effects of parental smoking on the respiratory health of children and implications for research.
Thorax, 54 (1999), pp. 357-366
[4]
SJ Hutchison, RE Sievers, BQ Zhu, YP Sun, DJ Stewart, WW Parmley, et al.
Secondhand tobacco smoke impairs rabbit pulmonary artery endothelium-dependent relaxation.
Chest, 120 (2001), pp. 2004-2012
[5]
HS Sekhon, JA Keller, NL Benowitz, ER Spindel.
Prenatal nicotine exposure alters pulmonary function in newborn rhesus monkeys.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 164 (2001), pp. 989-994
[6]
FD Gilliland, YF Ii, JM Peters.
Effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy and environmental tobacco smoke on asthma and wheezing in children.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 163 (2001), pp. 429-436
[7]
SH Ebrahim, RL Floyd, RK Merritt II, P Decoufle, D Holtzman.
Trends in pregnancy-related smoking rates in the United States, 1987-1996.
JAMA, 283 (2000), pp. 361-366
[8]
Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2003, Ministerio de Sanidad y Consume, (2004),
[9]
M Nebot, Z Tomas, C Ariza, S Valmayor, MJ Iopez, O Juarez.
Factores asociados con el inicio del tabaquismo: seguimiento a los 3 anos de una cohorte de escolares.
Arch Bronconeumol, 40 (2004), pp. 495-501
[10]
AJ Henderson, A Sherriff, K Northstone, L Kukla, D Hruba.
Preand postnatal parental smoking and wheeze in infancy: cross cultural differences. Avon Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) Study Team, European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ELSPAC) Co-ordinating Centre.
Eur Respir J, 18 (2001), pp. 323-329
[11]
Y Chen, WX Ii.
The effect of passive smoking on children's pulmonary function in Shangai.
Am J Public Health, 76 (1986), pp. 515-518
[12]
DG Cook, DP Strachan, I MCarey.
Parental smoking and spirometric indices in children.
Thorax, 53 (1998), pp. 884-893
[13]
R Ieis, P Pavon, T Queiro, D Recarey, R Tojo.
Atherogenic diet and blood lipid profile in children and adolescents from Galicia, NW Spain. The Galinut Study.
Acta Paediatr, 88 (1999), pp. 19-23
[14]
LM Taussig, V Chernick, R Wood, P Farrell, RB Mellins.
Standardization of lung function testing in children. Proceedings and recommendations of the GAP Conference Committee, Cystic Fibrosis Foundation.
J Pediatr, 97 (1980), pp. 668-676
[15]
J Sanchis Aldas, P Casan Clara, J Castillo Gomez, N Gonzalez Mangado, N Palenciano Ballesteros, J Roca Torrent.
Normativa para la espirometria f orzada. Grupo de trabajo de la SEPAR para la practica de la espirometria clmica, Doyma, (1985),
[16]
FD Gilliland, K Berhane, R McConnell, WJ Gauderman, H Vora, EB Rappaport, et al.
Maternal smoking during pregnancy, environmental tobacco smoke exposure and childhood lung function.
Thorax, 55 (2000), pp. 271-276
[17]
PJ Gergen, JA Fowler, KR Maurer, WW Davis, MD Overpeck.
The burden of environmental tobacco smoke exposure on the respiratory health of children 2 months through 5 years of age in the United States: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1994.
Pediatrics, 101 (1998), pp. e8
[18]
GT O'Connor, D Sparrow, D Demolles, D Dockery, M Raizenne, M Fay, et al.
Maximal and partial expiratory flow rates in a population sample of 10- to 11-year-old school children.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 162 (2000), pp. 436-439
[19]
YF Ii, FD Gilliland, K Berhane, R McConnell, WJ Gauderman, EB Rappaport, et al.
Effects of in utero and environmental tobacco smoke exposure on lung function in boys and girls with and without asthma.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 162 (2000), pp. 2097-2104
[20]
X Wang, D Wypij, DR Gold, FE Speizer, JH Ware, BG Ferris Jr, et al.
A longitudinal study of the effects of parental smoking on pulmonary function in children 6-18 years.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 149 (1994), pp. 1420-1425
[21]
SA Venners, X Wang, C Chen, B Wang, J Ni, Y Jin, et al.
Exposure-response relationship between paternal smoking and children's pulmonary function.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 164 (2001), pp. 973-976
[22]
DM Mannino, D Homa, S Redd.
Involuntary smoking and asthma severity in children.
Chest, 122 (2002), pp. 409-415
[23]
JF Morris, A Koski, JD Breese.
Normal values and evaluation of forced end-expiratory flow.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 111 (1975), pp. 755-762
[24]
X Wang, IB Tager, H van Vunakis, FE Speizer, JP Hanrahan.
Maternal smoking during pregnancy, urine cotinine concentrations, and birth outcomes. A prospective cohort study.
Int J Epidemiol, 26 (1997), pp. 978-988
[25]
RJ Rona, S Chinn.
Lung function, respiratory illness, and passive smoking in British primary school children.
Thorax, 48 (1993), pp. 21-25
[26]
K Bek, N Tomag, A Delibas, F Tuna, HT Tezic, M Sungur.
The effect of passive smoking on pulmonary function during childhood.
Postgrad Med J, 75 (1999), pp. 339-341
[27]
C Svanes, E Omenaas, D Jarvis, S Chinn, A Gulsvik, P Bumey.
Parental smoking in childhood and adult obstructive lung disease: results from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey.
Thorax, 59 (2004), pp. 295-302
[28]
DL Duffy, CA Mitchell.
Lower respiratory tract symptoms in Queensland schoolchildren: risk factors for wheeze, cough and diminished ventilatory function.
Thorax, 48 (1993), pp. 1021-1024
[29]
L Owen, A McNeill, C Callum.
Trends in smoking during pregnancy in England, 1992-7: quota sampling surveys.
BMJ, 317 (1998), pp. 728
[30]
SM Stick, PR Burton, L Gurrin, PD Sly, PN IeSpuef.
Effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy and a family history of asthma on respiratory function in newborn infants.
Lancet, 348 (1996), pp. 1060-1064
[31]
J Cunningham, DW Dockery, FE Speizer.
Maternal smoking during pregnancy as a predictor of lung function in children.
Am J Epidemiol, 139 (1994), pp. 1139-1152

This study was funded by the Universidad de Santiago de Compostela and the Department of Health of the government (Xunta) of the Autonomous Community of Galicia.

Copyright © 2007. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR)
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?