Journal Information
Vol. 41. Issue 5.
Pages 272-289 (May 2005)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 41. Issue 5.
Pages 272-289 (May 2005)
Recommendations of the Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR)
Full text access
Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR)
Visits
9784
SEPAR Working Group on Community-Acquired Pneumonia , Tuberculosis and Respiratory Infections (TIR) Assembly *
This item has received
Article information
Full text is only aviable in PDF
REFERENCES
[1]
MA Woodhead, JT Macfarlane, JS McCracken, DH Rose, RG Finch.
Prospective study of the aetiology and outcome of pneumonia in the community.
Lancet, 1 (1987), pp. 671-674
[2]
C Jokinen, L Heiskanen, H Juvonen, S Kallinen, K Karkola, M Kporpi, et al.
Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia in the population of four municipalities in eastern Finland.
Am J Epidemiol, 137 (1993), pp. 977-988
[3]
J Almirall, I Bolíbar, J Vidal, G Sauca, P Coll, B Niklason, B Bartolomé.
Epidemiology of community acquired pneumonia in adults: a population-based study.
Eur Respir J, 15 (2000), pp. 757-763
[4]
C Santos de Unamuno, MA Llorente, E Carandell, M Gutiérrez, J Riera, A Ramírez, et al.
Lugar de atención, etiología, y tratamiento de las neumonías adquiridas en la comunidad de Palma de Mallorca.
Med Clin (Barc), 110 (1998), pp. 290-294
[5]
M Murrie, J Hueto.
Epidemiología de las neumonías adquiridas en la comunidad en el Área de Salud I de Navarra.
Med Clin (Barc), 97 (1991), pp. 50-52
[6]
MJ Fine, MA Smith, CA Carson, SS Mutha, SS Sankey, LA Weissfeld, et al.
Prognosis and outcomes of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. A meta-analysis.
JAMA, 275 (1996), pp. 134-141
[7]
M Woodhead.
Community-acquired pneumonia in Europe: causative pathogens and resistance patterns.
Eur Respir J, 20 (2002), pp. 20-27
[8]
FJ Álvarez, D del Castillo, A García Fernández, B Romero, J del Rey, G Soto, J Castillo.
Estudio prospectivo de 221 neumonías adquiridas en la comunidad seguidas de forma ambulatoria. Etiología y evolución clínico-radiológica.
Med Clin (Barc), 116 (2001), pp. 161-166
[9]
R Zalacaín, N Talayero, V Achótegui, J Corral, I Barreña, V Sobradillo.
Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad. Fiabilidad de los criterios clínicos para decidir tratamiento ambulatorio.
Arch Bronconeumol, 33 (1997), pp. 74-79
[10]
M Falguera, O Sacristán, A Nogués, A Ruiz, M García, A Manonelles, M Rubio-Caballero.
Non severe community pneumonia: correlation between cause and severity or comorbidity.
Arch Int Med, 161 (2001), pp. 1866-1872
[11]
J Blanquer, R Blanquer, R Borrás, D Nauffal, P Morales, R Menéndez, et al.
Aetiology of community acquired pneumonia in Valencia, Spain: a multicentre prospective study.
Thorax, 46 (1991), pp. 508-511
[12]
L Molinos, R Fernández, JA Gullón, G Rubinos, MA Alonso, C Escudero, et al.
Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad con tratamiento hospitalario. Interés de la clínica y exámenes complementarios en la predicción de la etiología.
Arch Bronconeumol, 33 (1997), pp. 230-235
[13]
M Ruiz, S Ewig, MA Marcos, JA Martínez, F Arancibia, J Mensa, A Torres.
Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: impact of age, comorbidity and severity.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 160 (1999), pp. 397-405
[14]
N Sopena, M Sabriá, ML Pedro-Botet, JM Manterola, L Matas, J Domínguez, et al.
Prospective study of community-acquired pneumonia of bacterial etiology in adults.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 18 (1999), pp. 852-858
[15]
B Rosón, J Carratalá, J Dorca, A Casanova, F Manresa, F Gudiol.
Etiology, reasons for hospitalization, risk classes and outcomes of community acquired pneumonia in patients hospitalised on the basis of conventional admission criteria.
Clin Infect Dis, 33 (2001), pp. 158-165
[16]
R Menéndez, J Córdoba, P de la Cuadra, MJ Cremades, JL Lope Hontagas, M Salavert, et al.
Value of the polymerase chain reaction assay in noninvasive respiratory samples for diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159 (1999), pp. 1868-1873
[17]
A Ruiz-González, M Falguera, A Nogués, M Rubio Caballero.
Is Streptococcus pneumoniae the leading cause of pneumonia of unknown aetiology? A microbiologic study of lung aspirates in consecutive patients with community acquired pneumonia.
Am J Med, 106 (1999), pp. 385-390
[18]
B Rosón, N Fernández-Sabé, J Carratalá, R Verdaguer, J Dorca, F Manresa, et al.
Contribution of a urinary antigen assay (Binax Now) to the early diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia.
Clin Infect Dis, 38 (2004), pp. 222-226
[19]
A de Roux, MA Marcos, E García, J Mensa, S Ewig, H Lode, et al.
Viral community-acquired pneumonia in nonimmunocompromised adults.
Chest, 125 (2004), pp. 1343-1352
[20]
J Pachón, MD Prado, F Capote, JA Cuello, J Garnacho, A Verano.
Severe community-acquired pneumonia. Etiology, prognosis and treatment.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 142 (1990), pp. 369-373
[21]
A Torres, J Serra-Batllés, A Ferrer, P Jiménez, R Celis, E Cobo, et al.
Severe community acquired pneumonia. Epidemiology and prognostic factors.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 114 (1991), pp. 312-318
[22]
J Rello, A Quintana, V Ausina, A Net, G Prats.
A three-year study of severe community acquired pneumonia with emphasis on outcome.
Chest, 103 (1993), pp. 232-235
[23]
O Leroy, C Santré, C Beuscart, H Georges, B Guery, JM Jacquier, et al.
A five-year study of severe community-acquired pneumonia with emphasis on prognosis in patients admitted to an intensive care unit.
Intensive Care Med, 21 (1995), pp. 24-31
[24]
J Rello, R Rodríguez, P Jubert, B Álvarez, the study group on severe community acquired pneumonia.
Severe community acquired pneumonia in the elderly: epidemiology and prognosis.
Clin Infect Dis, 23 (1996), pp. 723-728
[25]
J Rello, M Bodí, M Navarro, E Díaz, M Gallego, J Vallés.
Microbiological testing and outcome of patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia.
Chest, 123 (2003), pp. 174-180
[26]
R Zalacaín, A Torres, R Celis, J Blanquer, J Aspa, L Esteban, et al.
on behalf of “Pneumonia in the elderly” working group. Area TIR. Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: Spanish multicentre study.
Eur Respir J, 21 (2003), pp. 294-302
[27]
N Fernández-Sabé, J Carratalá, B Rosón, J Dorca, R Verdaguer, F Manresa, et al.
Community-acquired pneumonia in very elderly patients: causative organisms, clinical characteristics, and outcomes.
[28]
AA el Solh, AT Aquiline, RS Dhillon, F Ramadan.
Impact of invasive strategy on management of antimicrobial treatment failure in institutionalized older people with severe pneumonia.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 166 (2002), pp. 1038-1042
[29]
WS Lim, JT MacFarlane.
A prospective comparison of nursing home acquired pneumonia with community acquired pneumonia.
Eur Respir J, 18 (2001), pp. 362-368
[30]
A Torres, J Dorca, R Zalacaín, S Bello, M el-Ebiary, L Molinos, et al.
Community acquired pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a Spanish multicenter study.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154 (1996), pp. 1456-1461
[31]
F Arancibia, TT Bauer, S Ewig, J Mensa, J González, MS Niederman, et al.
Community-acquired pneumonia due to gram-negative bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: incidence, risk factors and prognosis.
Arch Intern Med, 162 (2002), pp. 1849-1858
[32]
TJ Marrie.
Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia: a continuously evolving disease.
J Infect, 24 (1992), pp. 247-255
[33]
DH Akbar.
Bacterial pneumonia: comparison between diabetics and non-diabetics.
Acta Diabetol, 38 (2001), pp. 77-82
[34]
M Ruiz, S Ewig, A Torres, F Arancibia, F Marco, J Mensa, et al.
Severe community-acquired pneumonia. Risk factors and follow-up epidemiology.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 160 (1999), pp. 923-929
[35]
PE Marik.
Aspiration pneumonitis and aspiration pneumonia.
N Eng J Med, 344 (2001), pp. 665-671
[36]
P Nuorti, J Butler, M Farley, L Harrison, A McGeer, M Kolczak, et al.
The active bacterial core surveillance team. Cigarette smoking and invasive pneumococcal disease.
N Engl J Med, 342 (2000), pp. 681-689
[37]
J Fernández, P López, D Orozco, J Merino.
Clinical study of an outbreak of Legionnaire's disease in Alcoy, Southeastern Spain.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 21 (2002), pp. 729-735
[38]
C Agustí, A Rañó, X Filella, J González, A Moreno, A Xaubet, et al.
Pulmonary infiltrates in patients receiving long-term glucocorticoid treatment. Etiology, prognostic factors and associated inflammatory response.
Chest, 123 (2003), pp. 488-498
[39]
A García-Fulgueiras, C Navarro, D Fenoll, J García, P González-Diego, T Jiménez-Bunuelas, et al.
Legionnaires' disease outbreak in Murcia, Spain.
Emerg Infect Dis, 9 (2003), pp. 915-921
[40]
V Sobradillo, P Ansola, F Baranda, C Corral.
Q fever pneumonia: a review of 164 cases in the Basque Country.
Eur Respir J, 2 (1989), pp. 263-266
[41]
R Arnal, L Borderías, C Serón, A Zurutuza.
Etiología de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad que requiere ingreso hospitalario en un período de 39 meses.
Arch Bronconeumol, 38 (2002), pp. 57
[42]
MS Niederman, LA Mandell, A Anzueto, JB Bass, WA Broughton, G Campbell, et al.
American Thoracic Society Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 163 (2001), pp. 1730-1754
[43]
LA Mandell, JG Bartlett, SF Dowell, TM File Jr, DM Musher, C Whitney.
Update of Practice Guidelines for the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Immunocompetent Adults.
Clin Infect Dis, 37 (2003), pp. 1405-1433
[44]
L Molinos, FJ López, V Faiña.
Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad.
Enfermedades respiratorias, pp. 333-340
[45]
J Dorca, S Bello, JM Blanquer, MR de Celis, L Molinos, A Torres, et al.
Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad.
Arch Bronconeumol, 33 (1997), pp. 240-246
[46]
CM Luna, J Ramírez, H López, JA Mazzei, JC Abreu de Oliveira, J Pereira, et al.
Grupo de trabajo de la Asociación Latinoamericana del Tórax (ALAT). Recomendaciones ALAT sobre la neumonía adquirida de la comunidad.
Arch Bronconeumol, 37 (2001), pp. 340-348
[47]
DS Katz, AN Leung.
Radiology of pneumonia.
Clin Chest Med, 20 (1999), pp. 549-562
[48]
JG Bartlett, SF Dowell, LA Mandell, TM File Jr, DM Musher, MJ Fine.
Infectious Diseases Society of America. Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults.
Clin Infect Dis, 31 (2000), pp. 347-382
[49]
J MacFarlane, T Bosswell, G Douglas, R Finch, W Holmes, D Honeybourne, et al.
BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults.
Thorax, 56 (2001), pp. 1iv-64iv
[50]
JT MacFarlane, AC Miller, WH Roderick Smith, AH Morris, DH Rose.
Comparative radiographic features of community-acquired Legionnaires' disease, pneumococcal pneumonia, mycoplasma pneumonia and psittacosis.
Thorax, 39 (1984), pp. 28-33
[51]
T Franquet.
Imaging of pneumonia: trends and algorithms.
Eur Respir J, 18 (2001), pp. 196-208
[52]
PB Hasley, MN Albaum, CR Fuhrman, CA Britton, TJ Marrie, DE Singer, et al.
Do pulmonary radiographic findings at presentation predict mortality in patients with community-acquired pneumonia?.
Arch Intern Med, 156 (1996), pp. 2206-2212
[53]
R Riquelme, A Torres, M el-Ebiary, JP de la Bellacasa, R Estruch, J Mensa, et al.
Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: a multivariate analysis of risk and prognostic factors.
Am J Crit Care Med, 154 (1996), pp. 450-455
[54]
SJ Skerrett.
Diagnostic testing to establish a microbial cause is helpful in the management of community-acquired pneumonia.
Semin Respir Infect, 12 (1997), pp. 308-321
[55]
F Arancibia, S Ewig, JA Martínez, M Ruiz, T Bauer, MA Marcos, et al.
Antimicrobial treatment failures in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: causes and prognostic implications.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 162 (2000), pp. 154-160
[56]
J Frias, M Gomis, J Prieto, J Mensa, E Bouza, JA García-Rodríguez, et al.
Tratamiento empírico inicial de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad.
Rev Esp Quimioter, 11 (1998), pp. 255-261
[57]
G Huchon, M Woodhead, the ERS Task Force.
Guidelines for management of adult community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections.
Eur Respir J, 11 (1998), pp. 986-991
[58]
F Arancibia, S Ewig, J Martínez, M Ruiz, T Bauer, M Marcos, et al.
Antimicrobial treatment failures in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: causes and prognostic implications.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 162 (2000), pp. 154-160
[59]
B Rosón, J Carratalá, R Verdaguer, J Dorca, F Manresa, F Gudiol.
Prospective study of the uselfuness of sputum Gram stain in the initial approach to community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization.
Clin Infect Dis, 31 (2000), pp. 869-874
[60]
E García-Vázquez, M Marcos, J Mensa, A de Roux, J Puig, C Font, et al.
Assessment of the usefulness of sputum culture for diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia using the PORT predictive scoring system.
Arch Intern Med, 164 (2004), pp. 1807-1811
[61]
SG Campbell, TJ Marrie, R Anstey, S Ackroyd-Stolarz, G Dickinson.
Utility of blood cultures in the management of adults with community acquired pneumonia discharged from the emergency department.
Emerg Med J, 20 (2003), pp. 521-523
[62]
DE Craven.
Blood cultures for community-acquired pneumonia. Piecing together a mosaic for doing less.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 169 (2004), pp. 327-335
[63]
GW Waterer, RG Wunderink.
The influence of the severity of community-acquired pneumonia on the usefulness of blood cultures.
Respir Med, 95 (2001), pp. 78-82
[64]
ML Metersky, A Ma, DW Bratzler, PM Houck.
Predicting bacteremia in patients with community-acquired pneumonia.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 169 (2004), pp. 342-347
[65]
M Marcos, M Jiménez de Anta, J de la Bellacasa, J González, E Martínez, E García, et al.
Rapid urinary antigen test for diagnosis of pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia in adults.
Eur Respir J, 21 (2003), pp. 209-214
[66]
JJ Oosterheert, MJ Bonten, E Buskens, MM Schneider, IM Hoepelman.
Algorythm to determine cost savings of targeting antimicrobial therapy based on results of rapid diagnostic testing.
J Clin Microb, 41 (2003), pp. 4708-4713
[67]
J Roig, M Sabriá, ML Pedro-Botet.
Legionella sp.: community-acquired and nosocomial infection.
Curr Opin Infect Dis, 16 (2003), pp. 145-151
[68]
J Domínguez, S Blanco, C Prat, R Rivelo, MD Sánchez, MA Pallarés, et al.
Rapid centrifugal method for Legionella antigen concentration in urine samples.
Clin Microbiol Infect, 10 (2004), pp. 455
[69]
B Rosón, J Carratalá, N Fernández-Sabé, F Tubau, F Manresa, F Gudiol.
Causes and factors associated with early failure in hospitalized patients with community acquired pneumonia.
Arch Intern Med, 164 (2004), pp. 502-508
[70]
S Bello, E Chacón, A Hernández.
Técnicas no invasivas en el diagnóstico de las neumonías.
Arch Bronconeumol, 34 (1998), pp. 31-40
[71]
J Roig, X Soler, C Domingo, G de Celis.
Serological evidence of Legionella species infection in acute exacerbation of COPD.
Eur Respir J, 20 (2002), pp. 504-505
[72]
J Domínguez, N Gali, L Matas, P Pedroso, S Blanco, M Jiménez, et al.
PCR detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA in serum samples for pneumococcal pneumonia diagnosis.
Clin Microbiol Infect, 7 (2001), pp. 164-166
[73]
J Macfarlane, W Holmes, P Gard, R Macfarlane, D Rose, V Weston, et al.
Prospective study of the incidence, aetiology and outcome of lower respiratory tract illness in the community.
Thorax, 56 (2001), pp. 109-114
[74]
A García, B Rosón, JL Pérez, R Verdaguer, J Dorca, J Carratalá, et al.
Usefulness of PCR and antigen latex agglutination test with samples obtained by transthoracic needle aspiration for diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia.
J Clin Microbiol, 37 (1999), pp. 709-714
[75]
A Ruiz-González, A Nogués, M Falguera, JM Porcel, E Huelin, M Rubio-Caballero.
Rapid detection of pneumococcal antigen in lung aspirates: comparison with culture and PCR technique.
Respir Med, 91 (1997), pp. 201-206
[76]
P Jiménez, F Saldias, M Meneses, ME Silva, MG Wilson, L Otth.
Diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopy in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Comparison between bronchoalveolar lavage and telescoping plugged catheter cultures.
Chest, 103 (1993), pp. 1023-1027
[77]
E Prats, J Dorca, M Pujol, L García, B Barreiro, R Verdaguer, et al.
Effects of antibiotics on protected specimen brush sampling in ventilator-associated pneumonia.
Eur Respir J, 19 (2002), pp. 944-951
[78]
A Torres, N Fabregas, S Ewig, J Puig de la Bellacasa, T Bauer, J Ramírez.
Sampling methods for ventilator-associated pneumonia: validation using different histologic and microbiological references.
Crit Care Med, 28 (2000), pp. 2799-2804
[79]
JP Metlay, MJ Fine.
Testing strategies in the initial management of patients with community-acquired pneumonia.
Ann Intern Med, 138 (2003), pp. 109-118
[80]
AM Neill, IR Martin, R Weir, R Anderson, A Chereshsky, MJ Epton, et al.
Community acquired pneumonia: aetiology and usefulness of severity criteria on admission.
Thorax, 51 (1996), pp. 1010-1016
[81]
MJ Fine, TE Auble, DM Yealy, BH Hanusa, LA Weissfeld, DE Singer, et al.
A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia.
N Engl J Med, 336 (1997), pp. 243-250
[82]
SJ Atlas, TI Benzer, LH Borowsky, Y Chang, DC Burnham, JP Metlay, et al.
Safely increasing the proportion of patients with community-acquired pneumonia treated as outpatients: an interventional trial.
Arch Intern Med, 158 (1998), pp. 1350-1356
[83]
TJ Marrie, CY Lau, SL Wheeler, CJ Wong, MK Vandervoort, BG Feagan.
A controlled trial of a critical pathway for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. CAPITAL Study Investigators. Community-Acquired Pneumonia Intervention Trial Assessing Levofloxacin.
JAMA, 283 (2000), pp. 749-755
[84]
FW Arnold, JA Ramírez, LC McDonald, EL Xia, PP España, A Capelastegui, et al.
Hospitalization for community-acquired pneumonia: the pneumonia severity index versus clinical judgment. A prediction rule to identify allocation of inpatient care in community-acquired pneumonia.
Chest, 124 (2003), pp. 121-124
[85]
R Menéndez, MJ Cremades, E Martínez-Moragón, JJ Soler, S Reyes, M Perpiñá.
Duration of length of stay in pneumonia: influence of clinical factors and hospital type.
Eur Respir J, 22 (2003), pp. 643-648
[86]
PP España, A Capelastegui, JM Quintana, A Soto, I Gorordo, M García-Urbaneja, et al.
A prediction rule to identify allocation of inpatient care in community-acquired pneumonia.
Eur Respir J, 21 (2003), pp. 695-701
[87]
DC Angus, TJ Marrie, DS Obrosky, G Clermont, TT Dremsizov, C Coley, et al.
Severe community-acquired pneumonia: use of intensive care services and evaluation of American and British Thoracic Society Diagnostic criteria.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 166 (2002), pp. 717-723
[88]
WS Lim, MM van der Eerden, R Laing, WG Boersma, N Karalus, GI Town, et al.
Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study.
Thorax, 58 (2003), pp. 377-382
[89]
S Ewig, T Kleinfeld, T Bauer, K Seifert, H Schafer, N Goke.
Comparative validation of prognostic rules for community-acquired pneumonia in an elderly population.
Eur Respir J, 14 (1999), pp. 370-375
[90]
S Ewig, M Ruiz, J Mensa, MA Marcos, JA Martínez, F Arancibia, et al.
Severe community-acquired pneumonia. Assessment of severity criteria.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 158 (1998), pp. 1102-1108
[91]
A Kamath, MC Pasteur, MG Slade, BD Harrison.
Recognising severe pneumonia with simple clinical and biochemical measurements.
Clin Med, 3 (2003), pp. 54-56
[92]
S Ewig, A de Roux, T Bauer, E García, J Mensa, M Niederman, et al.
Validation of predictive rules and indices of severity for community acquired pneumonia.
Thorax, 59 (2004), pp. 421-427
[93]
EM Mortensen, CM Coley, DE Singer, TJ Marrie, DS Obrosky, WN Kapoor, et al.
Causes of death for patients with community-acquired pneumonia: results from the Pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research Team cohort study.
Arch Intern Med, 162 (2002), pp. 1059-1064
[94]
FE Pascual, MA Matthay, P Bacchetti, RM Wachter.
Assessment of prognosis in patients with community-acquired pneumonia who require mechanical ventilation.
Chest, 117 (2000), pp. 503-512
[95]
Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR), Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia (SEQ), Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna (SEMI) y Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES).
Tratamiento antibiótico empírico inicial de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en el paciente adulto inmunocompetente.
Rev Esp Quimioter, 16 (2003), pp. 457-466
[96]
J Aspa, O Rajas, F Rodríguez de Castro, J Blanquer, R Zalacaín, A Fenoll, et al.
Drug-resistant pneumococcal pneumonia: Clinical relevance and related factors.
Clin Infect Dis, 38 (2004), pp. 787-798
[97]
F Baquero, J García Rodríguez, J García de Lomas, L Aguilar.
Antimicrobial resistance of 1,113 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from patients with respiratory tract infections in Spain: results a multicenter surveillance study.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 43 (1999), pp. 357-359
[98]
C Urban, N Rahman, X Zhao, N Mariano, S Segal-Maurer, K Drlica, et al.
Fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae associated with levofloxacin therapy.
J Infect Dis, 184 (2001), pp. 794-798
[99]
P Ho, W Tse, K Tsang, T Kwok, T Ng, V Cheng, et al.
Risk factors for acquisition of levofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: a case-control study.
Clin Infect Dis, 32 (2001), pp. 701-707
[100]
R Davidson, R Cavalcanti, J Brunton, D Bast, J de Azavedo, P Kibsey, et al.
Resistance to levofloxacin and failure of treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia.
N Engl J Med, 346 (2002), pp. 747-750
[101]
K Anderson, J Tan, T File Jr, J DiPersio, B Willey, D Low.
Emergence of levofloxacin-resistance pneumococci in immunocompromised adults after therapy for community-acquired pneumonia.
Clin Infect Dis, 37 (2003), pp. 376-381
[102]
PM Houck, DW Bratzler, W Nsa, A Ma, JG Bartlett.
Timing of antibiotic administration and outcomes for medicare patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia.
Arch Intern Med, 164 (2004), pp. 637-644
[103]
DS Battleman, M Callahan, HR Thaler.
Rapid antibiotic delivery and appropriate antibiotic selection reduce length of hospital stay of patients with community-acquired pneumonia: link between quality of care and resource utilization.
Arch Intern Med, 162 (2002), pp. 682-688
[104]
PP Gleason, TP Meehan, JM Fine, DH Galusha, MJ Fine.
Associations between initial antimicrobial therapy and medical outcomes for hospitalized elderly patients with pneumonia.
Arch Intern Med, 159 (1999), pp. 2562-2572
[105]
RB Brown, P Ianini, P Gross, M Kunkel.
Impact of initial antibiotic choice on clinical outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia: analysis of ahospital claims-made database.
Chest, 123 (2003), pp. 1503-1511
[106]
JA Martínez, P Horcajada, M Almela, F Marco, A Soriano, E García, et al.
Addition of a macrolide to a beta-lactam-based empirical antibiotic regimen is associated with lower in-hospital mortality for patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia.
Clin Infect Dis, 36 (2003), pp. 389-395
[107]
C Fogarty, G Siami, R Kohler.
Multicenter, open-label, randomized study to compare the safety and efficacy of levofloxacin versus ceftriaxone sodium and erythromycin followed by clarithromycin and amoxicillin-clavulanate in the treatment of serious community-acquired pneumonia in adults.
Clin Infect Dis, 38 (2004), pp. 16-23
[108]
F Álvarez-Lerma, M Palomar, P Olaechea, C León, B Sánchez Bermejo.
Estudio observacional sobre el uso de levofloxacino en pacientes ingresados en UCI.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 22 (2004), pp. 220-226
[109]
R Finch, D Schurmann, O Collins, R Kubin, J McGivern, H Bobbaers, et al.
Randomized controlled trial of sequential intravenous (i.v.) and oral moxifloxacin compared with sequential i.v. and oral coamoxiclav with or without clarithromycin in patients with community-acquired pneumonia requiring initial parenteral treatment.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 46 (2002), pp. 1746-1754
[110]
R Menéndez, A Torres, R Zalacaín, J Aspa, J Martín Villasclaras, L Borderías, et al.
Risk factors of treatment failure in community acquired pneumonia: implications for disease outcome.
Thorax, 59 (2004), pp. 960-965
[111]
G Radberg, LE Nilsson, S Svensson.
Development of quinoloneimipenem cross resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa during exposure to ciprofloxacin.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 34 (1990), pp. 2142-2147
[112]
RE Siegel, NA Halpern, PL Almenoff, A Lee, R Cadhin, JG Greene.
A prospective randomized study of inpatient i.v. antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia. The optimal duration of therapy.
Chest, 110 (1996), pp. 965-971
[113]
EA Halm, MJ Fine, TJ Marrie, CM Coley, WN Kapoor, DS Obrosky, et al.
Time to clinical stability in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Implications for practice guidelines.
JAMA, 279 (1998), pp. 1452-1457
[114]
R Menéndez, A Torres, F Rodríguez de Castro, R Zalacaín, J Aspa, J Martín Villasclaras, et al.
Reaching stability in community-acquired pneumonia: the effects of the severity of disease, treatment, and the characteristics of patients.
Clin Infect Dis, 39 (2004), pp. 1783-1790
[115]
DC Rhew, GS Tu, J Ofman, JM Henning, MS Richards, SR Weingarten.
Early switch and early discharge strategies in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis.
Arch Intern Med, 161 (2001), pp. 722-727
[116]
LM Dunbar, RG Wunderink, MP Habib, LG Smith, AM Tennenberg, MM Khashab, et al.
High-dose, short-course levofloxacin for community-acquired pneumonia: a new treatment paradigm.
Clin Infect Dis, 37 (2003), pp. 752-760
[117]
J Plouffe, DB Schwartz, A Kolokathis, BW Sherman, PM Arnow, PA Gezon, et al.
Clinical efficacy of intravenous followed by oral azithromycin monotherapy in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 44 (2000), pp. 1796-1802
[118]
LA Mandell, TM File.
Short-course treatment of community-acquired pneumonia.
Clin Infect Dis, 37 (2003), pp. 761-763
[119]
M Confalonieri, A Potena, G Carbone, RD Porta, EA Tolley, G Meduri.
Acute respiratory failure in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia. A prospective randomized evaluation of noninvasive ventilation.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 160 (1999), pp. 1585-1591
[120]
P Jolliet, B Abajo, P Pasquina, JC Chevrolet.
Non-invasive pressure support ventilation in severe community-acquired pneumonia.
Intensive Care Med, 27 (2001), pp. 812-821
[121]
M Ferrer, A Esquinas, M León, G González, A Alarcón, A Torres.
Noninvasive ventilation in severe hypoxemic respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 168 (2003), pp. 1438-1444
[122]
SV Baudouin.
The pulmonary physician in critical care. 3: Critical care management of community acquired pneumonia.
Thorax, 57 (2002), pp. 267-271
[123]
F Rodríguez de Castro.
Bronquitis aguda. Neumonía extrahospitalaria.
Medicina Interna, 15th ed., pp. 792-799
[124]
R Menéndez, M Perpiñá, A Torres.
Evaluation of nonresolving and progressive pneumonia.
Semin Respir Infect, 18 (2003), pp. 103-111
[125]
Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).
MMWR, 46 (1997), pp. 1-24
[126]
DS Fedson, MP Harward, RA Reid, DL Kaiser.
Hospital-based pneumococcal immunization: epidemiologic rationale from the Shenandoah study.
JAMA, 264 (1990), pp. 1117-1122
[127]
DS Fedson.
Improving the use of pneumococcal vaccine through a strategy of hospital-based immunization: a review of its rationale and implications.
J Am Geriatr Soc, 33 (1985), pp. 142-150
[128]
DS Fedson, A Wajda, P Nicol, GW Hammond, DL Kaiser, LL Roos.
Clinical effectiveness of influenza vaccination in Manitoba.
JAMA, 270 (1993), pp. 1956-1961
[129]
KL Nichol, KL Margolis, J Wuorenma, T von Sternberg.
The efficacy and cost effectiveness of vaccination against influenza among elderly persons living in the community.
N Engl J Med, 331 (1994), pp. 778-784
[130]
SA Harper, K Fukuda, TM Uyeki, NJ Cox, CB Bridges.
Prevention and control of influenza recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).
MMWR, 53 (2004), pp. 1-40
[131]
KL Margolis, KI Nichol, GA Poland, RE Pluhar.
Frequency of adverse reactions to influenza vaccine in the elderly: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
JAMA, 264 (1990), pp. 1139-1141
[132]
JE Kaplan, P Katona, ES Hurwitz, LB Schonberger.
Guillain-Barré syndrome in the United States, 1979-1980 and 1980-1981: lack of an association with influenza vaccination.
JAMA, 248 (1982), pp. 698-700
[133]
JH Harger, JM Ernst, GR Thurnau, A Moawad, V Momirova, MB Landon, et al.
Risk factors and outcome of varicella-zoster virus pneumonia in pregnant women.
J Infect Dis, 185 (2002), pp. 422-427

I. Alfageme, J. Aspa, S. Bello,a J. Blanquer,*b R. Blanquer, L. Borderías, C. Bravo, R. de Celis, X. de Gracia, J. Dorca,c J. Gallardo, M. Gallego, R. Menéndez,a L. Molinos,a C. Paredes, O. Rajas, J. Rello, F. Rodríguez de Castro,b J. Roig, F. Sánchez-Gascón, A. Torres,c and R. Zalacaína

Section Coordinators

Overall Coordinator

Reviewers.

Copyright © 2005. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR)
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?