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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To analyze the predictors of smoking onset among schoolchildren&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A cohort study of 1056 children starting in first year secondary school at 44 schools in Barcelona was carried out&#46; Participating children were invited to answer a lifestyle questionnaire every year for 4 years&#46; Each questionnaire carried a personal code to allow the 4 questionnaires to be matched&#46; Matching questionnaires were found for 729 children&#44; 70&#37; of the initial sample&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Over the study period&#44; the prevalence of regular smokers increased from 1&#46;7&#37; to 22&#37; among boys and from 1&#46;6&#37; to 38&#46;2&#37; among girls&#46; The predictors of smoking onset among boys were scoring high on the pro-smoking attitudes index &#40;odds ratio &#91;OR&#93;&#61;1&#46;2&#59; 95&#37; confidence interval &#91;CI&#93;&#44; 1&#46;1-1&#46;3&#41;&#44; intention to smoke in the future &#40;OR&#61;2&#46;2&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 1&#46;0-4&#46;9&#41;&#44; low self-efficacy in resisting pressures to smoke &#40;OR&#61;0&#46;98&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;96-0&#46;99&#41;&#44; having siblings that smoke &#40;OR&#61;2&#46;5&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 1&#46;2-5&#46;4&#41;&#44; and spending some free time in bars &#40;OR&#61;2&#46;4&#59; CI&#44; 1&#46;1-4&#46;9&#41;&#46; Among girls&#44; the predictors were having low self-esteem &#40;OR&#61;0&#46;94&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;88-0&#46;99&#41;&#44; scoring low on the anti-tobacco attitudes index &#40;OR&#61;0&#46;92&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;88-0&#46;97&#41;&#44; having siblings who smoke &#40;OR&#61;2&#46;5&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 1&#46;2-5&#46;5&#41;&#44; spending some free time in discotheques &#40;OR&#61;4&#46;5&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 1&#46;9-11&#46;8&#41;&#44; and living in high socioeconomic-status neighborhoods &#40;OR&#61;3&#46;1&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 1&#46;4-10&#46;9&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The results show the importance of cognitive variables as well as a variety of environmental variables&#44; particularly the pattern of free time use and the influence of sibling models&#46; Prevention programs must take into account smoking onset risk factors as a whole&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo del estudio es analizar los factores pre-dictivos del inicio del consumo de tabaco entre los escolares&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">M&#233;todos</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se ha realizado un estudio longitudinal de seguimiento de 1&#46;056 escolares de primer curso de Educaci&#243;n Secundaria Obligatoria de 44 escuelas de Barcelona&#46; Durante los 4 a&#241;os del estudio&#44; se invit&#243; a todos los escolares de la cohorte a responder cada a&#241;o a un cuestionario sobre estilo de vida&#46; A trav&#233;s de un c&#243;digo personal&#44; al final del estudio se pudieron aparear los 4 cuestionarios de 729 escolares&#44; un 70&#37; de la muestra inicial&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En el per&#237;odo estudiado la prevalencia de fumadores regulares pas&#243; del 1&#44;7 al 22&#37; entre los chicos&#44; y del 1&#44;6 al 38&#44;2&#37; entre las chicas&#46; Los factores predictivos del inicio del consumo fueron en los chicos tener una puntuaci&#243;n elevada en la escala de actitudes pro tabaco &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">odds ratio</span> &#91;OR&#93; &#61; 1&#44;2&#59; intervalo de confianza &#91;IC&#93; del 95&#37;&#44; 1&#44;1-1&#44;3&#41;&#44; la intenci&#243;n de fumar en el futuro &#40;OR &#61; 2&#44;2&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 1&#44;0-4&#44;9&#41;&#44; una baja autoeficacia para resistir presiones hacia el consumo &#40;OR &#61; 0&#44;98&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 0&#44;96-0&#44;99&#41;&#44; el consumo de tabaco de los hermanos &#40;OR &#61; 2&#44;5&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 1&#44;2-5&#44;4&#41; y pasar parte del tiempo libre en bares &#40;OR &#61; 2&#44;4&#59; 1&#44;1-4&#44;9&#41;&#46; Para las chicas las variables predictoras fueron tener una baja autoestima &#40;OR &#61; 0&#44;94&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 0&#44;88-0&#44;99&#41;&#44; tener una baja puntuaci&#243;n en la escala de actitudes contra el tabaco &#40;OR &#61; 0&#44;92&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 0&#44;88-0&#44;97&#41;&#44; el tabaquismo de los hermanos &#40;OR &#61; 2&#44;5&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 1&#44;2-5&#44;5&#41;&#44; pasar parte del tiempo libre en discotecas &#40;OR &#61; 4&#44;5&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 1&#44;9-11&#44;8&#41; y vivir en barrios de nivel so-cioecon&#243;mico elevado &#40;OR &#61; 3&#44;1&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 1&#44;4-10&#44;9&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los resultados se&#241;alan la importancia de las variables cognitivas&#44; as&#237; como una diversidad de variables del entorno&#44; entre las que destaca el patr&#243;n de tiempo libre y la influencia de modelos de los hermanos&#46; Los programas preventivos deber&#237;an tener en cuenta el conjunto de factores de riesgo para el inicio del tabaquismo desde una perspectiva global&#46;</p>"
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Journal Information
Vol. 40. Issue 11.
Pages 495-501 (November 2004)
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Vol. 40. Issue 11.
Pages 495-501 (November 2004)
Original Articles
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Factors Associated With Smoking Onset: 3-Year Cohort Study of Schoolchildren
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M. Nebot
Corresponding author
mnebot@imsb.bcn.es

Correspondence: Dr. M. Nebot. Servicio de Promoción de la Salud. Instituto de Medicina y Salud. Agencia de Salud Pública de Barcelona. Pza. Lesseps, 1. 08023 Barcelona. España
, Z. Tomás, C. Ariza, S. Valmayor, M.J. López, O. Juárez
Agencia de Salud Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Article information
Objective

To analyze the predictors of smoking onset among schoolchildren.

Methods

A cohort study of 1056 children starting in first year secondary school at 44 schools in Barcelona was carried out. Participating children were invited to answer a lifestyle questionnaire every year for 4 years. Each questionnaire carried a personal code to allow the 4 questionnaires to be matched. Matching questionnaires were found for 729 children, 70% of the initial sample.

Results

Over the study period, the prevalence of regular smokers increased from 1.7% to 22% among boys and from 1.6% to 38.2% among girls. The predictors of smoking onset among boys were scoring high on the pro-smoking attitudes index (odds ratio [OR]=1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-1.3), intention to smoke in the future (OR=2.2; 95% CI, 1.0-4.9), low self-efficacy in resisting pressures to smoke (OR=0.98; 95% CI, 0.96-0.99), having siblings that smoke (OR=2.5; 95% CI, 1.2-5.4), and spending some free time in bars (OR=2.4; CI, 1.1-4.9). Among girls, the predictors were having low self-esteem (OR=0.94; 95% CI, 0.88-0.99), scoring low on the anti-tobacco attitudes index (OR=0.92; 95% CI, 0.88-0.97), having siblings who smoke (OR=2.5; 95% CI, 1.2-5.5), spending some free time in discotheques (OR=4.5; 95% CI, 1.9-11.8), and living in high socioeconomic-status neighborhoods (OR=3.1; 95% CI, 1.4-10.9).

Conclusions

The results show the importance of cognitive variables as well as a variety of environmental variables, particularly the pattern of free time use and the influence of sibling models. Prevention programs must take into account smoking onset risk factors as a whole.

Key Words:
Smoking onset
Longitudinal study
Schoolchildren
Objetivo

El objetivo del estudio es analizar los factores pre-dictivos del inicio del consumo de tabaco entre los escolares.

Métodos

Se ha realizado un estudio longitudinal de seguimiento de 1.056 escolares de primer curso de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria de 44 escuelas de Barcelona. Durante los 4 años del estudio, se invitó a todos los escolares de la cohorte a responder cada año a un cuestionario sobre estilo de vida. A través de un código personal, al final del estudio se pudieron aparear los 4 cuestionarios de 729 escolares, un 70% de la muestra inicial.

Resultados

En el período estudiado la prevalencia de fumadores regulares pasó del 1,7 al 22% entre los chicos, y del 1,6 al 38,2% entre las chicas. Los factores predictivos del inicio del consumo fueron en los chicos tener una puntuación elevada en la escala de actitudes pro tabaco (odds ratio [OR] = 1,2; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 1,1-1,3), la intención de fumar en el futuro (OR = 2,2; IC del 95%, 1,0-4,9), una baja autoeficacia para resistir presiones hacia el consumo (OR = 0,98; IC del 95%, 0,96-0,99), el consumo de tabaco de los hermanos (OR = 2,5; IC del 95%, 1,2-5,4) y pasar parte del tiempo libre en bares (OR = 2,4; 1,1-4,9). Para las chicas las variables predictoras fueron tener una baja autoestima (OR = 0,94; IC del 95%, 0,88-0,99), tener una baja puntuación en la escala de actitudes contra el tabaco (OR = 0,92; IC del 95%, 0,88-0,97), el tabaquismo de los hermanos (OR = 2,5; IC del 95%, 1,2-5,5), pasar parte del tiempo libre en discotecas (OR = 4,5; IC del 95%, 1,9-11,8) y vivir en barrios de nivel so-cioeconómico elevado (OR = 3,1; IC del 95%, 1,4-10,9).

Conclusiones

Los resultados señalan la importancia de las variables cognitivas, así como una diversidad de variables del entorno, entre las que destaca el patrón de tiempo libre y la influencia de modelos de los hermanos. Los programas preventivos deberían tener en cuenta el conjunto de factores de riesgo para el inicio del tabaquismo desde una perspectiva global.

Palabras clave:
Inicio del tabaquismo
Estudio longitudinal
Escolares
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Study partly subsidized by a grant from the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (99/748).

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