Original Articles
Factors Associated With Smoking Onset: 3-Year Cohort Study of Schoolchildren
M. Nebot
, Z. Tomás, C. Ariza, S. Valmayor, M.J. López, O. Juárez
Corresponding author
mnebot@imsb.bcn.es
Correspondence: Dr. M. Nebot. Servicio de Promoción de la Salud. Instituto de Medicina y Salud. Agencia de Salud Pública de Barcelona. Pza. Lesseps, 1. 08023 Barcelona. España
Correspondence: Dr. M. Nebot. Servicio de Promoción de la Salud. Instituto de Medicina y Salud. Agencia de Salud Pública de Barcelona. Pza. Lesseps, 1. 08023 Barcelona. España
Agencia de Salud Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Virgós Señor, A.C. Nebra Puertas, C. Sánchez Polo, A. Broto Civera, M.A. Suárez Pinilla" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "preGrado" => "Dra" "nombre" => "B." "apellidos" => "Virgós Señor" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A.C." "apellidos" => "Nebra Puertas" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Sánchez Polo" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Broto Civera" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.A." "apellidos" => "Suárez Pinilla" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212906603637?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" "url" => "/15792129/0000004000000011/v1_201305141823/S1579212906603637/v1_201305141823/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:15 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Articles</span>" "titulo" => "Factors Associated With Smoking Onset: 3-Year Cohort Study of Schoolchildren" "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0 "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "495" "paginaFinal" => "501" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "M. Nebot, Z. Tomás, C. Ariza, S. Valmayor, M.J. López, O. Juárez" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:5 [ "preGrado" => "Dr." "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Nebot" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "mnebot@imsb.bcn.es" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor1" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Z." "apellidos" => "Tomás" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Ariza" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "S." "apellidos" => "Valmayor" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.J." "apellidos" => "López" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "O." "apellidos" => "Juárez" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "entidad" => "Agencia de Salud Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor1" "etiqueta" => "*" "correspondencia" => "Correspondence: Dr. M. Nebot. Servicio de Promoción de la Salud. Instituto de Medicina y Salud. Agencia de Salud Pública de Barcelona. Pza. Lesseps, 1. 08023 Barcelona. España" ] ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2003-11-28" "fechaAceptado" => "2004-05-10" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Key Words" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec153174" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Smoking onset" 1 => "Longitudinal study" 2 => "Schoolchildren" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec153173" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Inicio del tabaquismo" 1 => "Estudio longitudinal" 2 => "Escolares" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To analyze the predictors of smoking onset among schoolchildren.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A cohort study of 1056 children starting in first year secondary school at 44 schools in Barcelona was carried out. Participating children were invited to answer a lifestyle questionnaire every year for 4 years. Each questionnaire carried a personal code to allow the 4 questionnaires to be matched. Matching questionnaires were found for 729 children, 70% of the initial sample.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Over the study period, the prevalence of regular smokers increased from 1.7% to 22% among boys and from 1.6% to 38.2% among girls. The predictors of smoking onset among boys were scoring high on the pro-smoking attitudes index (odds ratio [OR]=1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-1.3), intention to smoke in the future (OR=2.2; 95% CI, 1.0-4.9), low self-efficacy in resisting pressures to smoke (OR=0.98; 95% CI, 0.96-0.99), having siblings that smoke (OR=2.5; 95% CI, 1.2-5.4), and spending some free time in bars (OR=2.4; CI, 1.1-4.9). Among girls, the predictors were having low self-esteem (OR=0.94; 95% CI, 0.88-0.99), scoring low on the anti-tobacco attitudes index (OR=0.92; 95% CI, 0.88-0.97), having siblings who smoke (OR=2.5; 95% CI, 1.2-5.5), spending some free time in discotheques (OR=4.5; 95% CI, 1.9-11.8), and living in high socioeconomic-status neighborhoods (OR=3.1; 95% CI, 1.4-10.9).</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The results show the importance of cognitive variables as well as a variety of environmental variables, particularly the pattern of free time use and the influence of sibling models. Prevention programs must take into account smoking onset risk factors as a whole.</p>" ] "es" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo del estudio es analizar los factores pre-dictivos del inicio del consumo de tabaco entre los escolares.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Métodos</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se ha realizado un estudio longitudinal de seguimiento de 1.056 escolares de primer curso de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria de 44 escuelas de Barcelona. Durante los 4 años del estudio, se invitó a todos los escolares de la cohorte a responder cada año a un cuestionario sobre estilo de vida. A través de un código personal, al final del estudio se pudieron aparear los 4 cuestionarios de 729 escolares, un 70% de la muestra inicial.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En el período estudiado la prevalencia de fumadores regulares pasó del 1,7 al 22% entre los chicos, y del 1,6 al 38,2% entre las chicas. Los factores predictivos del inicio del consumo fueron en los chicos tener una puntuación elevada en la escala de actitudes pro tabaco (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">odds ratio</span> [OR] = 1,2; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 1,1-1,3), la intención de fumar en el futuro (OR = 2,2; IC del 95%, 1,0-4,9), una baja autoeficacia para resistir presiones hacia el consumo (OR = 0,98; IC del 95%, 0,96-0,99), el consumo de tabaco de los hermanos (OR = 2,5; IC del 95%, 1,2-5,4) y pasar parte del tiempo libre en bares (OR = 2,4; 1,1-4,9). Para las chicas las variables predictoras fueron tener una baja autoestima (OR = 0,94; IC del 95%, 0,88-0,99), tener una baja puntuación en la escala de actitudes contra el tabaco (OR = 0,92; IC del 95%, 0,88-0,97), el tabaquismo de los hermanos (OR = 2,5; IC del 95%, 1,2-5,5), pasar parte del tiempo libre en discotecas (OR = 4,5; IC del 95%, 1,9-11,8) y vivir en barrios de nivel so-cioeconómico elevado (OR = 3,1; IC del 95%, 1,4-10,9).</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los resultados señalan la importancia de las variables cognitivas, así como una diversidad de variables del entorno, entre las que destaca el patrón de tiempo libre y la influencia de modelos de los hermanos. Los programas preventivos deberían tener en cuenta el conjunto de factores de riesgo para el inicio del tabaquismo desde una perspectiva global.</p>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Study partly subsidized by a grant from the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (99/748).</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "REFERENCES" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:27 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Tendencias en el consumo de tabaco, alcohol y cannabis de los escolares de Barcelona (1987-1999)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "C Ariza" 1 => "M Nebot" 2 => "JR Villalbí" 3 => "E Díez" 4 => "Z Tomás" 5 => "S Valmayor" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Gac Sanit" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "17" "paginaInicial" => "190" "paginaFinal" => "195" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12841980" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib2" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "A King" 1 => "B Wold" 2 => "C Tudor-Smith" 3 => "Y Harel" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "The health of youth. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| 2024 October | 23 | 23 | 46 |
| 2024 September | 19 | 14 | 33 |
| 2024 August | 39 | 44 | 83 |
| 2024 July | 23 | 28 | 51 |
| 2024 June | 27 | 28 | 55 |
| 2024 May | 31 | 33 | 64 |
| 2024 April | 14 | 18 | 32 |
| 2024 March | 17 | 15 | 32 |
| 2024 February | 17 | 19 | 36 |
| 2023 March | 2 | 4 | 6 |
| 2023 February | 13 | 13 | 26 |
| 2023 January | 12 | 30 | 42 |
| 2022 December | 19 | 27 | 46 |
| 2022 November | 18 | 15 | 33 |
| 2022 October | 17 | 29 | 46 |
| 2022 September | 15 | 16 | 31 |
| 2022 August | 15 | 26 | 41 |
| 2022 July | 13 | 40 | 53 |
| 2022 June | 14 | 30 | 44 |
| 2022 May | 19 | 26 | 45 |
| 2022 April | 13 | 22 | 35 |
| 2022 March | 21 | 41 | 62 |
| 2022 February | 16 | 29 | 45 |
| 2022 January | 13 | 30 | 43 |
| 2021 December | 14 | 41 | 55 |
| 2021 November | 30 | 35 | 65 |
| 2021 October | 18 | 38 | 56 |
| 2021 September | 14 | 36 | 50 |
| 2021 August | 8 | 28 | 36 |
| 2021 July | 8 | 28 | 36 |
| 2021 June | 9 | 36 | 45 |
| 2021 May | 14 | 23 | 37 |
| 2021 April | 19 | 51 | 70 |
| 2021 March | 12 | 22 | 34 |
| 2021 February | 9 | 21 | 30 |
| 2021 January | 7 | 9 | 16 |
| 2020 December | 6 | 10 | 16 |
| 2020 November | 5 | 13 | 18 |
| 2020 October | 6 | 10 | 16 |
| 2020 September | 6 | 6 | 12 |
| 2020 August | 8 | 7 | 15 |
| 2020 July | 7 | 10 | 17 |
| 2020 June | 5 | 7 | 12 |
| 2020 May | 13 | 18 | 31 |
| 2020 April | 7 | 6 | 13 |
| 2020 March | 11 | 15 | 26 |
| 2020 February | 9 | 13 | 22 |
| 2020 January | 16 | 14 | 30 |
| 2019 December | 10 | 17 | 27 |
| 2019 November | 7 | 17 | 24 |
| 2019 October | 3 | 9 | 12 |
| 2019 September | 9 | 10 | 19 |
| 2019 August | 8 | 11 | 19 |
| 2019 July | 9 | 15 | 24 |
| 2019 June | 7 | 7 | 14 |
| 2019 May | 10 | 10 | 20 |
| 2019 April | 10 | 21 | 31 |
| 2019 March | 18 | 16 | 34 |
| 2019 February | 8 | 12 | 20 |
| 2019 January | 7 | 11 | 18 |
| 2018 December | 8 | 14 | 22 |
| 2018 November | 19 | 5 | 24 |
| 2018 October | 21 | 12 | 33 |
| 2018 September | 10 | 13 | 23 |
| 2018 May | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| 2018 April | 15 | 5 | 20 |
| 2018 March | 5 | 5 | 10 |
| 2018 February | 3 | 6 | 9 |
| 2018 January | 6 | 9 | 15 |
| 2017 December | 5 | 5 | 10 |
| 2017 November | 2 | 7 | 9 |
| 2017 October | 6 | 8 | 14 |
| 2017 September | 3 | 5 | 8 |
| 2017 August | 6 | 10 | 16 |
| 2017 July | 5 | 4 | 9 |
| 2017 June | 4 | 6 | 10 |
| 2017 May | 5 | 7 | 12 |
| 2017 April | 2 | 4 | 6 |
| 2017 March | 2 | 5 | 7 |
| 2017 February | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| 2017 January | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| 2016 December | 18 | 10 | 28 |
| 2016 November | 17 | 11 | 28 |
| 2016 October | 21 | 7 | 28 |
| 2016 September | 8 | 6 | 14 |
| 2016 August | 6 | 3 | 9 |
| 2016 July | 10 | 4 | 14 |
| 2016 March | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2015 December | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2015 October | 42 | 1 | 43 |
| 2015 September | 23 | 16 | 39 |
| 2015 August | 34 | 6 | 40 |
| 2015 July | 39 | 8 | 47 |
| 2015 June | 35 | 10 | 45 |
| 2015 May | 44 | 16 | 60 |
| 2015 April | 26 | 11 | 37 |
| 2015 March | 32 | 13 | 45 |
| 2015 February | 38 | 4 | 42 |
| 2015 January | 29 | 5 | 34 |
| 2014 December | 33 | 5 | 38 |
| 2014 November | 28 | 4 | 32 |
| 2014 October | 47 | 7 | 54 |
| 2014 September | 42 | 9 | 51 |
| 2014 August | 28 | 7 | 35 |
| 2014 July | 28 | 7 | 35 |
| 2014 June | 46 | 3 | 49 |
| 2014 May | 35 | 8 | 43 |
| 2014 April | 39 | 8 | 47 |
| 2014 March | 66 | 6 | 72 |
| 2014 February | 42 | 8 | 50 |
| 2014 January | 23 | 7 | 30 |
| 2013 December | 34 | 7 | 41 |
| 2013 November | 29 | 6 | 35 |
| 2013 October | 34 | 6 | 40 |
| 2013 September | 31 | 9 | 40 |
| 2013 August | 43 | 7 | 50 |
| 2013 July | 48 | 12 | 60 |
| 2013 June | 31 | 6 | 37 |
| 2013 May | 35 | 3 | 38 |
| 2013 April | 27 | 4 | 31 |
| 2013 March | 8 | 2 | 10 |
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