array:23 [
  "pii" => "S0300289615307389"
  "issn" => "03002896"
  "doi" => "10.1016/S0300-2896(15)30738-9"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "1996-08-01"
  "aid" => "70808"
  "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "1996"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 0
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 1996;32:332-40"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => true
    "ES2" => true
    "LATM" => true
  ]
  "gratuito" => true
  "lecturas" => array:2 [
    "total" => 1852
    "formatos" => array:3 [
      "EPUB" => 68
      "HTML" => 1038
      "PDF" => 746
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S0300289615307390"
    "issn" => "03002896"
    "doi" => "10.1016/S0300-2896(15)30739-0"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "1996-08-01"
    "aid" => "70809"
    "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 1996;32:341-7"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 1467
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 60
        "HTML" => 844
        "PDF" => 563
      ]
    ]
    "es" => array:10 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "titulo" => "Estimulación hipercápnica y respuesta ventilatoria en el síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño. Comparación de reinhalación y estado-estable"
      "tienePdf" => "es"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "es"
        1 => "en"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "341"
          "paginaFinal" => "347"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "en" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Hypercapnic stimulation and ventilatory response in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Comparison of rebreathing and stable techniques"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "es" => true
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "es" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "J.G. Soto Campos, S. Cano Gómez, J. Fernández Guerra, M.A. Sánchez Armengol, F. Capote Gil, J. Castillo Gómez"
          "autores" => array:6 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "J.G."
              "apellidos" => "Soto Campos"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "S."
              "apellidos" => "Cano Gómez"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "J."
              "apellidos" => "Fernández Guerra"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "M.A."
              "apellidos" => "Sánchez Armengol"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "F."
              "apellidos" => "Capote Gil"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "J."
              "apellidos" => "Castillo Gómez"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0300289615307390?idApp=UINPBA00003Z"
    "url" => "/03002896/0000003200000007/v1_201506230057/S0300289615307390/v1_201506230057/es/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S0300289615307377"
    "issn" => "03002896"
    "doi" => "10.1016/S0300-2896(15)30737-7"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "1996-08-01"
    "aid" => "70807"
    "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 1996;32:327-31"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 1460
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 75
        "HTML" => 908
        "PDF" => 477
      ]
    ]
    "es" => array:10 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "titulo" => "Indicadores bibliom&#233;tricos de producci&#243;n y consumo de A<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">rchivos de</span> B<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ronconeumolog&#237;a</span>"
      "tienePdf" => "es"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "es"
        1 => "en"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "327"
          "paginaFinal" => "331"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "en" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Bibliometric indexes of productivity and scientific output for A<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">rchivos de</span> B<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ronconeumolog&#237;a</span>"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "es" => true
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "es" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:2 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "F&#46; Garc&#237;a R&#237;o, S&#46; Serrano, R&#46; &#193;lvarez-Sala, T&#46; Garc&#237;a Tejero, J&#46;M&#46; Pino Garc&#237;a, J&#46; Villamor Le&#243;n"
          "autores" => array:6 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "F&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Garc&#237;a R&#237;o"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "S&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Serrano"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "R&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "&#193;lvarez-Sala"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "T&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Garc&#237;a Tejero"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "J&#46;M&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Pino Garc&#237;a"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "J&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Villamor Le&#243;n"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "J&#46;L&#46; &#193;lvarez-Sala"
          "autores" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "J&#46;L&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "&#193;lvarez-Sala"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0300289615307377?idApp=UINPBA00003Z"
    "url" => "/03002896/0000003200000007/v1_201506230057/S0300289615307377/v1_201506230057/es/main.assets"
  ]
  "es" => array:14 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "titulo" => "Estudio de calidad y selecci&#243;n de muestras de lavado broncoalveolar &#40;LBA&#41; en neumopat&#237;as difusas"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "332"
        "paginaFinal" => "340"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "J&#46; Mart&#237;n Juan, F&#46; Valenzuela Mateos, G&#46; Soto Campos, A&#46; Segado Soriano, F&#46; Rodr&#237;guez Panadero, J&#46; Castillo G&#243;mez"
        "autores" => array:6 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "J&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Mart&#237;n Juan"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "nombre" => "F&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Valenzuela Mateos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "nombre" => "G&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Soto Campos"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "nombre" => "A&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Segado Soriano"
          ]
          4 => array:2 [
            "nombre" => "F&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Rodr&#237;guez Panadero"
          ]
          5 => array:2 [
            "nombre" => "J&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Castillo G&#243;mez"
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "entidad" => "Servicio de Respiratorio&#46; Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc&#237;o&#46; Sevilla"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
            "correspondencia" => "Correspondencia&#58; Virgen de Valvanera&#44; 19&#44; Edif&#46; Madrid 12&#46;&#176; A&#46; 41018 Sevilla&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "Quality study and screening of bronchoalveolar lavage samples"
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "1994-11-14"
    "fechaAceptado" => "1996-02-13"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec546165"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Lavado broncoalveolar"
            1 => "Calidad de muestras"
            2 => "Enfermedad pulmonar intersticial"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Key words"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec546164"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Bronchoalveolar lavage"
            1 => "Quality samples"
            2 => "Interstitial lung disease"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Uno de los requisitos esenciales en la t&#233;cnica de LBA&#44; cuando se utiliza con el fin concreto de estudiar la respuesta inmune o inflamatoria en patolog&#237;a intersticial pulmonar&#44; es que las muestras obtenidas sean representativas del tracto respiratorio inferior&#46; Por ello&#44; la selecci&#243;n de muestras adecuadas es un paso obligado en el estudio de rutina&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Valorar la incidencia de muestras de LBA no id&#243;neas para estudio citol&#243;gico y determinar la relaci&#243;n entre par&#225;metros relacionados con la t&#233;cnica y patolog&#237;a subyacente con la calidad de espec&#237;menes&#46;</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 161 pacientes&#58; 72 infectados por el VIH con infiltrados pulmonares difusos&#44; 34 fibrosis pulmonar idiop&#224;tica &#40;FPI&#41;&#44; 10 sarcoidosis&#44; 10 neumonitis por hipersensibilidad&#44; 19 con neumopat&#237;a intersticial asociada a enfermedades del col&#225;geno&#44; dos con eosinofilia pulmonar y 14 pacientes seleccionados como grupo control&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Para el estudio de calidad se realiz&#243; tinci&#243;n de muestras de LBA con t&#233;cnica de Wright-Giemsa modificada y se emplearon los criterios de selecci&#243;n descritos por Chamberlain et al&#46; &#40;1987&#41;&#46; Resultaron no &#250;tiles para estudio el 53&#37; de muestras en pacientes infectados por el VIH&#44; el 35&#37; en pacientes con fibrosis pulmonar idiop&#224;tica y el 21&#37; en neumopat&#237;a intersticial asociada a conectivopat&#237;as&#46; En el resto&#44; todas las muestras fueron &#250;tiles para estudio&#46; La intolerancia del LBA con descenso del porcentaje de fluido recuperado se asoci&#243; significativamente con la calidad de muestras sobre todo en el grupo con FPI&#46; Los hallazgos citol&#243;gicos que invalidaron las muestras fueron diferentes entre grupos&#46; Como dato com&#250;n&#44; las muestras inadecuadas mostraron una baja concentraci&#243;n celular&#46; Por otro lado&#44; la evidencia o no de infecci&#243;n asociada en pacientes infectados por el VIH&#44; al contrario que en otras neumopat&#237;as&#44; no parece ser un factor que determine por s&#237; mismo la calidad de muestras&#46;</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Es previsible la obtenci&#243;n de un porcentaje importante de muestras de LBA no id&#243;neas para estudio&#44; sobre todo en neumopat&#237;a difusa asociada a infecci&#243;n VIH&#44; FPI y neumopat&#237;a intersticial asociada a conectivopat&#237;as&#46; Por otra parte&#44; la tolerancia de la t&#233;cnica&#44; entre otros factores&#44; influye en la calidad del esp&#233;cimen y&#44; por tanto&#44; ha de tenerse en cuenta en la valoraci&#243;n de los hallazgos citol&#243;gicos&#46;</p><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Falta por homogeneizar la aplicaci&#243;n de criterios de calidad entre los distintos grupos de trabajo y determinar si la exclusi&#243;n de muestras no &#250;tiles repercute en la composici&#243;n final de los grupos de estudio&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "en" => array:1 [
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Bronchoalveolar lavage &#40;BAL&#41; samples used to study immune or inflammatory response in interstitial lung disease must be representative of the lower respiratory tract&#46; Thus&#44; the selection of suitable samples must be part of routine practice&#46;</p><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To assess the incidence of unsuitable BAL samples used for cytology and to determine the relation between parameters related to underlying disease and the quality of samples&#46;</p><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">One hundred sixty-one patients were enrolled&#46; Seventytwo were HIV positive and had diffuse pulmonary infiltrates&#44; 34 had idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis &#40;IPF&#41;&#44; 10 had sarcoidosis&#44; 10 had hypersensitivity pneumonitis&#44; 19 had interstitial lung disease and collagen diseases and 2 had pulmonary eosinophilia&#46; Fourteen individuals formed the control group&#46;</p><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The quality study was carried out by staining the BAL samples following a modified Wright-Giemsa technique and evaluating the samples by the selection criteria described by Chamberlain and colleagues &#40;1987&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We identified unsuitable samples from 53&#37; of the HIV positive patients&#44; from 35&#37; of the IPF patients and from 21&#37; of the interstitial lung disease patients with associated connective tissue disease&#46; In the other groups&#44; all samples were suitable for analysis&#46; Intolerance of BAL with decreasing percentage of fluid recovered was significantly associated with sample quality&#44; particularly in the IPF group&#46; The cytology results that invalidated the samples differed by group&#46; In all groups&#44; unsuitable specimens had low cell counts&#46; The finding or not of evidence of associated infectionin HIV-infected patients&#44; on the other hand&#44; did not appear to determine sample quality in and of itself&#44; although it did in samples related to other entities&#46;</p><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We can predict that a high rate of unsuitable BAL samples will come mainly from patients with diffuse lung disease associated to HIV infection&#44; IPF and interstitial lung disease with associated connective tissue disease&#46; Tolerance to the technique influences quality of the specimen obtained and&#44; therefore&#44; should be taken into account in interpreting the findings of cytology&#46;</p><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The criteria applied by the various teams using BAL should be unified&#44; and it should be determined whether the exclusion of inappropriate samples affects the final composition of study groups&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:33 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "1&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Analysis of proteins and respiratory cels obtained from human lungs by bronchial lavage"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "H&#46;Y&#46; Reynolds"
                            1 => "H&#46;H&#46; Newball"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Lab Clin Med"
                        "fecha" => "1974"
                        "volumen" => "84"
                        "paginaInicial" => "559"
                        "paginaFinal" => "573"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4412011"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "2&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Use of a central laboratory for the analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "J&#46;A&#46; Rankin"
                            1 => "G&#46;P&#46; Naegel"
                            2 => "H&#46;Y&#46; Reynolds"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/arrd.1986.133.2.186"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am Rev Respir Dis"
                        "fecha" => "1986"
                        "volumen" => "133"
                        "paginaInicial" => "186"
                        "paginaFinal" => "190"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3946917"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "3&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A critical evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage&#46; Criteria for identifying unsatisfactory specimens"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "D&#46;W&#46; Chamberlain"
                            1 => "A&#46;C&#46; Braude"
                            2 => "A&#46;S&#46; Rebuck"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Acta Cytol"
                        "fecha" => "1987"
                        "volumen" => "31"
                        "paginaInicial" => "599"
                        "paginaFinal" => "605"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3673466"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "4&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Fractional processing of sequential bronchoalveolar lavage to separate bronchial and alveolar samples"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "S&#46;I&#46; Rennard"
                            1 => "M&#46;O&#46; Ghafouri"
                            2 => "A&#46;B&#46; Thompson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm/141.1.208"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am Rev Respir Dis"
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "volumen" => "141"
                        "paginaInicial" => "208"
                        "paginaFinal" => "217"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2297178"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0025"
              "etiqueta" => "5&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effect of location&#44; pH and temperature of instillate in bronchoalveolar lavage in normal volunters"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "S&#46;J&#46; Pingleton"
                            1 => "G&#46;F&#46; Harrison"
                            2 => "D&#46;J&#46; Stechschulte"
                            3 => "L&#46;J&#46; Wesselius"
                            4 => "G&#46;R&#46; Kirby"
                            5 => "W&#46;E&#46; Ruth"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/arrd.1983.128.6.998"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am Rev Respir Dis"
                        "fecha" => "1983"
                        "volumen" => "128"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1&#46;035"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1&#46;037"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6650991"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0030"
              "etiqueta" => "6&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Assessment of interlobar variation of bronchoalveolar lavage differentials in interstial lung diseases"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "J&#46;G&#46;N&#46; Garc&#237;a"
                            1 => "R&#46;G&#46; Wolven"
                            2 => "P&#46; Garc&#237;a"
                            3 => "B&#46;A&#46; Keough"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/arrd.1986.133.3.444"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am Rev Respir Dis"
                        "fecha" => "1986"
                        "volumen" => "133"
                        "paginaInicial" => "444"
                        "paginaFinal" => "449"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3954253"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0035"
              "etiqueta" => "7&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Accurate quantification of cells recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Saltini"
                            1 => "A&#46;J&#46; Hance"
                            2 => "V&#46;J&#46; Ferrans"
                            3 => "F&#46; Basset"
                            4 => "P&#46;B&#46; Bitterman"
                            5 => "R&#46;G&#46; Crystal"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/arrd.1984.130.4.650"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am Rev Respir Dis"
                        "fecha" => "1984"
                        "volumen" => "130"
                        "paginaInicial" => "650"
                        "paginaFinal" => "658"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6385789"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0040"
              "etiqueta" => "8&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Processing of lung lavage fluid causes variability in bronchoalveolar cell count"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Mordelet-Dambrine"
                            1 => "A&#46; Arnoux"
                            2 => "G&#46; Stanislas-Leguern"
                            3 => "D&#46; Sundran"
                            4 => "J&#46; Chretien"
                            5 => "G&#46; Huchon"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/arrd.1984.130.2.305"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am Rev Respir Dis"
                        "fecha" => "1984"
                        "volumen" => "130"
                        "paginaInicial" => "305"
                        "paginaFinal" => "306"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6380359"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0045"
              "etiqueta" => "9&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Variation of differential cell counts of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Baughman"
                            1 => "S&#46; Strohofer"
                            2 => "C&#46;K&#46; Kim"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Pathol Lab Med"
                        "fecha" => "1986"
                        "volumen" => "110"
                        "paginaInicial" => "341"
                        "paginaFinal" => "343"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2420304"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0050"
              "etiqueta" => "10&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The effects of cytocentrifugation on differentia&#93; cell counts in samples obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Fleury-Feith"
                            1 => "E&#46; Escudier"
                            2 => "M&#46;J&#46; Pocholle"
                            3 => "C&#46;H&#46; Carre"
                            4 => "J&#46;F&#46; Bernaudin"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Acta Cytol"
                        "fecha" => "1987"
                        "volumen" => "31"
                        "paginaInicial" => "606"
                        "paginaFinal" => "610"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3673467"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0055"
              "etiqueta" => "11&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Bronchoalveolar lavage in interstial lung disease&#58; effect of volumen of fluid infused"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "R&#46;A&#46; Helmers"
                            1 => "C&#46;S&#46; Dayton"
                            2 => "C&#46; Floerchinger"
                            3 => "G&#46;W&#46; Hunninghake"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Physiol"
                        "fecha" => "1989"
                        "volumen" => "67"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1&#46;443"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1&#46;446"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2691488"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0060"
              "etiqueta" => "12&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Bronchoalveolar lavage in the normal volunteer subject&#46; I&#46; Technical aspects and intersubject variability"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "D&#46;B&#46; Ettenshon"
                            1 => "M&#46;G&#46; Jankowski"
                            2 => "P&#46;G&#46; Duncan"
                            3 => "P&#46;A&#46; Lalor"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Chest"
                        "fecha" => "1988"
                        "volumen" => "94"
                        "paginaInicial" => "275"
                        "paginaFinal" => "280"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3396403"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0065"
              "etiqueta" => "13&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Quantification of cell loss during bronchoalveolar lavage fluid processing&#46; Effects of fixation and staining methods"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "H&#46; Moumouni"
                            1 => "P&#46; Garaud"
                            2 => "P&#46; Diot"
                            3 => "E&#46; Lemarie"
                            4 => "P&#46; Anthonioz"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm.149.3.7509703"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med"
                        "fecha" => "1994"
                        "volumen" => "149"
                        "paginaInicial" => "636"
                        "paginaFinal" => "640"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7509703"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0070"
              "etiqueta" => "14&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Technical recomendations and guidelines for bronchoalveolar lavage &#40;BAL&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "H&#46; Klech"
                            1 => "W&#46; Pohl"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J"
                        "fecha" => "1989"
                        "volumen" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "561"
                        "paginaFinal" => "585"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2663535"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0075"
              "etiqueta" => "15&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Bronchoalveolar lavage"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "E&#46; Taskinen"
                            1 => "P&#46; Tukiainen"
                            2 => "R&#46; Renkonen"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Influence of cytologic methods on the cellular picture&#46; Acta Cytol"
                        "fecha" => "1992"
                        "volumen" => "36"
                        "paginaInicial" => "680"
                        "paginaFinal" => "686"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0080"
              "etiqueta" => "16&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Assessment of airways inflammation utilizing bronchoalveolar lavage"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "A&#46;B&#46; Thompson"
                            1 => "S&#46;I&#46; Rennard"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Clin Chest Med"
                        "fecha" => "1988"
                        "volumen" => "9"
                        "paginaInicial" => "635"
                        "paginaFinal" => "642"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3069294"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0085"
              "etiqueta" => "17&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Prognostic significance of the evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage cell populations in patients with HIV-1 infection and pulmonary involvement"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Agostini"
                            1 => "R&#46; Zambello"
                            2 => "L&#46; Trentin"
                            3 => "V&#46; Poletti"
                            4 => "L&#46; Spiga"
                            5 => "F&#46; Gritti"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Chest"
                        "fecha" => "1991"
                        "volumen" => "100"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1&#46;601"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1&#46;606"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1835689"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0090"
              "etiqueta" => "18&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Correlation of bronchoalveolar lavage cell populations with clinical severity of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pneumocystis carinii</span> pneumoniae"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "R&#46;L&#46; Smith"
                            1 => "W&#46;M&#46; El-Sadr"
                            2 => "M&#46;L&#46; Lewis"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Chest"
                        "fecha" => "1988"
                        "volumen" => "92"
                        "paginaInicial" => "60"
                        "paginaFinal" => "64"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0095"
              "etiqueta" => "19&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Prognostic implications of bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophilia in patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and AIDS"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "G&#46;R&#46; Mason"
                            1 => "C&#46;H&#46; Hashimoto"
                            2 => "P&#46;S&#46; Dickman"
                            3 => "L&#46;F&#46; Foutty"
                            4 => "C&#46;J&#46; Cobb"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm/139.6.1516"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am Rev Respir Dis"
                        "fecha" => "1989"
                        "volumen" => "139"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1&#46;336"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1&#46;342"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2786364"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0100"
              "etiqueta" => "20&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cellular profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of HIV-infected patients with pulmonar symptoms&#58; relation to diagnosis and prognosis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "B&#46;N&#46; Jensen"
                            1 => "I&#46;M&#46; Lisse"
                            2 => "J&#46; Gerstoft"
                            3 => "S&#46; Borgeskof"
                            4 => "P&#46; Skinhoj"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "AIDS"
                        "fecha" => "1991"
                        "volumen" => "5"
                        "paginaInicial" => "527"
                        "paginaFinal" => "533"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1863404"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0105"
              "etiqueta" => "21&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Does analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid provide a tool to monitor disease progression or to predict survival in patients with HIV-1 infection&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Agostini"
                            1 => "G&#46; Semenzato"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Thorax"
                        "fecha" => "1994"
                        "volumen" => "49"
                        "paginaInicial" => "848"
                        "paginaFinal" => "851"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7940419"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0110"
              "etiqueta" => "22&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The clinical role of bronchoalveolar lavage in collagen-vascular diseases"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "B&#46; Wallaert"
                            1 => "A&#46; Hoorelbeke"
                            2 => "Y&#46; Sibille"
                            3 => "G&#46;A&#46; Rossi"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir Rev"
                        "fecha" => "1992"
                        "volumen" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "64"
                        "paginaFinal" => "68"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0115"
              "etiqueta" => "23&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Mechanisms of gas exchange impairment in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46;G&#46;N&#46; Agust&#237;"
                            1 => "J&#46; Roca"
                            2 => "J&#46; Gea"
                            3 => "P&#46;D&#46; Wagner"
                            4 => "A&#46; Xaubet"
                            5 => "R&#46; Rodr&#237;guezRois&#237;n"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm/143.2.219"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am Rev Respir Dis"
                        "fecha" => "1991"
                        "volumen" => "143"
                        "paginaInicial" => "219"
                        "paginaFinal" => "225"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1990931"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0120"
              "etiqueta" => "24&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Correlation of structure and function in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "R&#46;M&#46; Cherniack"
                            1 => "T&#46;V&#46; Colby"
                            2 => "A&#46; Flint"
                            3 => "W&#46;M&#46; Turlbeck"
                            4 => "J&#46;A&#46; Waldron"
                            5 => "L&#46; Ackerson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm.151.6.7767560"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med"
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "volumen" => "151"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1&#46;180"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1&#46;188"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7767560"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0125"
              "etiqueta" => "25&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Bronchoalveolar lavage in pulmonary fibrosis&#58; comparison of cells obtained with lung biopsy and clinical features"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "P&#46;L&#46; Haslam"
                            1 => "C&#46;W&#46;G&#46; Turton"
                            2 => "B&#46; Heard"
                            3 => "A&#46; Lukoszek"
                            4 => "J&#46;V&#46; Collins"
                            5 => "A&#46;J&#46; Salsbury"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Torax"
                        "fecha" => "1980"
                        "volumen" => "35"
                        "paginaInicial" => "9"
                        "paginaFinal" => "18"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0130"
              "etiqueta" => "26&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Characterization of the inflammatory and immune effectors cells in the lung parenchyma of patients with intestitial lung disease"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "G&#46;W&#46; Hunninghake"
                            1 => "O&#46; Kawanami"
                            2 => "V&#46;J&#46; Ferrans"
                            3 => "R&#46;C&#46; Young Jr&#46;"
                            4 => "W&#46;C&#46; Roberts"
                            5 => "R&#46;G&#46; Crystal"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/arrd.1981.123.4.407"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am Rev Respir Dis"
                        "fecha" => "1981"
                        "volumen" => "123"
                        "paginaInicial" => "407"
                        "paginaFinal" => "412"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7224352"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            26 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0135"
              "etiqueta" => "27&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Lymphocyte phenotypes in bronchoalveolar lavage and lung tissue in sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "I&#46;L&#46; Paradis"
                            1 => "J&#46;H&#46; Dauber"
                            2 => "B&#46;S&#46; Rabin"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am Rev Respir Dis"
                        "fecha" => "1986"
                        "volumen" => "133"
                        "paginaInicial" => "855"
                        "paginaFinal" => "860"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3486613"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            27 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0140"
              "etiqueta" => "28&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis&#58; clinical&#44; histologic&#44; radiographic&#46; physiologic&#44; scintigraphic&#44; cytologic and biochemical aspectes"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "R&#46;G&#46; Crystal"
                            1 => "J&#46;D&#46; Fulmer"
                            2 => "W&#46;C&#46; Roberts"
                            3 => "M&#46;L&#46; Moss"
                            4 => "B&#46;R&#46; Line"
                            5 => "H&#46;Y&#46; Reynolds"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Intern Med"
                        "fecha" => "1976"
                        "volumen" => "85"
                        "paginaInicial" => "769"
                        "paginaFinal" => "788"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/793466"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            28 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0145"
              "etiqueta" => "29&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Surgical pathology of non-neoplastic lung diseases"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "A&#46;L&#46;A&#46; Katzenstein"
                            1 => "F&#46;B&#46; Askin"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:5 [
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "paginaInicial" => "58"
                        "paginaFinal" => "96"
                        "editorial" => "WB Saunders"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Filadelfia"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            29 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0150"
              "etiqueta" => "30&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Uniformity of bronchoalveolar lavage in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "M&#46;W&#46; Peterson"
                            1 => "K&#46;M&#46; Nugent"
                            2 => "H&#46; Jolles"
                            3 => "M&#46; Monick"
                            4 => "G&#46;W&#46; Hunninghake"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm/137.1.79"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am Rev Respir Dis"
                        "fecha" => "1988"
                        "volumen" => "137"
                        "paginaInicial" => "79"
                        "paginaFinal" => "84"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3337473"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            30 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0155"
              "etiqueta" => "31&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Heterogeneity of bronchoalveolar alveolar cellularity in Stage III pulmonary sarcoidosis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Cantin"
                            1 => "R&#46; Begin"
                            2 => "M&#46; Rola-Pleszczynski"
                            3 => "R&#46; Boileau"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Chest"
                        "fecha" => "1983"
                        "volumen" => "83"
                        "paginaInicial" => "485"
                        "paginaFinal" => "486"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6825482"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            31 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0160"
              "etiqueta" => "32&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis&#58; relationship of pulmonary physiology and bronchoalveolar lavage to response to treatment and prognosis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "R&#46;M&#46; Rudd"
                            1 => "P&#46;L&#46; Halam"
                            2 => "M&#46; Turner-Warwick"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/arrd.1981.124.1.1"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am Rev Respir Dis"
                        "fecha" => "1981"
                        "volumen" => "124"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "8"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7258815"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            32 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0165"
              "etiqueta" => "33&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis&#46; Pretreatment bronchoalveolar lavage cellular constituents and their relationship with lung histopathology and clinical response to therapy"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "L&#46;C&#46; Watters"
                            1 => "M&#46;L&#46; Schwarz"
                            2 => "R&#46;M&#46; Cherniack"
                            3 => "J&#46;A&#46; Waldron"
                            4 => "T&#46;L&#46; Dunn"
                            5 => "R&#46;E&#46; Stanford"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am Rev Respir Dis"
                        "fecha" => "1987"
                        "volumen" => "153"
                        "paginaInicial" => "696"
                        "paginaFinal" => "704"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
  "url" => "/03002896/0000003200000007/v1_201506230057/S0300289615307389/v1_201506230057/es/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "9277"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "en" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Originales"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/03002896/0000003200000007/v1_201506230057/S0300289615307389/v1_201506230057/es/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00003Z&text.app=https://archbronconeumol.org/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0300289615307389?idApp=UINPBA00003Z"
]
Share
Journal Information
Vol. 32. Issue 7.
Pages 332-340 (August - September 1996)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 32. Issue 7.
Pages 332-340 (August - September 1996)
Full text access
Estudio de calidad y selección de muestras de lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) en neumopatías difusas
Quality study and screening of bronchoalveolar lavage samples
Visits
4618
J. Martín Juan*, F. Valenzuela Mateos, G. Soto Campos, A. Segado Soriano, F. Rodríguez Panadero, J. Castillo Gómez
Servicio de Respiratorio. Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío. Sevilla
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics

Uno de los requisitos esenciales en la técnica de LBA, cuando se utiliza con el fin concreto de estudiar la respuesta inmune o inflamatoria en patología intersticial pulmonar, es que las muestras obtenidas sean representativas del tracto respiratorio inferior. Por ello, la selección de muestras adecuadas es un paso obligado en el estudio de rutina.

Valorar la incidencia de muestras de LBA no idóneas para estudio citológico y determinar la relación entre parámetros relacionados con la técnica y patología subyacente con la calidad de especímenes.

Se incluyeron 161 pacientes: 72 infectados por el VIH con infiltrados pulmonares difusos, 34 fibrosis pulmonar idiopàtica (FPI), 10 sarcoidosis, 10 neumonitis por hipersensibilidad, 19 con neumopatía intersticial asociada a enfermedades del colágeno, dos con eosinofilia pulmonar y 14 pacientes seleccionados como grupo control.

Para el estudio de calidad se realizó tinción de muestras de LBA con técnica de Wright-Giemsa modificada y se emplearon los criterios de selección descritos por Chamberlain et al. (1987). Resultaron no útiles para estudio el 53% de muestras en pacientes infectados por el VIH, el 35% en pacientes con fibrosis pulmonar idiopàtica y el 21% en neumopatía intersticial asociada a conectivopatías. En el resto, todas las muestras fueron útiles para estudio. La intolerancia del LBA con descenso del porcentaje de fluido recuperado se asoció significativamente con la calidad de muestras sobre todo en el grupo con FPI. Los hallazgos citológicos que invalidaron las muestras fueron diferentes entre grupos. Como dato común, las muestras inadecuadas mostraron una baja concentración celular. Por otro lado, la evidencia o no de infección asociada en pacientes infectados por el VIH, al contrario que en otras neumopatías, no parece ser un factor que determine por sí mismo la calidad de muestras.

Es previsible la obtención de un porcentaje importante de muestras de LBA no idóneas para estudio, sobre todo en neumopatía difusa asociada a infección VIH, FPI y neumopatía intersticial asociada a conectivopatías. Por otra parte, la tolerancia de la técnica, entre otros factores, influye en la calidad del espécimen y, por tanto, ha de tenerse en cuenta en la valoración de los hallazgos citológicos.

Falta por homogeneizar la aplicación de criterios de calidad entre los distintos grupos de trabajo y determinar si la exclusión de muestras no útiles repercute en la composición final de los grupos de estudio.

Palabras clave:
Lavado broncoalveolar
Calidad de muestras
Enfermedad pulmonar intersticial

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples used to study immune or inflammatory response in interstitial lung disease must be representative of the lower respiratory tract. Thus, the selection of suitable samples must be part of routine practice.

To assess the incidence of unsuitable BAL samples used for cytology and to determine the relation between parameters related to underlying disease and the quality of samples.

One hundred sixty-one patients were enrolled. Seventytwo were HIV positive and had diffuse pulmonary infiltrates, 34 had idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), 10 had sarcoidosis, 10 had hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 19 had interstitial lung disease and collagen diseases and 2 had pulmonary eosinophilia. Fourteen individuals formed the control group.

The quality study was carried out by staining the BAL samples following a modified Wright-Giemsa technique and evaluating the samples by the selection criteria described by Chamberlain and colleagues (1987).

We identified unsuitable samples from 53% of the HIV positive patients, from 35% of the IPF patients and from 21% of the interstitial lung disease patients with associated connective tissue disease. In the other groups, all samples were suitable for analysis. Intolerance of BAL with decreasing percentage of fluid recovered was significantly associated with sample quality, particularly in the IPF group. The cytology results that invalidated the samples differed by group. In all groups, unsuitable specimens had low cell counts. The finding or not of evidence of associated infectionin HIV-infected patients, on the other hand, did not appear to determine sample quality in and of itself, although it did in samples related to other entities.

We can predict that a high rate of unsuitable BAL samples will come mainly from patients with diffuse lung disease associated to HIV infection, IPF and interstitial lung disease with associated connective tissue disease. Tolerance to the technique influences quality of the specimen obtained and, therefore, should be taken into account in interpreting the findings of cytology.

The criteria applied by the various teams using BAL should be unified, and it should be determined whether the exclusion of inappropriate samples affects the final composition of study groups.

Key words:
Bronchoalveolar lavage
Quality samples
Interstitial lung disease
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
H.Y. Reynolds, H.H. Newball.
Analysis of proteins and respiratory cels obtained from human lungs by bronchial lavage.
J Lab Clin Med, 84 (1974), pp. 559-573
[2.]
J.A. Rankin, G.P. Naegel, H.Y. Reynolds.
Use of a central laboratory for the analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 133 (1986), pp. 186-190
[3.]
D.W. Chamberlain, A.C. Braude, A.S. Rebuck.
A critical evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage. Criteria for identifying unsatisfactory specimens.
Acta Cytol, 31 (1987), pp. 599-605
[4.]
S.I. Rennard, M.O. Ghafouri, A.B. Thompson, et al.
Fractional processing of sequential bronchoalveolar lavage to separate bronchial and alveolar samples.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 141 (1990), pp. 208-217
[5.]
S.J. Pingleton, G.F. Harrison, D.J. Stechschulte, L.J. Wesselius, G.R. Kirby, W.E. Ruth.
Effect of location, pH and temperature of instillate in bronchoalveolar lavage in normal volunters.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 128 (1983), pp. 1.035-1.037
[6.]
J.G.N. García, R.G. Wolven, P. García, B.A. Keough.
Assessment of interlobar variation of bronchoalveolar lavage differentials in interstial lung diseases.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 133 (1986), pp. 444-449
[7.]
C. Saltini, A.J. Hance, V.J. Ferrans, F. Basset, P.B. Bitterman, R.G. Crystal.
Accurate quantification of cells recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 130 (1984), pp. 650-658
[8.]
M. Mordelet-Dambrine, A. Arnoux, G. Stanislas-Leguern, D. Sundran, J. Chretien, G. Huchon.
Processing of lung lavage fluid causes variability in bronchoalveolar cell count.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 130 (1984), pp. 305-306
[9.]
R. Baughman, S. Strohofer, C.K. Kim.
Variation of differential cell counts of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.
Arch Pathol Lab Med, 110 (1986), pp. 341-343
[10.]
J. Fleury-Feith, E. Escudier, M.J. Pocholle, C.H. Carre, J.F. Bernaudin.
The effects of cytocentrifugation on differentia] cell counts in samples obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage.
Acta Cytol, 31 (1987), pp. 606-610
[11.]
R.A. Helmers, C.S. Dayton, C. Floerchinger, G.W. Hunninghake.
Bronchoalveolar lavage in interstial lung disease: effect of volumen of fluid infused.
J Appl Physiol, 67 (1989), pp. 1.443-1.446
[12.]
D.B. Ettenshon, M.G. Jankowski, P.G. Duncan, P.A. Lalor.
Bronchoalveolar lavage in the normal volunteer subject. I. Technical aspects and intersubject variability.
Chest, 94 (1988), pp. 275-280
[13.]
H. Moumouni, P. Garaud, P. Diot, E. Lemarie, P. Anthonioz.
Quantification of cell loss during bronchoalveolar lavage fluid processing. Effects of fixation and staining methods.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 149 (1994), pp. 636-640
[14.]
H. Klech, W. Pohl.
Technical recomendations and guidelines for bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL).
Eur Respir J, 2 (1989), pp. 561-585
[15.]
E. Taskinen, P. Tukiainen, R. Renkonen.
Bronchoalveolar lavage.
Influence of cytologic methods on the cellular picture. Acta Cytol, 36 (1992), pp. 680-686
[16.]
A.B. Thompson, S.I. Rennard.
Assessment of airways inflammation utilizing bronchoalveolar lavage.
Clin Chest Med, 9 (1988), pp. 635-642
[17.]
C. Agostini, R. Zambello, L. Trentin, V. Poletti, L. Spiga, F. Gritti, et al.
Prognostic significance of the evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage cell populations in patients with HIV-1 infection and pulmonary involvement.
Chest, 100 (1991), pp. 1.601-1.606
[18.]
R.L. Smith, W.M. El-Sadr, M.L. Lewis.
Correlation of bronchoalveolar lavage cell populations with clinical severity of Pneumocystis carinii pneumoniae.
Chest, 92 (1988), pp. 60-64
[19.]
G.R. Mason, C.H. Hashimoto, P.S. Dickman, L.F. Foutty, C.J. Cobb.
Prognostic implications of bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophilia in patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and AIDS.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 139 (1989), pp. 1.336-1.342
[20.]
B.N. Jensen, I.M. Lisse, J. Gerstoft, S. Borgeskof, P. Skinhoj.
Cellular profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of HIV-infected patients with pulmonar symptoms: relation to diagnosis and prognosis.
AIDS, 5 (1991), pp. 527-533
[21.]
C. Agostini, G. Semenzato.
Does analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid provide a tool to monitor disease progression or to predict survival in patients with HIV-1 infection?.
Thorax, 49 (1994), pp. 848-851
[22.]
B. Wallaert, A. Hoorelbeke, Y. Sibille, G.A. Rossi.
The clinical role of bronchoalveolar lavage in collagen-vascular diseases.
Eur Respir Rev, 2 (1992), pp. 64-68
[23.]
A.G.N. Agustí, J. Roca, J. Gea, P.D. Wagner, A. Xaubet, R. RodríguezRoisín.
Mechanisms of gas exchange impairment in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 143 (1991), pp. 219-225
[24.]
R.M. Cherniack, T.V. Colby, A. Flint, W.M. Turlbeck, J.A. Waldron, L. Ackerson, et al.
Correlation of structure and function in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 151 (1995), pp. 1.180-1.188
[25.]
P.L. Haslam, C.W.G. Turton, B. Heard, A. Lukoszek, J.V. Collins, A.J. Salsbury, et al.
Bronchoalveolar lavage in pulmonary fibrosis: comparison of cells obtained with lung biopsy and clinical features.
Torax, 35 (1980), pp. 9-18
[26.]
G.W. Hunninghake, O. Kawanami, V.J. Ferrans, R.C. Young Jr., W.C. Roberts, R.G. Crystal.
Characterization of the inflammatory and immune effectors cells in the lung parenchyma of patients with intestitial lung disease.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 123 (1981), pp. 407-412
[27.]
I.L. Paradis, J.H. Dauber, B.S. Rabin.
Lymphocyte phenotypes in bronchoalveolar lavage and lung tissue in sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 133 (1986), pp. 855-860
[28.]
R.G. Crystal, J.D. Fulmer, W.C. Roberts, M.L. Moss, B.R. Line, H.Y. Reynolds.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: clinical, histologic, radiographic. physiologic, scintigraphic, cytologic and biochemical aspectes.
Ann Intern Med, 85 (1976), pp. 769-788
[29.]
A.L.A. Katzenstein, F.B. Askin.
Surgical pathology of non-neoplastic lung diseases.
WB Saunders, (1990), pp. 58-96
[30.]
M.W. Peterson, K.M. Nugent, H. Jolles, M. Monick, G.W. Hunninghake.
Uniformity of bronchoalveolar lavage in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 137 (1988), pp. 79-84
[31.]
A. Cantin, R. Begin, M. Rola-Pleszczynski, R. Boileau.
Heterogeneity of bronchoalveolar alveolar cellularity in Stage III pulmonary sarcoidosis.
Chest, 83 (1983), pp. 485-486
[32.]
R.M. Rudd, P.L. Halam, M. Turner-Warwick.
Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: relationship of pulmonary physiology and bronchoalveolar lavage to response to treatment and prognosis.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 124 (1981), pp. 1-8
[33.]
L.C. Watters, M.L. Schwarz, R.M. Cherniack, J.A. Waldron, T.L. Dunn, R.E. Stanford, et al.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Pretreatment bronchoalveolar lavage cellular constituents and their relationship with lung histopathology and clinical response to therapy.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 153 (1987), pp. 696-704
Copyright © 1996. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?