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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La Organizaci&#243;n Mundial de la Salud ha declarado la enfermedad por SARS-Cov-2 &#40;COVID-19&#41; una pandemia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Dicha enfermedad se puede manifestar desde una forma asintom&#225;tica hasta incluso provocar un s&#237;ndrome de distr&#233;s respiratorio agudo del adulto<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a>&#46; Si bien el virus puede infectar a personas de cualquier edad&#44; la mayor&#237;a de los casos graves se han descrito en mayores de 55 a&#241;os y se han asociado a comorbilidades como la hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#44; la diabetes mellitus o la enfermedad cardiovascular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hasta la fecha&#44; la relaci&#243;n entre la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica &#40;EPOC&#41; y la COVID-19 no est&#225; clara&#46; La EPOC se asocia a un mayor riesgo de desarrollar una forma grave de la enfermedad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a>&#44; pero su prevalencia entre los sujetos infectados es menor que la de otras enfermedades como son la hipertensi&#243;n arterial o la diabetes mellitus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;5&#44;7</span></a>&#46; Un reciente metaan&#225;lisis realizado por Zhao et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> determin&#243; que en los pacientes con EPOC el riesgo de desarrollar una forma grave de COVID-19 &#40;definida como necesidad de ingreso en cuidados intensivos&#47;ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica o fallecimiento&#41; se multiplicaba por 4&#46; No obstante&#44; a pesar de una mayor tendencia a una evoluci&#243;n cl&#237;nica desfavorable&#44; la verdad es que la prevalencia de esta enfermedad en el &#225;mbito hospitalario es ciertamente baja&#46; En un estudio publicado por Guan et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#44; donde fueron evaluadas las caracter&#237;sticas de 1&#46;590 casos hospitalarios confirmados&#44; la prevalencia de EPOC era inferior al 2&#37;&#46; En l&#237;nea con estos resultados&#44; Grasselli et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> describieron una prevalencia inferior al 5&#37; en pacientes con COVID-19 ingresados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos&#44; cifra llamativamente baja&#44; siendo las principales comorbilidades implicadas la hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#44; la enfermedad cardiovascular&#44; la dislipidemia y la diabetes mellitus&#46; Este hecho podr&#237;a explicarse por las variaciones en la prevalencia relativa de dichas enfermedades en la poblaci&#243;n general<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a>&#44; por un posible infradiagn&#243;stico de la EPOC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> o por un cumplimiento m&#225;s estricto de las normas de aislamiento social por parte de los pacientes con EPOC&#46; No obstante&#44; no podemos descartar que las terapias inhaladas empleadas en estos enfermos pudieran producir cierto efecto &#171;protector&#187; que limitar&#237;a el da&#241;o pulmonar en la infecci&#243;n por SARS-CoV-2&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El SARS-CoV-2 utiliza el receptor de enzima conversora de angiotensina-II &#40;ACE2&#41; como receptor de entrada celular&#44; cuyos niveles est&#225;n incrementados en las v&#237;as respiratorias bajas de fumadores y de pacientes con EPOC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; El efecto de los f&#225;rmacos inhibidores del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona sobre el receptor de ACE2 y su relaci&#243;n con la gravedad de la COVID-19 est&#225;n en discusi&#243;n y se han postulado tanto un efecto agravante como otro protector sobre la enfermedad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; todav&#237;a no hay informaci&#243;n acerca del posible efecto de los f&#225;rmacos empleados como tratamiento de la EPOC sobre la infecci&#243;n por SARS-CoV-2&#46; Previa a esta pandemia&#44; amplia evidencia cient&#237;fica ha mostrado que el uso de anticolin&#233;rgicos&#44; as&#237; como de corticoides inhalados&#44; reduce el desarrollo de exacerbaciones en los pacientes con EPOC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;15</span></a>&#44; pero la informaci&#243;n de la que disponemos acerca de su efecto sobre la familia Coronaviridae es escasa&#46; Con respecto a los anticolin&#233;rgicos&#44; un estudio realizado en modelo animal determin&#243; como la atropina reduce la expresi&#243;n de los genes de la ACE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; An&#225;lisis en roedores expuestos a humo de tabaco han demostrado que tiotropio disminuye la inflamaci&#243;n pulmonar producida por el virus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Influenza</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; De igual forma&#44; la combinaci&#243;n de glicopirronio&#44; formoterol y budesonida parece inhibir la replicaci&#243;n del coronavirus HCoV-229E y es capaz de modular la inflamaci&#243;n inducida por la infecci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; Por otra parte&#44; hay evidencia muy preliminar de que un corticoide &#40;ciclesonida&#41; podr&#237;a suprimir la replicaci&#243;n viral del SARS-CoV-2 in vitro con una eficacia similar a lopinavir<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46; Con base en estas observaciones&#44; los autores proponen a la ciclesonida como un potencial candidato para el tratamiento del virus&#46; Finalmente&#44; m&#225;s all&#225; de la terapia broncodilatadora y los corticoides inhalados&#44; la abstenci&#243;n tab&#225;quica podr&#237;a ser un aspecto relevante en estos pacientes infectados por SARS-CoV-2&#46; Aunque existen discrepancias entre los resultados obtenidos en diversos metaan&#225;lisis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;20</span></a>&#44; 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Editorial
Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica e infección por SARS-CoV-2. ¿Qué sabemos hasta ahora?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and SARS-CoV-2 Infection. What Do We Know so Far?
Juan Marco Figueira Gonçalvesa,
Corresponding author
juanmarcofigueira@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, Rafael Golpeb, Ignacio García-Talaveraa
a Servicio de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria (HUNSC), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, España
b Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti, Lugo, España
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La Organizaci&#243;n Mundial de la Salud ha declarado la enfermedad por SARS-Cov-2 &#40;COVID-19&#41; una pandemia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Dicha enfermedad se puede manifestar desde una forma asintom&#225;tica hasta incluso provocar un s&#237;ndrome de distr&#233;s respiratorio agudo del adulto<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a>&#46; Si bien el virus puede infectar a personas de cualquier edad&#44; la mayor&#237;a de los casos graves se han descrito en mayores de 55 a&#241;os y se han asociado a comorbilidades como la hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#44; la diabetes mellitus o la enfermedad cardiovascular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hasta la fecha&#44; la relaci&#243;n entre la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica &#40;EPOC&#41; y la COVID-19 no est&#225; clara&#46; La EPOC se asocia a un mayor riesgo de desarrollar una forma grave de la enfermedad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a>&#44; pero su prevalencia entre los sujetos infectados es menor que la de otras enfermedades como son la hipertensi&#243;n arterial o la diabetes mellitus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;5&#44;7</span></a>&#46; Un reciente metaan&#225;lisis realizado por Zhao et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> determin&#243; que en los pacientes con EPOC el riesgo de desarrollar una forma grave de COVID-19 &#40;definida como necesidad de ingreso en cuidados intensivos&#47;ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica o fallecimiento&#41; se multiplicaba por 4&#46; No obstante&#44; a pesar de una mayor tendencia a una evoluci&#243;n cl&#237;nica desfavorable&#44; la verdad es que la prevalencia de esta enfermedad en el &#225;mbito hospitalario es ciertamente baja&#46; En un estudio publicado por Guan et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#44; donde fueron evaluadas las caracter&#237;sticas de 1&#46;590 casos hospitalarios confirmados&#44; la prevalencia de EPOC era inferior al 2&#37;&#46; En l&#237;nea con estos resultados&#44; Grasselli et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> describieron una prevalencia inferior al 5&#37; en pacientes con COVID-19 ingresados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos&#44; cifra llamativamente baja&#44; siendo las principales comorbilidades implicadas la hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#44; la enfermedad cardiovascular&#44; la dislipidemia y la diabetes mellitus&#46; Este hecho podr&#237;a explicarse por las variaciones en la prevalencia relativa de dichas enfermedades en la poblaci&#243;n general<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a>&#44; por un posible infradiagn&#243;stico de la EPOC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> o por un cumplimiento m&#225;s estricto de las normas de aislamiento social por parte de los pacientes con EPOC&#46; No obstante&#44; no podemos descartar que las terapias inhaladas empleadas en estos enfermos pudieran producir cierto efecto &#171;protector&#187; que limitar&#237;a el da&#241;o pulmonar en la infecci&#243;n por SARS-CoV-2&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El SARS-CoV-2 utiliza el receptor de enzima conversora de angiotensina-II &#40;ACE2&#41; como receptor de entrada celular&#44; cuyos niveles est&#225;n incrementados en las v&#237;as respiratorias bajas de fumadores y de pacientes con EPOC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; El efecto de los f&#225;rmacos inhibidores del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona sobre el receptor de ACE2 y su relaci&#243;n con la gravedad de la COVID-19 est&#225;n en discusi&#243;n y se han postulado tanto un efecto agravante como otro protector sobre la enfermedad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; todav&#237;a no hay informaci&#243;n acerca del posible efecto de los f&#225;rmacos empleados como tratamiento de la EPOC sobre la infecci&#243;n por SARS-CoV-2&#46; Previa a esta pandemia&#44; amplia evidencia cient&#237;fica ha mostrado que el uso de anticolin&#233;rgicos&#44; as&#237; como de corticoides inhalados&#44; reduce el desarrollo de exacerbaciones en los pacientes con EPOC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;15</span></a>&#44; pero la informaci&#243;n de la que disponemos acerca de su efecto sobre la familia Coronaviridae es escasa&#46; Con respecto a los anticolin&#233;rgicos&#44; un estudio realizado en modelo animal determin&#243; como la atropina reduce la expresi&#243;n de los genes de la ACE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; An&#225;lisis en roedores expuestos a humo de tabaco han demostrado que tiotropio disminuye la inflamaci&#243;n pulmonar producida por el virus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Influenza</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; De igual forma&#44; la combinaci&#243;n de glicopirronio&#44; formoterol y budesonida parece inhibir la replicaci&#243;n del coronavirus HCoV-229E y es capaz de modular la inflamaci&#243;n inducida por la infecci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; Por otra parte&#44; hay evidencia muy preliminar de que un corticoide &#40;ciclesonida&#41; podr&#237;a suprimir la replicaci&#243;n viral del SARS-CoV-2 in vitro con una eficacia similar a lopinavir<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46; Con base en estas observaciones&#44; los autores proponen a la ciclesonida como un potencial candidato para el tratamiento del virus&#46; Finalmente&#44; m&#225;s all&#225; de la terapia broncodilatadora y los corticoides inhalados&#44; la abstenci&#243;n tab&#225;quica podr&#237;a ser un aspecto relevante en estos pacientes infectados por SARS-CoV-2&#46; Aunque existen discrepancias entre los resultados obtenidos en diversos metaan&#225;lisis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;20</span></a>&#44; parece que existe una tendencia a que el tabaquismo activo propicia una forma m&#225;s grave de la enfermedad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;21</span></a>&#44; por lo que es razonable esperar que su abandono tenga efectos beneficiosos&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ante la escasa evidencia disponible&#44; no se puede determinar a fecha de hoy si el uso de las terapias inhaladas empleadas en la EPOC o la abstenci&#243;n tab&#225;quica tienen un efecto &#171;protector&#187; frente a la infecci&#243;n por SARS-CoV-2&#46; Son necesarios estudios cl&#237;nicos bien dise&#241;ados que confirmen o refuten esta hip&#243;tesis&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No hay conflicto financiero de inter&#233;s relacionado con este trabajo&#46; 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Article information
ISSN: 03002896
Original language: Spanish
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