Journal Information
Vol. 45. Issue S4.
EPOC y comorbilidad: una visión global
Pages 14-17 (March 2009)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 45. Issue S4.
EPOC y comorbilidad: una visión global
Pages 14-17 (March 2009)
Full text access
EPOC e inflamación sistémica. Una vía de enlace para la comorbilidad
COPD and systemic inflammation. A link for comorbidity
Visits
9269
Alvar Agustí
Institut del Tòrax, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Fundación Caubet-Cimera, Illes Balears, España
This item has received
Article information
Resumen

Los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) presentan con frecuencia otras enfermedades crónicas (comorbilidad) que contribuyen a empeorar su situación clínica y su pronóstico. La inflamación sistémica puede ser un elemento patogénico importante. Este artículo revisa de forma crítica algunos de los aspectos oscuros que todavía existen en este contexto. Por ejemplo, no hay una definición precisa de inflamación sistémica en la EPOC, su prevalencia es altamente dependiente del marcador inflamatorio (o combinación de marcadores) que se utilice para identificarla, su origen es posiblemente multifactorial y la evidencia que soporta una relación entre inflamación sistémica y la presencia de comorbilidad en pacientes con EPOC es circunstancial. Finalmente, aunque existen varios estudios que han evaluado el efecto de los glucocorticoides inhalados en la inflamación sistémica, sus resultados son contradictorios. Por todo ello, la asociación entre inflamación sistémica y comorbilidad en la EPOC es tentadora, pero todavía no se ha demostrado.

Palabras clave:
Bronquitis crónica
Enfisema pulmonar
Enfermedades crónicas
Abstract

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) frequently have other chronic diseases (comorbidity) that worsen their clinical status and prognosis. Systemic inflammation may be an important pathogenic factor. The present article critically reviews some of the less well known areas in this context. For example, there is no clear definition of systemic inflammation in COPD, its prevalence is highly dependent on the inflammatory marker (or combination of markers) used in its identification, its origin is probably multifactorial and the evidence supporting an association between systemic inflammation and the presence of comorbidity in COPD is circumstantial. Finally, although several studies have evaluated the effect of inhaled glucocorticosteroids on systemic inflammation, the results are contradictory. Therefore, the association between systemic inflammation and comorbidity in COPD is a tempting, but unproven, one.

Key words:
Chronic bronchitis
Pulmonary emphysema
Chronic diseases
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
K.F. Rabe, S. Hurd, A. Anzueto, P.J. Barnes, S.A. Buist, P. Calverley, et al.
Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 176 (2007), pp. 532-555
[2.]
A. Agusti.
Systemic Effects of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: What We Know and What We Don’t Know (but Should).
Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society, pp. 522-525
[3.]
A.G. Agusti, A. Noguera, J. Sauleda, E. Sala, J. Pons, X. Busquets.
Systemic effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Eur Respir J, 21 (2003), pp. 347-360
[4.]
M. De Martinis, C. Franceschi, D. Monti, L. Ginaldi.
Inflamm-ageing and lifelong antigenic load as major determinants of ageing rate and longevity.
FEBS Lett, 579 (2005), pp. 2035-2039
[5.]
W.Q. Gan, S.F. Man, A. Senthilselvan, D.D. Sin.
Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic inflammation: a systematic review and a meta-analysis.
Thorax, 59 (2004), pp. 574-580
[6.]
A. Noguera, X. Busquets, J. Sauleda, J.M. Villaverde, W. MacNee, A.G. Agusti.
Expression of adhesion molecules and G proteins in circulating neutrophils in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 158 (1998), pp. 1664-1668
[7.]
A. Noguera, S. Batle, C. Miralles, J. Iglesias, X. Busquets, W. MacNee, et al.
Enhanced neutrophil response in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Thorax, 56 (2001), pp. 432-437
[8.]
J. Sauleda, F.J. Garcia-Palmer, G. Gonzalez, A. Palou, A.G. Agusti.
The activity of cytochrome oxidase is increased in circulating lymphocytes of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and chronic arthritis.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 161 (2000), pp. 32-35
[9.]
W. MacNee.
Pulmonary and systemic oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Proc Am Thorac Soc, 2 (2005), pp. 50-60
[10.]
B.J. Kim, Y.M. Yu, E.N. Kim, Y.E. Chung, J.M. Koh, G.S. Kim.
Relationship between serum hsCRP concentration and biochemical bone turnover markers in healthy pre- and postmenopausal women.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 67 (2007), pp. 152-158
[11.]
R. Broekhuizen, E.F.M. Wouters, E.C. Creutzberg, A.M.W.J. Schols.
Raised CRP levels mark metabolic and functional impairment in advanced COPD.
Thorax, 61 (2006), pp. 17-22
[12.]
R. Broekhuizen, E.F. Wouters, E.C. Creutzberg, A.M. Schols.
Raised CRP levels mark metabolic and functional impairment in advanced COPD.
Thorax, 61 (2006), pp. 17-22
[13.]
J.M. Koh, Y.H. Khang, C.H. Jung, S. Bae, D.J. Kim, Y.E. Chung, G.S. Kim.
Higher circulating hsCRP levels are associated with lower bone mineral density in healthy pre- and postmenopausal women: evidence for a link between systemic inflammation and osteoporosis.
Osteoporos Int, 16 (2005), pp. 1263-1271
[14.]
M.A. Albert, E. Danielson, N. Rifai, P.M. Ridker.
Effect of statin therapy on C-reactive protein levels: the pravastatin inflammation/CRP evaluation (PRINCE): a randomized trial and cohort study.
JAMA, 286 (2001), pp. 64-70
[15.]
J.H. Vernooy, M. Kucukaycan, J.A. Jacobs, N.H. Chavannes, W.A. Buurman, M.A. Dentener, et al.
Local and systemic inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors are increased in sputum.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 166 (2002), pp. 1218-1224
[16.]
D.G. Yanbaeva, M.A. Dentener, E.C. Creutzberg, G. Wesseling, E.F. Wouters.
Systemic effects of smoking.
Chest, 131 (2007), pp. 1557-1566
[17.]
T. Vassilakopoulos, C. Roussos, S. Zakynthinos.
The immune response to resistive breathing.
Eur Respir J, 24 (2004), pp. 1033-1043
[18.]
C. Casadevall, C. Coronell, A.L. Ramirez-Sarmiento, J. Martinez-Llorens, E. Barreiro, M. Orozco-Levi, et al.
Upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the intercostal muscles of COPD patients.
Eur Respir J, 30 (2007), pp. 701-707
[19.]
R.A. Rabinovich, M. Figueras, E. Ardite, N. Carbo, T. Troosters, X. Filella, et al.
Increased tumour necrosis factor-alpha plasma levels during moderate-intensity exercise in COPD patients.
Eur Respir J, 21 (2003), pp. 789-794
[20.]
A. Agusti, M. Morla, J. Sauleda, C. Saus, X. Busquets.
NF-KB activation and iNOS upregulation in skeletal muscle of patients with COPD and low body weight.
Thorax, 59 (2004), pp. 483-487
[21.]
N. Takabatake, H. Nakamura, S. Abe, S. Inoue, T. Hino, H. Saito, et al.
Tomoike. The relationship between chronic hypoxemia and activation of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha system in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 161 (2000), pp. 1179-1184
[22.]
S.F. Van Eeden, J.C. Hogg.
The response of human bone marrow to chronic cigarette smoking.
Eur Respir J, 15 (2000), pp. 915-921
[23.]
M. Cosio, M. Saetta, A. Agustí.
Immunological aspects of COPD.
N Eng J Med, 360 (2009), pp. 2445-2454
[24.]
S.H. Lee, S. Goswami, A. Grudo, L.Z. Song, V. Bandi, S. Goodnight-White, et al.
Antielastin autoimmunity in tobacco smoking-induced emphysema.
Nat Med, 13 (2007), pp. 567-569
[25.]
S.I. Rennard, C. Fogarty, S. Kelsen, W. Long, J. Ramsdell, J. Allison, et al.
The safety and efficacy of infliximab in moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 175 (2007), pp. 926-934
[26.]
J. Vestbo, W. Anderson, H.O. Coxson, C. Crim, F. Dawber, L. Edwards, et al.
Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate End-points (ECLIPSE).
Eur Respir J, 31 (2008), pp. 869-873
[27.]
M. Morla, X. Busquets, J. Pons, J. Sauleda, W. MacNee, A.G. Agusti.
Telomere shortening in smokers with and without COPD.
Eur Respir J, 27 (2006), pp. 525-528
[28.]
D.D. Sin, S.F.P. Man, D.D. Marciniuk, G. Ford, M. FitzGerald, E. Wong, et al.
The Effects of Fluticasone with or without Salmeterol on Systemic Biomarkers of Inflammation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 177 (2008), pp. 1207-1214
[29.]
M.W. Sims, R.M. Tal-Singer, S. Kierstein, A.I. Musani, M.F. Beers, R.A. Panettieri Jr, et al.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and inhaled steroids alter surfactant protein D (SP-D) levels: a cross-sectional study.
Respir Res, 9 (2008), pp. 13
Copyright © 2009. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?