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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Few studies have been carried out to determine the prevalence of microorganisms causing exacerbations of chronic bronchitis in the community setting&#46; The aim of the present study was to determine the bacterial etiology of chronic bronchitis exacerbations in patients not requiring hospitalization&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Patients and methods</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This observational&#44; cross-sectional&#44; multicenter study was carried out at the primary care level during 2 weeks &#40;in November 2001 and January 2002&#41;&#46; All laboratory work was carried out at a single center&#46; We studied 1947 patients with mild-moderate exacerbations treated by 650 primary care physicians&#46; All the sputum samples received for centralized processing were subject to Gram staining&#44; microscopic examination&#44; and bacterial culture&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Out of 1537 cultures of sputum samples collected&#44; 498 had good cell quality for microscopic examination &#40;32&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#46; Of the 498 good quality samples analyzed&#44; 246 &#40;49&#46;4&#37;&#41; were positive and 468 isolates were obtained&#46; The most commonly isolated germ was <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Streptococcus pneumonias</span> &#40;163 cases&#44; 34&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Moraxella catarrhalis</span> &#40;112&#44; 23&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Haemophilus influenzae</span> &#40;59&#44; 12&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#46; In 1&#46;2&#37; of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S pneumoniae</span> isolates resistance was found to amoxicillin&#59; resistance to macrolides was found in 34&#46;3&#37;&#46; The antibiotics most commonly prescribed&#44; however&#44; were macrolides &#40;38&#46;3&#37; of the prescriptions&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S pneumoniae</span> was the microorganism most frequently isolated in cases of chronic bronchitis exacerbation treatable in this outpatient setting&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pocos estudios se han efectnado en el &#225;mbito comunitario para conocer la prevalencia de microorganismos causantes de agudizaciones de la bronquitis cr&#243;nica&#46; El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido conocer la etiolog&#237;a bacteriana de la agudizaci&#243;n de la bronquitis cr&#243;nica en pacientes que no han requerido hospitalizaci&#243;n&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se trata de un estudio observational&#44; transversal y multic&#233;ntrico&#44; efectuado en atenci&#243;n primaria de salud durante 2 semanas &#40;noviembre de 2001 y enero de 2002&#41; con un laboratorio central&#46; Participaron 1&#46;947 pacientes afectados de agudizaci&#243;n leve-moderada incluidos por un total de 650 m&#233;dicos de atenci&#243;n primaria&#46; Todas las muestras recibidas se procesaron en un laboratorio central con tinci&#243;n de Gram&#44; examen microsc&#243;pico de las muestras y cultivo bacteriano&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Entre los 1&#46;537 cultivos de esputo recogidos&#44; 498 presentaron buena calidad celular microsc&#243;pica &#40;32&#44;4&#37;&#41;&#46; De las 498 muestras de esputo de calidad &#246;ptima analizadas&#44; fueron positivas 246 &#40;49&#44;4&#37;&#41; y se obtuvieron 468 aislamientos&#46; El germen m&#225;s com&#250;nmente aislado fue <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Streptococcus pneumoniae</span>&#44; con 163 casos &#40;34&#44;8&#37;&#41;&#44; seguido de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Moraxella catarrhalis</span>&#44; con 112 &#40;23&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#44; y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Haemophilus influenzae</span>&#44; con 59 &#40;12&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#46; El 1&#44;2&#37; de los neumococos fueron resistentes a amoxicilina y un 34&#44;3&#37; a los macr&#243;lidos&#46; Los antibi&#243;ticos mayormente prescritos fueron&#44; sin embargo&#44; los macr&#243;lidos&#44; en el 38&#44;3&#37; de las ocasiones&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; pneumoniae</span> constituye el microorganismo bacteriano que con m&#225;s frecuencia se a&#237;sla de los pacientes que sufren agudizaciones de la bronquitis cr&#246;nica que pueden ser tratados ambulatoriamente&#46;</p>"
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Vol. 42. Issue 8.
Pages 388-393 (August 2006)
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Vol. 42. Issue 8.
Pages 388-393 (August 2006)
Original Articles
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Bacterial Etiology of Chronic Bronchitis Exacerbations Treated by Primary Care Physicians
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Carles Llora,
Corresponding author
cllor.larte.ics@gencat.net

Correspondence: Dr. C. Llor. Foixarda. 95. 43008 Tarragona. Espana
, Josep Maria Cotsb, Amadeo Herrerasc
a Centro de Salud Jaume I, Tarragona, Spain
b Centro de Salud Marina, Barcelona, Spain. Coordinador del Grupo de Trabajo de Enfermedades Infecciosas de la Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia
c Médico, Sanofi-Aventis, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
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Objective

Few studies have been carried out to determine the prevalence of microorganisms causing exacerbations of chronic bronchitis in the community setting. The aim of the present study was to determine the bacterial etiology of chronic bronchitis exacerbations in patients not requiring hospitalization.

Patients and methods

This observational, cross-sectional, multicenter study was carried out at the primary care level during 2 weeks (in November 2001 and January 2002). All laboratory work was carried out at a single center. We studied 1947 patients with mild-moderate exacerbations treated by 650 primary care physicians. All the sputum samples received for centralized processing were subject to Gram staining, microscopic examination, and bacterial culture.

Results

Out of 1537 cultures of sputum samples collected, 498 had good cell quality for microscopic examination (32.4%). Of the 498 good quality samples analyzed, 246 (49.4%) were positive and 468 isolates were obtained. The most commonly isolated germ was Streptococcus pneumonias (163 cases, 34.8%), followed by Moraxella catarrhalis (112, 23.9%), and Haemophilus influenzae (59, 12.6%). In 1.2% of the S pneumoniae isolates resistance was found to amoxicillin; resistance to macrolides was found in 34.3%. The antibiotics most commonly prescribed, however, were macrolides (38.3% of the prescriptions).

Conclusions

S pneumoniae was the microorganism most frequently isolated in cases of chronic bronchitis exacerbation treatable in this outpatient setting.

Key words:
Bronchitis
chronic
Acute exacerbation
Etiology
Objetivo

Pocos estudios se han efectnado en el ámbito comunitario para conocer la prevalencia de microorganismos causantes de agudizaciones de la bronquitis crónica. El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido conocer la etiología bacteriana de la agudización de la bronquitis crónica en pacientes que no han requerido hospitalización.

Pacientes y métodos

Se trata de un estudio observational, transversal y multicéntrico, efectuado en atención primaria de salud durante 2 semanas (noviembre de 2001 y enero de 2002) con un laboratorio central. Participaron 1.947 pacientes afectados de agudización leve-moderada incluidos por un total de 650 médicos de atención primaria. Todas las muestras recibidas se procesaron en un laboratorio central con tinción de Gram, examen microscópico de las muestras y cultivo bacteriano.

Resultados

Entre los 1.537 cultivos de esputo recogidos, 498 presentaron buena calidad celular microscópica (32,4%). De las 498 muestras de esputo de calidad öptima analizadas, fueron positivas 246 (49,4%) y se obtuvieron 468 aislamientos. El germen más comúnmente aislado fue Streptococcus pneumoniae, con 163 casos (34,8%), seguido de Moraxella catarrhalis, con 112 (23,9%), y Haemophilus influenzae, con 59 (12,6%). El 1,2% de los neumococos fueron resistentes a amoxicilina y un 34,3% a los macrólidos. Los antibióticos mayormente prescritos fueron, sin embargo, los macrólidos, en el 38,3% de las ocasiones.

Conclusiones

S. pneumoniae constituye el microorganismo bacteriano que con más frecuencia se aísla de los pacientes que sufren agudizaciones de la bronquitis crönica que pueden ser tratados ambulatoriamente.

Palabras clave:
Bronquitis crónica
Agudización
Etiología
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This study received funding from Sanofi-Aventis.

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