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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To assess behavioral dependence using the Glover-Nilsson test and determine its association with successful smoking cessation&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Materialand methods</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An analytical longitudinal study was carried out&#44; the target population of which consisted of smokers who enrolled in a smoking cessation clinic for treatment&#46; The following variables were examined&#58; age&#44; sex&#44; nicotine dependence &#40;Fagerstr&#246;m test&#41;&#44; psychoactive drug use&#44; prior attempts at quitting&#44; and behavioral dependence measured with the Glover-Nilsson test&#46; The most recent version of this test is an 11-item questionnaire which classifies behavioral dependence according to the scores obtained&#58; mild &#40;&#60;12&#41;&#44; moderate &#40;12-22&#41;&#44; severe &#40;23-33&#41;&#44; and very severe &#40;&#62;33&#41;&#46; Successful cessation was defined as self-reported abstinence confirmed by measurement of expired CO level &#40;&#8805;10 ppm&#41;&#46; Results were expressed as means &#40;SD&#41; for quantitative variables and percentages and absolute frequencies for qualitative variables&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The study population consisted of 167 smokers &#8212;89 men &#40;53&#46;3&#37;&#41; and 78 women &#40;46&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#8212;with a mean age of 43&#46;5 &#40;9&#46;9&#41; years&#44; a nicotine dependence score &#40;Fagerstr&#246;m test&#41; of 6&#46;5 &#40;2&#46;2&#41; points&#44; and a Glover-Nilsson score of 23&#46;3 &#40;6&#46;6&#41;&#46; Of the study population&#44; 65&#46;9&#37; &#40;n&#61;110&#41; had made previous attempts at quitting&#46; Abstinence at 3 months was 55&#46;1&#37; &#40;n&#61;92&#41;&#46; Differences between the sexes were found for age and previous attempts at quitting&#46; Younger patients had higher scores on the Glover-Nilsson test and the Fagerstr&#246;m test and lower abstinence rates&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Severe behavioral dependence can result in less successful cessation outcome&#46; All aspects related to dependence must be assessed to help select the most adequate pharmacological and psychological treatment for results to be optimized&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar la dependencia psicol&#243;gica mediante el test de Glover-Nilsson y establecer su relaci&#243;n con el &#233;xito al finalizar el tratamiento&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Materialy m&#233;todos</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se ha realizado un estudio anal&#237;tico longitudinal&#44; cuya poblaci&#243;n objetivo han sido los fumadores que accedieron a una unidad de tabaquismo para deshabituaci&#243;n tab&#225;quica&#46; Se estudiaron las siguientes variables&#58; edad&#44; sexo&#44; dependencia a la nicotina &#40;test de Fagerstr&#246;m&#41;&#44; consumo de psicof&#225;rmacos&#44; intentos previos de cesaci&#243;n y dependencia psicol&#243;gica mediante el test de Glover-Nilsson&#46; Este cuestionario&#44; en su versi&#243;n m&#225;s reciente&#44; consta de 11 &#237;tems y clasifica la dependencia psicol&#243;gica&#44; seg&#250;n la puntuaci&#243;n obtenida&#44; en leve &#40;&#60; 12&#41;&#44; moderada &#40;12-22&#41;&#44; fuerte &#40;23-33&#41; y muy fuerte &#40;&#62; 33&#41;&#46; Se consider&#243; &#233;xito la abstinencia autodeclarada confirmada con cooximetr&#237;a &#40;mon&#243;xido de carbono &#8805; 10 ppm&#41;&#46; Los resultados se expresan como medias &#177; desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar &#40;variables cuantitativas&#41; y como proporciones y frecuencias absolutas &#40;variables cualitativas&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La poblaci&#243;n de estudio estaba compuesta por 167 fumadores &#8212;89 varones &#40;53&#44;3&#37;&#41; y 78 mujeres &#40;46&#44;7&#37;&#41;&#8212;&#44; con una edad media de 43&#44;5 &#177; 9&#44;9 a&#241;os&#44; dependencia a la nicotina &#40;test de Fagerstr&#246;m&#41; de 6&#44;5 &#177; 2&#44;2 puntos y media en el test de Glover-Nilsson de 23&#44;3 &#177; 6&#44;6 puntos&#46; El 65&#44;9&#37; &#40;n &#61; 110&#41; hab&#237;a hecho intentos previos para dejar de fumar&#46; El &#233;xito a los 3 meses fue del 55&#44;1 &#37; &#40;n &#61; 92&#41;&#46; Seg&#250;n el sexo&#44; se observaron diferencias en la edad y en la existencia de intentos previos&#46; Los individuos m&#225;s j&#243;venes obtuvieron mayor puntuaci&#243;n en el test de Glover-Nilsson y en el test de Fagerstr&#246;m y presentaron una menor tasa de &#233;xito&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La elevada dependencia psicol&#243;gica puede condicionar peores resultados en el &#233;xito de la deshabituaci&#243;n&#46; Es necesario valorar todos los aspectos relacionados con la dependencia&#44; ya que puede ayudar a seleccionar el tratamiento farmacol&#243;gico y psicol&#243;gico m&#225;s adecuado para optimizar los resultados&#46;</p>"
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Vol. 41. Issue 9.
Pages 493-498 (September 2005)
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Vol. 41. Issue 9.
Pages 493-498 (September 2005)
Original Articles
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Assessment of Behavioral Dependence With the Glover-Nilsson Test in Smoking Cessation Treatment
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I. Nerína,
Corresponding author
isabelne@unizar.es

Correspondence: Dra. I. Nerín. Departamento de Medicina y Psiquiatría. Facultad de Medicina, edificio B. Domingo Miral, s/n. 50009 Zaragoza. España
, A. Crucelaeguib, P. Novellab, A. Beamontec, N. Sobradielb, V. Bernalb, P. Gargalloc
a Departamento de Medicina y Psiquiatría. Unidad de Tabaquismo FMZ, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
b Unidad de Tabaquismo FMZ, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
c Departamento de Métodos Estadísticos, Escuela Universitaria de Estudios Empresariales, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Objective

To assess behavioral dependence using the Glover-Nilsson test and determine its association with successful smoking cessation.

Materialand methods

An analytical longitudinal study was carried out, the target population of which consisted of smokers who enrolled in a smoking cessation clinic for treatment. The following variables were examined: age, sex, nicotine dependence (Fagerström test), psychoactive drug use, prior attempts at quitting, and behavioral dependence measured with the Glover-Nilsson test. The most recent version of this test is an 11-item questionnaire which classifies behavioral dependence according to the scores obtained: mild (<12), moderate (12-22), severe (23-33), and very severe (>33). Successful cessation was defined as self-reported abstinence confirmed by measurement of expired CO level (≥10 ppm). Results were expressed as means (SD) for quantitative variables and percentages and absolute frequencies for qualitative variables.

Results

The study population consisted of 167 smokers —89 men (53.3%) and 78 women (46.7%)—with a mean age of 43.5 (9.9) years, a nicotine dependence score (Fagerström test) of 6.5 (2.2) points, and a Glover-Nilsson score of 23.3 (6.6). Of the study population, 65.9% (n=110) had made previous attempts at quitting. Abstinence at 3 months was 55.1% (n=92). Differences between the sexes were found for age and previous attempts at quitting. Younger patients had higher scores on the Glover-Nilsson test and the Fagerström test and lower abstinence rates.

Conclusions

Severe behavioral dependence can result in less successful cessation outcome. All aspects related to dependence must be assessed to help select the most adequate pharmacological and psychological treatment for results to be optimized.

Key Words:
Smoking
Nicotine addiction
Smoking cessation
Glover-Nilsson test
Objetivo

Evaluar la dependencia psicológica mediante el test de Glover-Nilsson y establecer su relación con el éxito al finalizar el tratamiento.

Materialy métodos

Se ha realizado un estudio analítico longitudinal, cuya población objetivo han sido los fumadores que accedieron a una unidad de tabaquismo para deshabituación tabáquica. Se estudiaron las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, dependencia a la nicotina (test de Fagerström), consumo de psicofármacos, intentos previos de cesación y dependencia psicológica mediante el test de Glover-Nilsson. Este cuestionario, en su versión más reciente, consta de 11 ítems y clasifica la dependencia psicológica, según la puntuación obtenida, en leve (< 12), moderada (12-22), fuerte (23-33) y muy fuerte (> 33). Se consideró éxito la abstinencia autodeclarada confirmada con cooximetría (monóxido de carbono ≥ 10 ppm). Los resultados se expresan como medias ± desviación estándar (variables cuantitativas) y como proporciones y frecuencias absolutas (variables cualitativas).

Resultados

La población de estudio estaba compuesta por 167 fumadores —89 varones (53,3%) y 78 mujeres (46,7%)—, con una edad media de 43,5 ± 9,9 años, dependencia a la nicotina (test de Fagerström) de 6,5 ± 2,2 puntos y media en el test de Glover-Nilsson de 23,3 ± 6,6 puntos. El 65,9% (n = 110) había hecho intentos previos para dejar de fumar. El éxito a los 3 meses fue del 55,1 % (n = 92). Según el sexo, se observaron diferencias en la edad y en la existencia de intentos previos. Los individuos más jóvenes obtuvieron mayor puntuación en el test de Glover-Nilsson y en el test de Fagerström y presentaron una menor tasa de éxito.

Conclusiones

La elevada dependencia psicológica puede condicionar peores resultados en el éxito de la deshabituación. Es necesario valorar todos los aspectos relacionados con la dependencia, ya que puede ayudar a seleccionar el tratamiento farmacológico y psicológico más adecuado para optimizar los resultados.

Palabras clave:
Tabaquismo
Adicción a la nicotina
Deshabituación tabáquica
Test de Glover-Nilsson
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