Original Articles
Assessment of Behavioral Dependence With the Glover-Nilsson Test in Smoking Cessation Treatment
I. Nerína,
, A. Crucelaeguib, P. Novellab, A. Beamontec, N. Sobradielb, V. Bernalb, P. Gargalloc
Corresponding author
isabelne@unizar.es
Correspondence: Dra. I. Nerín. Departamento de Medicina y Psiquiatría. Facultad de Medicina, edificio B. Domingo Miral, s/n. 50009 Zaragoza. España
Correspondence: Dra. I. Nerín. Departamento de Medicina y Psiquiatría. Facultad de Medicina, edificio B. Domingo Miral, s/n. 50009 Zaragoza. España
a Departamento de Medicina y Psiquiatría. Unidad de Tabaquismo FMZ, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
b Unidad de Tabaquismo FMZ, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
c Departamento de Métodos Estadísticos, Escuela Universitaria de Estudios Empresariales, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Unidad de Tabaquismo FMZ, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff1" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Tabaquismo FMZ, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff2" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Métodos Estadísticos, Escuela Universitaria de Estudios Empresariales, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff3" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor1" "etiqueta" => "*" "correspondencia" => "Correspondence: Dra. I. Nerín. Departamento de Medicina y Psiquiatría. Facultad de Medicina, edificio B. Domingo Miral, s/n. 50009 Zaragoza. España" ] ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2004-07-27" "fechaAceptado" => "2005-01-18" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Key Words" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec154150" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Smoking" 1 => "Nicotine addiction" 2 => "Smoking cessation" 3 => "Glover-Nilsson test" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec154151" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Tabaquismo" 1 => "Adicción a la nicotina" 2 => "Deshabituación tabáquica" 3 => "Test de Glover-Nilsson" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To assess behavioral dependence using the Glover-Nilsson test and determine its association with successful smoking cessation.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Materialand methods</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An analytical longitudinal study was carried out, the target population of which consisted of smokers who enrolled in a smoking cessation clinic for treatment. The following variables were examined: age, sex, nicotine dependence (Fagerström test), psychoactive drug use, prior attempts at quitting, and behavioral dependence measured with the Glover-Nilsson test. The most recent version of this test is an 11-item questionnaire which classifies behavioral dependence according to the scores obtained: mild (<12), moderate (12-22), severe (23-33), and very severe (>33). Successful cessation was defined as self-reported abstinence confirmed by measurement of expired CO level (≥10 ppm). Results were expressed as means (SD) for quantitative variables and percentages and absolute frequencies for qualitative variables.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The study population consisted of 167 smokers —89 men (53.3%) and 78 women (46.7%)—with a mean age of 43.5 (9.9) years, a nicotine dependence score (Fagerström test) of 6.5 (2.2) points, and a Glover-Nilsson score of 23.3 (6.6). Of the study population, 65.9% (n=110) had made previous attempts at quitting. Abstinence at 3 months was 55.1% (n=92). Differences between the sexes were found for age and previous attempts at quitting. Younger patients had higher scores on the Glover-Nilsson test and the Fagerström test and lower abstinence rates.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Severe behavioral dependence can result in less successful cessation outcome. All aspects related to dependence must be assessed to help select the most adequate pharmacological and psychological treatment for results to be optimized.</p>" ] "es" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar la dependencia psicológica mediante el test de Glover-Nilsson y establecer su relación con el éxito al finalizar el tratamiento.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Materialy métodos</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se ha realizado un estudio analítico longitudinal, cuya población objetivo han sido los fumadores que accedieron a una unidad de tabaquismo para deshabituación tabáquica. Se estudiaron las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, dependencia a la nicotina (test de Fagerström), consumo de psicofármacos, intentos previos de cesación y dependencia psicológica mediante el test de Glover-Nilsson. Este cuestionario, en su versión más reciente, consta de 11 ítems y clasifica la dependencia psicológica, según la puntuación obtenida, en leve (< 12), moderada (12-22), fuerte (23-33) y muy fuerte (> 33). Se consideró éxito la abstinencia autodeclarada confirmada con cooximetría (monóxido de carbono ≥ 10 ppm). Los resultados se expresan como medias ± desviación estándar (variables cuantitativas) y como proporciones y frecuencias absolutas (variables cualitativas).</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La población de estudio estaba compuesta por 167 fumadores —89 varones (53,3%) y 78 mujeres (46,7%)—, con una edad media de 43,5 ± 9,9 años, dependencia a la nicotina (test de Fagerström) de 6,5 ± 2,2 puntos y media en el test de Glover-Nilsson de 23,3 ± 6,6 puntos. El 65,9% (n = 110) había hecho intentos previos para dejar de fumar. El éxito a los 3 meses fue del 55,1 % (n = 92). Según el sexo, se observaron diferencias en la edad y en la existencia de intentos previos. Los individuos más jóvenes obtuvieron mayor puntuación en el test de Glover-Nilsson y en el test de Fagerström y presentaron una menor tasa de éxito.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La elevada dependencia psicológica puede condicionar peores resultados en el éxito de la deshabituación. Es necesario valorar todos los aspectos relacionados con la dependencia, ya que puede ayudar a seleccionar el tratamiento farmacológico y psicológico más adecuado para optimizar los resultados.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "REFERENCES" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:30 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "colaboracion" => "US Department of Health and Human Services" "etal" => false ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "The health consequences of smoking: nicotine addiction: a report from the Surgeon General" "fecha" => "1988" "editorial" => "Government Printing Office" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Washington DC" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib2" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "colaboracion" => "American Psychiatric Association" "etal" => false ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:5 [ "edicion" => "4th ed." 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2024 October | 29 | 19 | 48 |
| 2024 September | 32 | 21 | 53 |
| 2024 August | 43 | 44 | 87 |
| 2024 July | 25 | 28 | 53 |
| 2024 June | 32 | 37 | 69 |
| 2024 May | 32 | 31 | 63 |
| 2024 April | 20 | 24 | 44 |
| 2024 March | 19 | 19 | 38 |
| 2024 February | 17 | 29 | 46 |
| 2023 March | 3 | 4 | 7 |
| 2023 February | 14 | 20 | 34 |
| 2023 January | 19 | 41 | 60 |
| 2022 December | 19 | 20 | 39 |
| 2022 November | 24 | 19 | 43 |
| 2022 October | 28 | 30 | 58 |
| 2022 September | 16 | 30 | 46 |
| 2022 August | 26 | 41 | 67 |
| 2022 July | 26 | 43 | 69 |
| 2022 June | 27 | 35 | 62 |
| 2022 May | 20 | 38 | 58 |
| 2022 April | 30 | 33 | 63 |
| 2022 March | 21 | 35 | 56 |
| 2022 February | 25 | 50 | 75 |
| 2022 January | 14 | 37 | 51 |
| 2021 December | 19 | 42 | 61 |
| 2021 November | 21 | 51 | 72 |
| 2021 October | 18 | 45 | 63 |
| 2021 September | 18 | 42 | 60 |
| 2021 August | 7 | 27 | 34 |
| 2021 July | 15 | 40 | 55 |
| 2021 June | 32 | 38 | 70 |
| 2021 May | 22 | 31 | 53 |
| 2021 April | 43 | 45 | 88 |
| 2021 March | 19 | 17 | 36 |
| 2021 February | 19 | 18 | 37 |
| 2021 January | 19 | 23 | 42 |
| 2020 December | 10 | 14 | 24 |
| 2020 November | 9 | 14 | 23 |
| 2020 October | 12 | 9 | 21 |
| 2020 September | 5 | 9 | 14 |
| 2020 August | 8 | 16 | 24 |
| 2020 July | 18 | 20 | 38 |
| 2020 June | 9 | 8 | 17 |
| 2020 May | 14 | 22 | 36 |
| 2020 April | 13 | 14 | 27 |
| 2020 March | 11 | 13 | 24 |
| 2020 February | 18 | 25 | 43 |
| 2020 January | 17 | 23 | 40 |
| 2019 December | 12 | 20 | 32 |
| 2019 November | 8 | 35 | 43 |
| 2019 October | 6 | 20 | 26 |
| 2019 September | 11 | 17 | 28 |
| 2019 August | 14 | 19 | 33 |
| 2019 July | 6 | 20 | 26 |
| 2019 June | 11 | 21 | 32 |
| 2019 May | 18 | 26 | 44 |
| 2019 April | 55 | 37 | 92 |
| 2019 March | 22 | 46 | 68 |
| 2019 February | 12 | 20 | 32 |
| 2019 January | 6 | 27 | 33 |
| 2018 December | 6 | 19 | 25 |
| 2018 November | 16 | 11 | 27 |
| 2018 October | 19 | 15 | 34 |
| 2018 September | 10 | 13 | 23 |
| 2018 May | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2018 April | 6 | 8 | 14 |
| 2018 March | 5 | 1 | 6 |
| 2018 February | 5 | 5 | 10 |
| 2018 January | 6 | 11 | 17 |
| 2017 December | 3 | 5 | 8 |
| 2017 November | 5 | 5 | 10 |
| 2017 October | 7 | 26 | 33 |
| 2017 September | 4 | 8 | 12 |
| 2017 August | 12 | 12 | 24 |
| 2017 July | 4 | 16 | 20 |
| 2017 June | 7 | 15 | 22 |
| 2017 May | 5 | 12 | 17 |
| 2017 April | 2 | 4 | 6 |
| 2017 March | 4 | 34 | 38 |
| 2017 February | 0 | 4 | 4 |
| 2017 January | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| 2016 December | 4 | 18 | 22 |
| 2016 November | 5 | 4 | 9 |
| 2016 October | 7 | 9 | 16 |
| 2016 September | 12 | 14 | 26 |
| 2016 August | 9 | 2 | 11 |
| 2016 July | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| 2016 March | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2015 December | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2015 October | 47 | 1 | 48 |
| 2015 September | 46 | 10 | 56 |
| 2015 August | 60 | 10 | 70 |
| 2015 July | 52 | 11 | 63 |
| 2015 June | 58 | 10 | 68 |
| 2015 May | 64 | 7 | 71 |
| 2015 April | 43 | 9 | 52 |
| 2015 March | 51 | 10 | 61 |
| 2015 February | 42 | 5 | 47 |
| 2015 January | 43 | 3 | 46 |
| 2014 December | 38 | 7 | 45 |
| 2014 November | 49 | 5 | 54 |
| 2014 October | 63 | 10 | 73 |
| 2014 September | 39 | 8 | 47 |
| 2014 August | 41 | 10 | 51 |
| 2014 July | 35 | 11 | 46 |
| 2014 June | 51 | 8 | 59 |
| 2014 May | 64 | 9 | 73 |
| 2014 April | 55 | 15 | 70 |
| 2014 March | 77 | 16 | 93 |
| 2014 February | 67 | 19 | 86 |
| 2014 January | 51 | 11 | 62 |
| 2013 December | 47 | 18 | 65 |
| 2013 November | 43 | 13 | 56 |
| 2013 October | 45 | 21 | 66 |
| 2013 September | 50 | 12 | 62 |
| 2013 August | 40 | 9 | 49 |
| 2013 July | 48 | 24 | 72 |
| 2013 June | 36 | 8 | 44 |
| 2013 May | 41 | 9 | 50 |
| 2013 April | 22 | 10 | 32 |
| 2013 March | 9 | 2 | 11 |
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