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are a heterogeneous group of pathological processes that affect pulmonary parenchyma and&#44; in most cases&#44; lead to an impairment of gas transfer and reduction of the lung capacity&#46; There are no reliable estimates&#44; but prevalence is likely &#60;1 per 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The definition requires at least three of the four following criteria in the absence of other know lung disorders&#58; &#40;1&#41; respiratory symptoms &#40;cough&#44; rapid and&#47;or difficult breathing&#44; or exercise intolerance&#41;&#44; &#40;2&#41; signs &#40;resting tachypnea&#44; adventitious sounds&#44; retractions&#44; digital clubbing&#44; failure to thrive&#44; or respiratory failure&#41;&#44; &#40;3&#41; hypoxemia&#44; and &#40;4&#41; diffuse abnormalities on chest X-ray or CT scan&#46; Thus&#44; establishing 3 of 4 criteria is a sensitivity method for recognizing patients that could benefit from and ILD evaluation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The earliest presentation of ILD is shortly after birth&#44; with unexplained respiratory distress in a term neonate&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An organized classification scheme for ILD in children less was published by the chILD Research Network<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given the non-specific presentation of ILD&#44; difficulty is frequently experienced in discerning ILD&#46; Excluding these conditions prior to proceeding to more invasive test is important<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2&#44;6</span></a>&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Infection screen</span>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An <span class="elsevierStyleBold">echocardiography</span> to rule out structural cardiovascular disease and pulmonary hypertension&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Baseline <span class="elsevierStyleBold">chest X-ray</span>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thin-<span class="elsevierStyleBold">section CT</span> scanning&#46; Ground glass opacification and air trapping are classical features detected&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Flexible bronchoscopy with BAL</span> to exclude infection or airway abnormalities&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Genetic testing</span>&#46; Surfactant protein mutations produce recognizable clinical phenotypes of varying severity&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Lung biopsy</span> is the gold standard&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The gene for ABCA3 is expressed in alveolar type II cells&#44; and the protein is localized to lamellar bodies&#46; ABCA3 mutations have been associated with lethal neonatal respiratory distress and surfactant metabolism dysfunction&#46; Outcomes in patients with ABCA3 mutations are variable&#44; ranging from severe irreversible respiratory failure in early infancy to chronic static or progressive ILD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There have been no controlled trials of therapeutic interventions in ILD syndrome&#46; Case reports of improvement have been recorded with use of glucocorticoids&#44; hydroxychloroquine&#44; azathioprine&#44; bronchodilators&#44; mycophenolate&#44; and other immune modulators&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> Lung transplantation is an option in end-stage lung disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The North American Children study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> found a mortality rate of 30&#37;&#44; with 50&#37; of patients experiencing on-going morbidity&#46; It has become clear that some ILD entities are associated with very high mortality&#44; whereas others have a favorable outcome&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Diffuse developmental disorders&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Acinar dysplasia&#44; congenital alveolar dysplasia&#44; alveolar-capillary dysplasia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Growth abnormalities&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Pulmonary hypoplasia&#44; structural pulmonary changes with chromosomal abnormalities&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Arterial hypertensive vasculopathy&#44; congestive vasculopathy&#44; lymphatic disorders&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Vol. 54. Issue 12.
Pages 634-635 (December 2018)
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Vol. 54. Issue 12.
Pages 634-635 (December 2018)
Scientific Letter
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ABCA3 Deficiency in a Newborn with Respiratory Failure
Deficiencia de ABCA3 en un recién nacido con insuficiencia respiratoria
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Mª Carmen López Castilloa,
Corresponding author
mcarmen.lopez123@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Estela Pérez Ruiza, Pilar Caro Aguileraa, María Adela Rodríguez Vivesb
a Hospital Materno Infantil de Málaga, Spain
b Facultad de Medicina de Málaga, Hospital Materno Infantil de Málaga, Spain
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Table 1. Classification for ILD in Children.
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Dear Editor,

Congenital surfactant deficiencies are rare conditions, including mutation in the surfactant protein B (SP-B), surfactant protein C (SP-C) and ABCA3 (ATP-binding cassette member A3) genes. They may present with respiratory failure and pulmonary hypertension (PH) in the newborn. Long-term outcomes are different according to the mutations.

We present an infrequent case, diagnosed in a tertiary hospital, who has survived.

A term female Arabian infant was born via spontaneous vaginal delivery. Mother and father were consanguineous. Immediately after birth, the infant developed respiratory distress and was initially managed with continuous positive airway pressure.

Her physical examination was notable for bilateral coarse breath sounds and generalized thoracic retractions. Chest radiograph demonstrated diffuse bilateral granular opacities. An echocardiogram revealed no evidence of anatomic heart disease with suprasystemic levels of pulmonary artery pressure. Over the next days, her gas exchange worsened, needing intubation and mechanical ventilation. She developed progressive hypoxic respiratory failure that needed high frequency oscillatory ventilation, and nitric oxide administration.

The infant was treated with antibiotics but infectious causes for PH were ruled out with negative blood cultures. Chest computer tomography (Fig. 1) at 15 days of life showed bilateral granular opacities and ground-glass opacification; two doses of surfactant were administered without improvement. Bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage detected PAS positive material. With this information, a lung biopsy trough video thoracoscopy was performed. There were marked alveolar epithelial hyperplasia and mild widening of alveolar walls and the suspicion of a genetic disorder of surfactant dysfunction was considered. She still needed mechanical ventilation and take away a treatment with monthly high intravenous doses of methylprednisolone in association with oral daily hydroxychloroquine and every other day azithromycin. Genetic testing showed a nonsense mutation in ABCA3 gene, c.4681C>T or p.R1561X. This mutation was present on both maternal and paternal alleles.

Fig. 1.

CT with bilateral granular opacities and ground-glass opacification.

(0.02MB).

At 7 months of age the infant was transferred to a pediatric lung transplant unit where she underwent bilateral lung transplantation at 10 months of age. Currently she is 2 years old needing home mechanical ventilation support because of tracheal and right main bronchus malacia.

Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are a heterogeneous group of pathological processes that affect pulmonary parenchyma and, in most cases, lead to an impairment of gas transfer and reduction of the lung capacity. There are no reliable estimates, but prevalence is likely <1 per 100000.1

The definition requires at least three of the four following criteria in the absence of other know lung disorders: (1) respiratory symptoms (cough, rapid and/or difficult breathing, or exercise intolerance), (2) signs (resting tachypnea, adventitious sounds, retractions, digital clubbing, failure to thrive, or respiratory failure), (3) hypoxemia, and (4) diffuse abnormalities on chest X-ray or CT scan. Thus, establishing 3 of 4 criteria is a sensitivity method for recognizing patients that could benefit from and ILD evaluation.2

The earliest presentation of ILD is shortly after birth, with unexplained respiratory distress in a term neonate.

An organized classification scheme for ILD in children less was published by the chILD Research Network3–5 (Table 1).

Table 1.

Classification for ILD in Children.

Diffuse developmental disorders  Acinar dysplasia, congenital alveolar dysplasia, alveolar-capillary dysplasia 
Growth abnormalities  Pulmonary hypoplasia, structural pulmonary changes with chromosomal abnormalities 
Specific conditions of undefined etiology  Pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis, neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy 
Surfactant dysfunction mutations  SPFTB, SPFTC, ABCA3 genetic mutations 
Disorders of the normal host  Infectious processes, environmental agents, aspiration syndromes, eosinophilic pneumonia 
Disorders related to systemic disease processes  Immune-related disorders, storage disease, Langerhans cell histiocytosis 
Disorders masquerading as interstitial disease  Arterial hypertensive vasculopathy, congestive vasculopathy, lymphatic disorders 

Given the non-specific presentation of ILD, difficulty is frequently experienced in discerning ILD. Excluding these conditions prior to proceeding to more invasive test is important1,2,6:

  • -

    Infection screen.

  • -

    An echocardiography to rule out structural cardiovascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.

  • -

    Baseline chest X-ray.

  • -

    Thin-section CT scanning. Ground glass opacification and air trapping are classical features detected.

  • -

    Flexible bronchoscopy with BAL to exclude infection or airway abnormalities.

  • -

    Genetic testing. Surfactant protein mutations produce recognizable clinical phenotypes of varying severity.

  • -

    Lung biopsy is the gold standard.

The gene for ABCA3 is expressed in alveolar type II cells, and the protein is localized to lamellar bodies. ABCA3 mutations have been associated with lethal neonatal respiratory distress and surfactant metabolism dysfunction. Outcomes in patients with ABCA3 mutations are variable, ranging from severe irreversible respiratory failure in early infancy to chronic static or progressive ILD.7,8

There have been no controlled trials of therapeutic interventions in ILD syndrome. Case reports of improvement have been recorded with use of glucocorticoids, hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine, bronchodilators, mycophenolate, and other immune modulators.9,10 Lung transplantation is an option in end-stage lung disease.11

The North American Children study12 found a mortality rate of 30%, with 50% of patients experiencing on-going morbidity. It has become clear that some ILD entities are associated with very high mortality, whereas others have a favorable outcome.

References
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A. Bush, S. Cunningham, J. Blic, A. Barbato, A. Clement, R. Epaud, et al.
European protocols for the diagnosis and initial treatment of interstitial lung disease in children.
Thorax, 70 (2015), pp. 1078-1084
[2]
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Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 188 (2013), pp. 376-394
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Defining the spectrum of diffuse lung disease in infancy: a working classification of the pediatric interstitial lung disease cooperative.
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Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 176 (2007), pp. 1120-1128
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Clinical, radiological and pathological features of ABCA3 mutations in children.
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Unexplained neonatal respiratory distress due to congenital surfactant deficiency.
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[9]
Shulenin, L.M. Nogee, T. Annilo, S.S.E. Wert, J.A. Whitsett, M. Dean.
ABCA3 gene mutations in newborns with fatal surfactant deficiency.
N Engl J Med, 350 (2004), pp. 1296-1303
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J.E. Bullard, S.E. Wert, J.A. Whitsett, M. Dean, L.M. Nogee.
ABCA3 mutations associated with pediatric intertitial lung disease.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 172 (2005), pp. 1026-1031
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A. Moreno, J. Maestre, J. Balcells, C. Marhuenda, N. Cobos, A. Roman, et al.
Lung transplantation in young infants with interstitial pneumonia.
Transpl Proc, 35 (2003), pp. 1951-1953
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C. Kröner, T. Wittmann, S. Reu, V. Teusch, M. Klemme, D. Rauch, et al.
Lung disease caused by ABCA3 mutations.
Thorax, 72 (2017), pp. 213-220
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