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Vol. 47. Issue S6.
Antibioterapia inhalada
Pages 19-23 (June 2011)
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Vol. 47. Issue S6.
Antibioterapia inhalada
Pages 19-23 (June 2011)
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Antibióticos inhalados en el tratamiento de las bronquiectasias no debidas a fibrosis quística
Inhaled antibiotics in the treatment of noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis
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Miguel Ángel Martínez García
Corresponding author
m.a.martinez@saludalia.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, Juan José Soler Cataluña, Pablo Catalán Serra
Unidad de Neumología, Hospital General de Requena, Valencia, España
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Resumen

La utilización de antibióticos por vía inhalada en pacientes con bronquiectasias (BQ) no debidas a fibrosis quística (FQ) es una práctica cada vez más habitual. Si bien todavía no hay una indicación formal para su uso en este tipo de pacientes (actualmente sólo existe indicación para pacientes con FQ, y por lo tanto su utilización sigue siendo de uso compasivo en nuestro país para pacientes con BQ no debidas a FQ hasta la llegada de evidencias científicas desde los ensayos clínicos puestos en marcha), los estudios realizados hasta el momento han demostrado diferentes efectos positivos sobre algunos parámetros clave como la reducción en el número de colonias, la disminución de la cantidad y purulencia del esputo, la mejoría de la calidad de vida del paciente y una reducción en el número de agudizaciones, si bien presentan un escaso impacto sobre la pérdida acelerada de la función pulmonar y un porcentaje variable de erradicaciones con escasa inducción de resistencias. Probablemente la situación más clara para la utilización de antibióticos inhalados en pacientes con BQ no debidas a FQ sea la colonización y, sobre todo, la infección crónica por Pseudomonas aeruginosa. La gravedad de los efectos adversos suele ser escasa y relacionada con efectos locales irritantes de la vía aérea, si bien su frecuencia es mayor que la observada en los pacientes con FQ. Actualmente se están llevando a cabo diferentes estudios cuyo objetivo será sentar definitivamente las bases de la indicación de la antibioterapia inhalada en estos pacientes. Debido a las especiales características de esta forma de tratamiento (altas concentraciones locales del fármaco con escasos efectos adversos sistémicos), no cabe duda de que los antibióticos inhalados se presentan como una terapia con un excelente futuro para el manejo ya no sólo de las bronquiectasias, sino también de muchas de las enfermedades de la vía aérea.

Palabras clave:
Bronquiectasias
Antibióticos inhalados
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Tobramicina
Colistimetato de sodio
Colonización crónica
Abstract

Inhaled antibiotics are increasingly used in patients with non-cystic fibrosis (CF) bronchiectasis. Currently, there is no formal indication for the use of this therapy in these patients as inhaled antibiotics are currently only indicated in patients with CF. Therefore, prescription in patients with non-CF bronchiectasis will continue to be based on compassionate use until scientific evidence from ongoing clinical trials becomes available. However, the studies performed to date have shown several positive effects on some key parameters such as a reduction in the number of colonies and the quantity and purulence of sputum, improved quality of life and fewer exacerbations, although this therapy has little impact on accelerated loss of pulmonary function. The percentage of eradication varies, with a low rate of resistance. The clearest use of inhaled antibiotics in patients with non-CF bronchiectasis is probably colonization, especially chronic infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Adverse effects are usually mild and consist of local irritation of the airway, although their frequency is greater than that in patients with CF. Currently, various clinical trials are being carried out that aim to establish the indications for inhaled antibiotic therapy in these patients. Due to its special characteristics (high local concentrations of the drug with scarce systemic adverse effects), inhaled antibiotic therapy will undoubtedly be an excellent future option for the management of bronchiectasis, as well as of many other diseases of the airways.

Keywords:
Bronchiectasis
Inhaled antibiotics
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Tobramycin
Sodium colistimethate
Chronic colonization
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