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Vol. 44. Issue 5.
Pages 263-270 (January 2008)
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Vol. 44. Issue 5.
Pages 263-270 (January 2008)
Review Article
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The Evolution of the Human Species: A Long Journey for the Respiratory System
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Joaquim Gea
Corresponding author
jgea@imim.es

Correspondence Dr J. Gea Servicio de Neumología, Hospital del Mar Pg. Marítim, 27 08003 Barcelona, Spain
Servicio de Neumología, Hospital del Mar, Unidad de Investigación en Músculo y Aparato Respiratorio (URMAR), IMIM. Departamento de Ciencias Experimentales y de la Salud (CEXS), Universidad Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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Evolution has involved important changes in hominids, particularly in relation to the process of encephalization and the transition to bipedalism. Some of these changes involved structures related to the respiratory system and altered its functional behavior. Changes affecting the relationship between the skull and the spinal column, together with an improved laryngeal structure (allowing vocalization), resulted in a soft and elongated oropharynx, with part of the tongue integrated into its anterior wall, and thus in an increased tendency towards upper airway collapse during sleep. Vertebral bodies moved inwards into the thorax, which became slightly shorter and went from a bell-shaped appearance to that of a flatter barrel-shaped one. This resulted in respiratory muscle mechanics that were more efficient for upright posture. The pulmonary ventilation and perfusion gradients moved from a dorsoventral to a craniocaudal axis, while the structural organization of the respiratory muscles underwent only minor changes.

Key words:
Hominids
Upper airways
Thorax
Respiratory muscles

La evolución ha implicado importantes cambios en los homínidos, sobre todo por el proceso de encefalización y la bipedestación. Algunas modificaciones afectaron a estructuras relacionadas con el aparato respiratorio y cambiaron su comportamiento funcional. Así, los cambios experimentados en las relaciones entre cráneo y columna vertebral, junto con una mejor estructura laríngea (fonación), dieron lugar a una orofaringe blanda y alargada, con parte de la lengua integrada en su pared anterior, lo que facilita el colapso durante el sueño. La caja torácica disminuyó ligeramente su altura, interiorizó las vértebras y pasó además de una forma campaniforme a otra de tipo tonel, más aplanada, lo que dio como resultado una mecánica muscular respiratoria más eficiente para la bipedestación. Los clásicos gradientes ventilatorio y circulatorio pulmonares pasaron de un eje dorsoventral a uno de tipo apicobasal, mientras que los músculos respiratorios apenas modificaron su disposición estructural.

Palabras clave:
Homínidos
Vía aérea superior
Tórax
Músculos respiratorios
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