Review Article
The Evolution of the Human Species: A Long Journey for the Respiratory System
Joaquim Gea
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jgea@imim.es
Correspondence Dr J. Gea Servicio de Neumología, Hospital del Mar Pg. Marítim, 27 08003 Barcelona, Spain
Correspondence Dr J. Gea Servicio de Neumología, Hospital del Mar Pg. Marítim, 27 08003 Barcelona, Spain
Servicio de Neumología, Hospital del Mar, Unidad de Investigación en Músculo y Aparato Respiratorio (URMAR), IMIM. Departamento de Ciencias Experimentales y de la Salud (CEXS), Universidad Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Review Article</span>" "titulo" => "The Evolution of the Human Species: A Long Journey for the Respiratory System" "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0 "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "263" "paginaFinal" => "270" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Joaquim Gea" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Joaquim" "apellidos" => "Gea" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "jgea@imim.es" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor1" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumología, Hospital del Mar, Unidad de Investigación en Músculo y Aparato Respiratorio (URMAR), IMIM. Departamento de Ciencias Experimentales y de la Salud (CEXS), Universidad Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor1" "etiqueta" => "*" "correspondencia" => "Correspondence Dr J. Gea Servicio de Neumología, Hospital del Mar Pg. Marítim, 27 08003 Barcelona, Spain" ] ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2007-06-15" "fechaAceptado" => "2007-07-03" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Key words" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec155248" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Hominids" 1 => "Upper airways" 2 => "Thorax" 3 => "Respiratory muscles" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec155247" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Homínidos" 1 => "Vía aérea superior" 2 => "Tórax" 3 => "Músculos respiratorios" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evolution has involved important changes in hominids, particularly in relation to the process of encephalization and the transition to bipedalism. Some of these changes involved structures related to the respiratory system and altered its functional behavior. Changes affecting the relationship between the skull and the spinal column, together with an improved laryngeal structure (allowing vocalization), resulted in a soft and elongated oropharynx, with part of the tongue integrated into its anterior wall, and thus in an increased tendency towards upper airway collapse during sleep. Vertebral bodies moved inwards into the thorax, which became slightly shorter and went from a bell-shaped appearance to that of a flatter barrel-shaped one. This resulted in respiratory muscle mechanics that were more efficient for upright posture. The pulmonary ventilation and perfusion gradients moved from a dorsoventral to a craniocaudal axis, while the structural organization of the respiratory muscles underwent only minor changes.</p>" ] "es" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La evolución ha implicado importantes cambios en los homínidos, sobre todo por el proceso de encefalización y la bipedestación. Algunas modificaciones afectaron a estructuras relacionadas con el aparato respiratorio y cambiaron su comportamiento funcional. Así, los cambios experimentados en las relaciones entre cráneo y columna vertebral, junto con una mejor estructura laríngea (fonación), dieron lugar a una orofaringe blanda y alargada, con parte de la lengua integrada en su pared anterior, lo que facilita el colapso durante el sueño. La caja torácica disminuyó ligeramente su altura, interiorizó las vértebras y pasó además de una forma campaniforme a otra de tipo tonel, más aplanada, lo que dio como resultado una mecánica muscular respiratoria más eficiente para la bipedestación. Los clásicos gradientes ventilatorio y circulatorio pulmonares pasaron de un eje dorsoventral a uno de tipo apicobasal, mientras que los músculos respiratorios apenas modificaron su disposición estructural.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:51 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Genome views on human evolution" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "J Bertranpetit" 1 => "F Calafell" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Evolution: from molecules to ecosystems" "paginaInicial" => "260" "paginaFinal" => "271" "serieFecha" => "2004" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib2" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Origen y evolución de la especie humana" ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Historia universal. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| 2024 October | 47 | 24 | 71 |
| 2024 September | 43 | 24 | 67 |
| 2024 August | 56 | 42 | 98 |
| 2024 July | 36 | 32 | 68 |
| 2024 June | 47 | 42 | 89 |
| 2024 May | 52 | 33 | 85 |
| 2024 April | 41 | 24 | 65 |
| 2024 March | 36 | 21 | 57 |
| 2024 February | 29 | 20 | 49 |
| 2023 May | 1 | 5 | 6 |
| 2023 March | 11 | 5 | 16 |
| 2023 February | 33 | 25 | 58 |
| 2023 January | 59 | 45 | 104 |
| 2022 December | 56 | 35 | 91 |
| 2022 November | 47 | 31 | 78 |
| 2022 October | 42 | 40 | 82 |
| 2022 September | 27 | 23 | 50 |
| 2022 August | 43 | 43 | 86 |
| 2022 July | 22 | 38 | 60 |
| 2022 June | 28 | 34 | 62 |
| 2022 May | 64 | 44 | 108 |
| 2022 April | 53 | 32 | 85 |
| 2022 March | 72 | 49 | 121 |
| 2022 February | 56 | 41 | 97 |
| 2022 January | 78 | 73 | 151 |
| 2021 December | 44 | 72 | 116 |
| 2021 November | 33 | 53 | 86 |
| 2021 October | 57 | 57 | 114 |
| 2021 September | 35 | 80 | 115 |
| 2021 August | 25 | 35 | 60 |
| 2021 July | 24 | 33 | 57 |
| 2021 June | 37 | 52 | 89 |
| 2021 May | 53 | 33 | 86 |
| 2021 April | 71 | 69 | 140 |
| 2021 March | 46 | 38 | 84 |
| 2021 February | 41 | 37 | 78 |
| 2021 January | 33 | 25 | 58 |
| 2020 December | 60 | 57 | 117 |
| 2020 November | 20 | 19 | 39 |
| 2020 October | 24 | 12 | 36 |
| 2020 September | 15 | 7 | 22 |
| 2020 August | 19 | 17 | 36 |
| 2020 July | 23 | 22 | 45 |
| 2020 June | 21 | 13 | 34 |
| 2020 May | 16 | 22 | 38 |
| 2020 April | 22 | 18 | 40 |
| 2020 March | 20 | 17 | 37 |
| 2020 February | 18 | 16 | 34 |
| 2020 January | 23 | 17 | 40 |
| 2019 December | 13 | 14 | 27 |
| 2019 November | 21 | 11 | 32 |
| 2019 October | 15 | 16 | 31 |
| 2019 September | 13 | 25 | 38 |
| 2019 August | 18 | 13 | 31 |
| 2019 July | 13 | 22 | 35 |
| 2019 June | 10 | 18 | 28 |
| 2019 May | 20 | 24 | 44 |
| 2019 April | 19 | 52 | 71 |
| 2019 March | 17 | 28 | 45 |
| 2019 February | 7 | 30 | 37 |
| 2019 January | 11 | 11 | 22 |
| 2018 December | 9 | 22 | 31 |
| 2018 November | 17 | 14 | 31 |
| 2018 October | 23 | 24 | 47 |
| 2018 September | 18 | 12 | 30 |
| 2018 May | 5 | 1 | 6 |
| 2018 April | 7 | 34 | 41 |
| 2018 March | 7 | 28 | 35 |
| 2018 February | 5 | 17 | 22 |
| 2018 January | 13 | 17 | 30 |
| 2017 December | 8 | 14 | 22 |
| 2017 November | 3 | 12 | 15 |
| 2017 October | 9 | 19 | 28 |
| 2017 September | 8 | 10 | 18 |
| 2017 August | 14 | 17 | 31 |
| 2017 July | 9 | 12 | 21 |
| 2017 June | 11 | 25 | 36 |
| 2017 May | 10 | 12 | 22 |
| 2017 April | 3 | 5 | 8 |
| 2017 March | 7 | 14 | 21 |
| 2017 February | 4 | 8 | 12 |
| 2017 January | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| 2016 December | 6 | 7 | 13 |
| 2016 November | 13 | 6 | 19 |
| 2016 October | 16 | 12 | 28 |
| 2016 September | 10 | 9 | 19 |
| 2016 August | 12 | 4 | 16 |
| 2016 July | 12 | 3 | 15 |
| 2016 March | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2015 December | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2015 October | 222 | 10 | 232 |
| 2015 September | 174 | 4 | 178 |
| 2015 August | 188 | 7 | 195 |
| 2015 July | 233 | 11 | 244 |
| 2015 June | 208 | 7 | 215 |
| 2015 May | 203 | 8 | 211 |
| 2015 April | 186 | 11 | 197 |
| 2015 March | 254 | 8 | 262 |
| 2015 February | 175 | 3 | 178 |
| 2015 January | 120 | 5 | 125 |
| 2014 December | 148 | 10 | 158 |
| 2014 November | 191 | 8 | 199 |
| 2014 October | 241 | 11 | 252 |
| 2014 September | 141 | 9 | 150 |
| 2014 August | 125 | 8 | 133 |
| 2014 July | 107 | 11 | 118 |
| 2014 June | 143 | 5 | 148 |
| 2014 May | 156 | 10 | 166 |
| 2014 April | 153 | 8 | 161 |
| 2014 March | 145 | 13 | 158 |
| 2014 February | 138 | 6 | 144 |
| 2014 January | 106 | 9 | 115 |
| 2013 December | 91 | 11 | 102 |
| 2013 November | 104 | 9 | 113 |
| 2013 October | 87 | 8 | 95 |
| 2013 September | 80 | 9 | 89 |
| 2013 August | 57 | 9 | 66 |
| 2013 July | 72 | 16 | 88 |
| 2013 June | 64 | 8 | 72 |
| 2013 May | 58 | 5 | 63 |
| 2013 April | 25 | 4 | 29 |
| 2013 March | 11 | 1 | 12 |
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