Journal Information
Vol. 42. Issue 6.
Pages 260-266 (June 2006)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 42. Issue 6.
Pages 260-266 (June 2006)
Original Articles
Full text access
Study of Tuberculosis Outbreaks Reported in Catalonia, 1998–2002
Visits
3877
Carlos M. Brana,b,c, Joan A. Cayláa,b,c,
Corresponding author
jcayla@aspb.es

Correspondence: Dr. J.A. Caylà. Servei d'Epidemiologia. Agéncia de Salud Pública. Plaza Lesseps, 1. 08023 Barcelona. España
, Ángela Domínguezd, Neus Campsd, Pere Godoyd, Angels Orcaub,c, Irene Barrabeigd, José Alcaided,e, Neus Altetd,e, Pep Álvarezd, the Group for the Study of Tuberculosis Outbreaks in Catalonia *
a Departamento de Pediatría, Obstetricia y Ginecología, y Medicina Preventiva, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
b Agéncia de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
c Unidad de Investigación en Tuberculosis de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
d Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
e Unidad de Tuberculosis, CAP Drassanes, Barcelona, Spain
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Objective

To analyze the characteristics of tuberculosis outbreaks declared under vigilance programs in Catalonia.

Methods

Descriptive study of outbreaks from 1998 through 2002 for which reports were available. An outbreak was defined as 3 or more associated cases appearing within a year. For 2 health care regions, outbreaks for which there were full surveillance reports with contact tracing were compared to outbreaks identified but which had not been fully reported.

Results

Twenty-seven outbreaks were analyzed. Nineteen (70%) occurred within families. A total of 22 outbreaks were declared upon identification of the true index case and 5 upon detection of secondary cases. The mean annual incidence of outbreaks was 0.40/100000 inhabitants.

Most cases were in males 16 to 40 years of age and involved cavitary lesions and a clinically significant diagnostic delay. Twenty-seven outbreaks caused 69 secondary cases.

A longer diagnostic delay was seen to correspond to a larger number of secondary cases (P=.08). In the 2 health care regions analyzed, full surveillance reports with contact tracing were issued for 2 of the 14 outbreaks detected (14.4%).

Conclusions

Tuberculosis outbreaks are common but investigative follow-up is scarce. The size of the outbreak is related to the length of diagnostic delay. Rapid diagnosis, contact tracing, and the issuance of a public health report should be priorities in all outbreaks detected.

Key words:
Disease outbreaks
Tuberculosis
Diagnosis, delayed
Secondary cases
Contact tracing
Objetivo

Analizar las características de los brotes de tuberculosis (TB) estudiados por los servicios de vigilancia epidemiológica de Cataluña.

Métodos

Estudio descriptivo de los brotes de 1998–2002 que disponían de informe epidemiológico. Se definió como brote epidémico cuando había 3 o más casos asociados en un año. En 2 regiones sanitarias se compararon los brotes detectados con los que además tenían informes.

Resultados

Se analizaron 27 brotes y la mayoría (n = 19; el 70%) ocurrió en el ámbito familiar. Un total de 22 brotes fueron declarados a partir del caso índice auténtico y 5 a partir de un caso secundario. La incidencia media anual de brotes fue de 0,40/100.000 habitantes. La mayoría fueron generados por varones de 16 a 40 años, con lesiones cavita-rias y un importante retraso diagnóstico. Los 27 brotes provocaron 69 casos secundarios. Se observó que a mayor retraso diagnóstico correspondía mayor número de casos secundarios (p = 0,08). En las 2 regiones sanitarias analiza-das sólo se realizó informe epidemiológico en 2 de los 14 brotes detectados (14,4%).

Conclusiones

Los brotes de TB son frecuentes pero poco investigados, y el retraso diagnóstico se asoció al tamaño del brote. Se deben priorizar el diagnóstico rápido de los enfermos, el estudio de contactos y la realización de un informe sanitario en cada brote detectado.

Palabras clave:
Brotes epidémicos
Tuberculosis
Retraso diagnóstico
Casos secundarios
Contactos
Full text is only aviable in PDF
REFERENCES
[1]
PD McElroy, KL Southwick, ER Fortenberry, EC Levine, LA Diem, CL Woodley, et al.
Outbreak of tuberculosis among homeless persons coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus.
Clin Infect Dis, 36 (2003), pp. 1305-1312
[2]
C Lienhardt, J Rowley, K Mannch, G Lahai, D Millidham, KP McAdam.
Factors affecting time delay in a tuberculosis control programme in a sub-Saharan African country: the experience of the Gambia.
Int J Tuber Lung Dis, 5 (2001), pp. 233-239
[3]
R Vidal, M Miravitlles, JA Caylà, M Torrella, N Martin, J de Gracia.
Estudio del contagio en 3.071 contactos de enfermos con tuberculosis.
Med Clin (Barc), 108 (1997), pp. 361-365
[4]
GMN Altet, MJ Alcaide, SJ Canela, AC Milá, FMA Jiménez, GML de Souza, et al.
Estudio del retraso diagnóstico de la tuberculosis pulmonar sintomática.
Arch Bronconeumol, 39 (2003), pp. 146-152
[5]
JA Caylà, P García de Olalla, H Galdós-Tanguis, R Vidal, JL López-Colomés, JM Gatell, et al.
The influence of intravenous drug use and HIV infection in the transmission of tuberculosis.
AIDS, 10 (1996), pp. 95-100
[6]
A Guerrero, J Cobo, J Fortún, E Navas, C Quereda, et al.
Nosocomial transmission of Mycobacterium bovis resistant to 11 drugs in people with advanced HIV infection.
Lancet, 350 (1997), pp. 1738-1742
[7]
Grupo de trabajo del área de TIR de SEPAR.
Recomendaciones SEPAR. Normativa sobre la prevención de la tuberculosis.
Arch Bronconeumol, 38 (2002), pp. 441-451
[8]
J Chin.
Control of communicable diseases manual, 17th ed., pp. 521-532
[9]
JJ García.
Fundamentos para el estudio de un brote epidémico.
Rev Mex Pediatría, 69 (2002), pp. 208-211
[10]
Centro Nacional de Epidemiología.
Protocolos de las enfermedades de declaración obligatoria, 2.a ed., Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, (2000),
[11]
H Kobayasi, M Iriyama, T Amano.
Minor outbreak of tuberculosis infection in a junior high school - infection from a preventable case.
Kekkaku, 78 (2003), pp. 619-627
[12]
PRN Lynelle, J Carlile, D Smith.
Epidemiology of a tuberculosis outbreak in a rural Missouri High School.
Pediatrics, 113 (2004), pp. 514-519
[13]
MA Sánchez, PC Borja, ML Rubio, GA Peinado, FC Sola, MC Castillo, et al.
Brote epidémico de tuberculosis en un colegio de Granada.
An Pediatr (Barc), 58 (2003), pp. 432-437
[14]
X Casas, JR Manzano, I Casas, I Andreo, et al.
Tuberculosis en personal sanitario de un hospital general.
Med Clin (Barc), 122 (2004), pp. 741-743
[15]
Programa de Prevención y Control de la Tuberculosis.
Butlletí Epidemiólogic de Catalunya, 15 (2004), pp. 9-20
[16]
World Health Organizatión (WHO), European Region of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATLD) Working Group.
Surveillance of tuberculosis in Europe.
Eur Respir J, 9 (1996), pp. 1097-1104
[17]
Grupo de trabajo de los talleres de 2001 y 2002 de la Unidad de Investigación en Tuberculosis de Barcelona (UITB).
Documento de consenso sobre el estudio de contactos en los pacientes tuberculosos.
Med Clin (Barc), 12 (1999), pp. 151-156
[18]
Orcau A. Microepidemias de tuberculosis: casuística de Barcelona. Actas del Fórum Científico de la Unidad de Investigación de Tuberculosis de Barcelona y la Sociedad Catalana de Pneumologia; 2003, marzo 13; Barcelona.
[19]
MA Hamid, E Declercq, A van Deun, KA Saki.
Gender differences in tuberculosis: a prevalence survey done in Bangladesh.
Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 8 (2003), pp. 952-957
[20]
R Vidal, M Mirravitlles, JA Caylá, M Toerrella, J de Gracia, F Morrell.
Increased risk of tuberculosis transmission in families with microepidemics.
Eur Respir J, 10 (1997), pp. 1327-1331
[21]
S Payter, A Hayward, P Wilkinson, R Lozewicz Coker.
Patient and health service delays in initiating treatment for patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: retrospective cohort study.
Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 8 (2004), pp. 180-185
[22]
JL Mostaza, A Bahamonde.
Retraso en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de pacientes hospitalizados con tuberculosis.
Enf Infecc Microbiol Clin, 22 (2004), pp. 59-60
[23]
J Andueza Orduna, A Pérez Trullén, Iribas C Moreno.
Estudio de las características clínicas de la tuberculosis respiratoria y su demora diagnóstica.
Aten Primaria, 26 (2000), pp. 26-29
[24]
J Franco, R Blanquer, J Flores, E Fernández, P Plaza, JM Nogueira.
Análisis del retraso diagnóstico en la tuberculosis.
Med Clin (Barc), 107 (1996), pp. 453-457
[25]
AB Mishu, KF Gensheimer, AB Blosh, D Parrotte, JM Joran, V Lewis.
Management of an outbreak of tuberculosis in a small community.
Ann Intern Med, 125 (1996), pp. 114-117
[26]
SK Sharma, A Mohan, T Kadhiravan.
HIV-TB co-infection: epidemiology, diagnosis management.
Indian J Med Res, 121 (2005), pp. 550-567
[27]
F March, P Coll, RA Guerrero, E Busquets, JA Caylá, G Prats, et al.
Predictors of tuberculosis transmission in prisons: an analysis using conventional and molecular methods.
AIDS, 14 (2000), pp. 525-535
[28]
S Samper, MJ Iglesias, MJ Rabanaque, L Gómez, MC Lafoz, MS Jiménez, et al.
Systematic molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates from Spain.
J Clin Microbiol, 43 (2005), pp. 1220-1227
[29]
J Gascón.
Enfermedades infecciosas e inmigración.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 21 (2003), pp. 535-539
[30]
I Bates, C Fenton, J Gruber, D Lallo, LA Medina, S Bertel, et al.
Vulnerability to malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS infection and disease. Part II: determinants operating at environmental and institutional level.
Lancet Infect Dis, 4 (2004), pp. 368-375
[31]
X Valles, F Sánchez, H Panella, P García, JM Jansá, JA Caylá.
Tuberculosis importada: una enfermedad emergente en países industrializados.
Med Clin (Barc), 118 (2002), pp. 376-378
[32]
JA Caminero, MJ Pena, MI Campos-Herrero, JC Rodríguez, O Afonso, C Martín, et al.
Exogenous reinfection with tuberculosis on a European island with a moderate incidence of disease.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 163 (2001), pp. 717-720
[33]
MJ Íñigo, AA Arce, SF Chaves, ME Palenque, AM Burgoa.
Patrones de transmisión de la tuberculosis en un área sanitaria de Madrid.
Rev Esp Salud Pública, 77 (2003), pp. 1-10
[34]
J Elizaga, P Carrero, J Íñigo, F Chaves.
Transmisión reciente de la tuberculosis en un área con baja incidencia: estudio epidemiológico y molecular.
Med Clin (Barc), 118 (2002), pp. 645-649
[35]
B Foxman, L Riley.
Molecular epidemiolgy focus on infection.
Am J Epidemiol, 153 (2001), pp. 1135-1141
[36]
T Rodrigo, JA Caylà, Grupo de Trabajo para Evaluar Programas de Control de Tuberculosis.
Efectividad de los programas de control de la tuberculosis en España.
Med Clin (Barc), 121 (2003), pp. 375-378
[37]
S Samper, MJ Iglesias, MJ Rabanaje, MA Lezcano, LA Vitoria, MC Rubio, et al.
The molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in Zaragoza, Spain: a retrospective epidemiological study in 1993.
Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2 (1998), pp. 281-287
[38]
MR García, JC Rodríguez, JF Navarro, S Samper, C Martín, et al.
Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in Elche Spain: a 7 year study.
J Med Microbiol, 51 (2002), pp. 273-280
[39]
J Solsona, JA Caylà, E Verdú, MP Estrada, S García, D Roca, et al.
Molecular and conventional epidemiology of tuberculosis in an inner city district. Cooperative Group for Contact Study of Tuberculosis Patients in Ciutat Vella.
Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 5 (2001), pp. 724-731

Partially funded by the Spanish health research fund (Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias), network for epidemiological and public health research (Red de Centros de Investigación en Epidemiología y Salud Pública).

Members of the Group for the Study of Tuberculosis Outbreaks in Catalonia are listed at the end of the article.

Copyright © 2006. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR)
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?