Journal Information
Vol. 39. Issue 3.
Pages 118-125 (March 2003)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 39. Issue 3.
Pages 118-125 (March 2003)
Full text access
Protocolo para evaluar una CPAP automática. Valoración de la utilidad del Autoset-T para determinar la presión de Cpap óptima en el síndrome de apnea-hipopnea del sueño
Protocol to evaluate automatic continuous positive airway pressure. Assessment of the usefulness of the Autoset-T device to determine optimal pressure for treating sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome
Visits
19746
M. Molinaa, L. Hernándeza, J. Duranb, R. Farréc, R. Rubiob, D. Navajasc, J.M. Montserrata,
Corresponding author
jcanal@medicina.ub.es

Correspondencia: Institut Clínic de Pneumologia i Cirurgia Toràcica (ICPCT). Hospital Clínic.Villarroel, 170. 08034 Barcelona. España
a Institut Clínic de Pneumologia i Cirurgia Toràcica. Hospital Clínic. Barcelona. España
b Hospital de Txagorrituxu. Vitoria. España
c Biofísica y Bioingeniería. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Barcelona. España
This item has received
Article information
Introducción

Dadas la elevada prevalencia del síndro-me de apnea-hipopnea del sueño (SAHS), la gran demanda de polisomnografía convencional (PSG) y las largas listas de espera, son necesarios métodos alternativos para el diagnós-tico del SAHS y el ajuste de la ventilación mecánica con pre-sión positiva continua en la vía aérea (CPAP). En este últi-mo aspecto las CPAP automáticas podrían ser importantes no sólo como tratamiento, sino también para recomendar una presión de CPAP óptima fija

Objetivos

Definir un protocolo para evaluar el funciona-miento de una CPAP automática en un modelo mecánico; determinar el comportamiento de la CPAP automática du-rante la PSG; definir la utilidad de la CPAP automática para identificar una presión de CPAP óptima en pacientes con SAHS, y valorar la eficacia de la presión fija determinada por la CPAP automática mediante una PSG convencional

Métodos

Se realizaron cuatro protocolos utilizando el Autoset-T (AT) como modelo: a) se reprodujeron en el labo-ratorio, mediante un modelo mecánico, apneas, hipopneas, limitaciones del flujo, ronquidos y flujos normales y se com-probó la actuación del AT; b) se examinó el comportamiento de la CPAP automática en tiempo real durante una PSG rea-lizada en 12 pacientes con un SAHS severo; c) se ajustó la CPAP con AT y PSG en un grupo para comprobar su con-cordancia en 39 pacientes con SAHS, y d) se estudió la efica-cia de la presión de CPAP recomendada por el AT mediante PSG en un grupo de 14 pacientes con SAHS

Resultados

Se observó un rápido incremento en la pre-sión de CPAP con el AT en respuesta a las apneas o ronqui-dos en el modelo mecánico durante la PSG convencional (desde un valor basal de 4 cmH2O hasta una presión semióp-tima [11 ± 1 cmH2O] tardó sólo una media de 2,8 ± 3,1 min). Una vez alcanzado el flujo normal, la CPAP disminuye len-tamente y responde con mucha sensibilidad ante mínimas anormalidades, especialmente al ronquido, pero no se modi-fica ante algunos tipos de limitación de flujo. En el grupo de 39 pacientes, la presión visual obtenida del AT era similar a la recomendada por la PSG en la mayoría de los casos (71%). La PSG realizada tras un mes de utilizar la presiónde CPAP recomendada por AT detectó un número normal de apneas, hipopneas (índice de apneas-hipopneas [IAH], 6 ± 2) y despertares (10 ± 2) en los pacientes con SAHS

Conclusiones

El AT incrementa rápidamente la presión ante eventos respiratorios, mantiene un patrón respiratorio normal en la mayoría de los pacientes y el análisis visual de la presión de AT permite una correcta identificación de la presión óptima de CPAP fija para el tratamiento del SAHS

Palabras clave:
Síndrome de apnea-hipopnea del sueño
Presión positiva continua en la vía aérea (CPAP)
Ajuste de la CPAP automática
Introduction

Given the high prevalence of sleep ap-nea/hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) and great demand for con-ventional polysomnography (PSG) and long waiting lists, al-ternative means for diagnosing SAHS and titrating continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) are needed. Automatic CPAP may play a role in meeting the last objecti-ve, not only for treatment but also for suggesting the opti-mum CPAP setting

Objectives

a) To define a protocol to assess the functio-ning of an automatic CPAP device by means of a mechanical model; b) to determine the behavior of automatically adjus-ted CPAP during PSG; c) to define the usefulness of automa-tic CPAP for indicating optimal CPAP pressure for patients with SAHS; d) to evaluate the efficacy of the automatically indicated pressure setting against conventional PSG

Method

Four protocols were carried out using the Autoset-T (AT) device. 1. Apneas, hypopneas, flow limitation, snoring and normal flow were simulated in a laboratory using a mechanical model in order to check AT functioning. 2. The behavior of the automatically adjusted CPAP was ob-served in real time during PSG in 12 patients with severe SAHS. 3. The agreement of CPAP titrated with the AT and with PSG was checked in a group of 39 patients with SAHS. 4. The efficacy of the CPAP pressure recommended by the AT was checked by PSG in a group of 14 patients with SAHS

Results

With the AT, CPAP increased rapidly in res-ponse to apneas or snoring in the mechanical model and du-ring conventional PSG; it took only a mean 2.8 ± 3.1 min to rise from a baseline pressure of 4 cm H2O to a near-opti-mum pressure of 11 ± 1 cm H2O. Once normal flow was rea-ched CPAP slowly decreased, responding with great sensiti-vity to the slightest abnormality, especially snoring, but not changing in response to certain types of flow limitation. The pressure read visually on the AT was similar to the one re-commended by PSG in most of the 39 patients (71%). The PSG performed after one month of using AT-recommended CPAP titration confirmed that the number of apneas, hy-popneas (apnea/hypopnea index 6(1) and arousals (8 ± 2) was normal for these SAHS patients

Conclusions

The AT increases pressure rapidly in the presence of respiratory events and maintains a normal bre-athing pattern in most patients. Visual reading of the AT pressure allows correct identification of the optimal CPAP setting for SAHS treatment

Keywords:
Sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome
Continuous positi-ve airway pressure
Automatic titration
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
C.E. Sullivan, F. Issa, M. Berthon-Jones, L. Eves.
Reversal of obstructive sleep apnea by continuous positive airway pressure applied through the nares.
Lancet, i (1981), pp. 862-865
[2.]
T. Young, M. Palta, J. Dempsey, J. Skatrud, S. Weber, S. Badr.
The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults.
N Eng J Med, 328 (1993), pp. 1230-1235
[3.]
J. Duran, S. Esnaola, R. Rubio, A. Iztueta.
Obstructive sleep apneahypopnea and related clinical features in a population-based sample of subjects aged 30 to 70 yr.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 163 (2001), pp. 685-689
[4.]
H. Teschler, M. Berthon-Jones.
Intelligent CPAP systems: clinical experience.
Thorax, 53 (1998), pp. S49-S54
[5.]
P. Levy.
J-L Pepin. Auto-CPAP: en effective and low cost procedure in the management of OSAS?.
Eur Respir J, 12 (1998), pp. 753-755
[6.]
D.O. Rodenstein.
Automatically controlled continuous positive airway pressure. A bright past, a dubious future.
Eur Respir J, 15 (2000), pp. 985-987
[7.]
J.R. Stradling, C. Barbour, D.J. Pitson, R.J. Davies.
Automatic nasal continuous positive airway pressure titration in the laboratory: patient outcomes.
Thorax, 52 (1997), pp. 72-75
[8.]
F. Series.
Usefulness of an CPAP automatic home trial to determine the effective pressure level in sleep apnea syndrome.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 162 (2000), pp. 94-97
[9.]
D.W. Hudgel, C. Fung.
A long-term randomized, cross-over comparison of auto-titrating and standard nasal continuous airway pressure.
Sleep, 23 (2000), pp. 645-648
[10.]
F. Gagnadoux, D. Rakotonanahary, M.T. Martins de Araujo, S. Barros- Vieira, S. Fleury.
Long-term efficacy of fixed CPAP recommended by Autoset for OSAS.
Sleep, 22 (1999), pp. 1095-1099
[11.]
W.J. Randerath, O. Schraeder, W. Galetke, F. Feldmeyer, K.H. Ruhle.
Autoadjusting CPAP therapy based on impedance efficacy, compliance and acceptance.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 163 (2001), pp. 652-657
[12.]
J.M. Montserrat, R. Farre, D. Navajas.
Automatic continuous positive airway pressure devices for the treatment of sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome.
Sleep Medicine, 2 (2001), pp. 95-98
[13.]
J.M. Montserrat, R. Farre, J. Duran, J. Rigau, L. Hernandez, E. Ballester, et al.
Performance of an autoCPAP device and its utility used at home for fixed CPAP prescription in SAHS.
Eur Respir J, 18 (2001), pp. S15
[14.]
J. Amibilia, J. Barbe, F. Capote, Mangano, A. NG Jiménez, J.M. Marín, et al.
Diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea. Consensus report from the Respiratory insufficiency and Sleep Disorders Group.
Arch Bronconeumol, 31 (1995), pp. 460-462
[15.]
R. Farré, J.M. Montserrat, J. Rigau, X. Trepat, P. Pinto, D. Navajas.
Response of automatic CPAP devices to different sleep breathing patterns. A bench study.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 166 (2002), pp. 469
[16.]
M. Berthon-Jones, S. Lawrence, C.E. Sullivan, R. Grunstein.
Nasal continous positive airway pressure treatment: Current realities and future.
Sleep, 19 (1996), pp. S131-S135
[17.]
M. Montserrat, E. Ballester, H. Olivi, A. Reolid, P. Lloberes, A. Morello, et al.
Time-course of stepwise CPAP titration. Behavior of respiratory and neurological variables.
Am Rev Resp Dis, 152 (1995), pp. 1854-1859
[18.]
P. Lloberes, E. Ballester, J.M. Montserrat, E. Botifoll, A. Ramírez, A. Reolid, et al.
Comparison of manual and automatic CPAP titration in patients with sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154 (1996), pp. 1755-1758
[19.]
J. Teran-Santos, A. Jimenez-Gomez, J. Cordero-Guevara.
The association between sleep apnea and the risk of traffic accidents. Cooperative Group Burgos-Santander.
N Engl J Med, 340 (1999), pp. 847-851
[20.]
F. Barbe, J. Pericas, A. Muñoz, L. Findley, J.M. Anto, A. Agusti.
Automobile accidents in patients with sleep apnea syndrome –an epidemiological and mechanistic study.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 158 (1998), pp. 18-22
[21.]
J. Hedner, L. Grote.
The link between sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: time to target the nonsleepy sleep apneics?.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 163 (2001), pp. 5-6
[22.]
F.J. Nieto, T.B. Young, B.K. Lind, E. Sharar, J.M. Samert, S. Redline, et al.
Association of sleep disordered breathing, sleep apnea, and hypertension in a large community based study. Sleep Heart Health Study.
Jama, 283 (2000), pp. 1829-1836
[23.]
P.E. Peppard, T. Young, M. Palta, J. Skatrud.
Prospective study of the association between sleep disordered breathing and hypertension.
N Engl J Med, 342 (2000), pp. 1378-1384
Copyright © 2003. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?