array:23 [
  "pii" => "S1579212920303803"
  "issn" => "15792129"
  "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbr.2020.07.017"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2021-01-01"
  "aid" => "2582"
  "copyright" => "SEPAR"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2020"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 1
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2021;57:61-9"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => false
    "ES2" => false
    "LATM" => false
  ]
  "gratuito" => false
  "lecturas" => array:1 [
    "total" => 0
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S1579212920303190"
    "issn" => "15792129"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbr.2020.10.009"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2021-01-01"
    "aid" => "2303"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "subdocumento" => "sco"
    "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2021;57:70"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:1 [
      "total" => 0
    ]
    "en" => array:11 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Clinical Image</span>"
      "titulo" => "Paraganglioma in an unusual site"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:1 [
          "paginaInicial" => "70"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Paraganglioma de localizaci&#243;n infrecuente"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:8 [
          "identificador" => "fig0005"
          "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 454
              "Ancho" => 1500
              "Tamanyo" => 101672
            ]
          ]
          "detalles" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "at0005"
              "detalle" => "Fig&#46; "
              "rol" => "short"
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;a&#41; Image of the mediastinal mass on chest X-ray&#46; &#40;b&#41; Image of chest CT showing the mass in the middle mediastinum&#46; &#40;c&#41; Paraganglioma during surgery&#44; seen in the center of the image&#46; The trachea is located at the top and the innominate vein is above it&#46; The aorta is on the right and the pulmonary artery trunk below&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Paula Mascarell Arlandis, Luc&#237;a Zamora Molina, Juan Manuel C&#243;rcoles Padilla"
          "autores" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Paula Mascarell"
              "apellidos" => "Arlandis"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Luc&#237;a Zamora"
              "apellidos" => "Molina"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Juan Manuel C&#243;rcoles"
              "apellidos" => "Padilla"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "Traduccion" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:9 [
        "pii" => "S0300289619303990"
        "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2019.10.007"
        "estado" => "S300"
        "subdocumento" => ""
        "abierto" => array:3 [
          "ES" => true
          "ES2" => true
          "LATM" => true
        ]
        "gratuito" => true
        "lecturas" => array:1 [
          "total" => 0
        ]
        "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
        "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0300289619303990?idApp=UINPBA00003Z"
      ]
    ]
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212920303190?idApp=UINPBA00003Z"
    "url" => "/15792129/0000005700000001/v2_202102030751/S1579212920303190/v2_202102030751/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S1579212920303797"
    "issn" => "15792129"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbr.2020.07.016"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2021-01-01"
    "aid" => "2579"
    "copyright" => "SEPAR"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2021;57:51-60"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:1 [
      "total" => 0
    ]
    "en" => array:14 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Article</span>"
      "titulo" => "Preoperative Body Weight and Albumin Predict Survival in Patients With Resectable Lung Neoplasms&#58; Role of COPD"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => array:3 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "en"
        2 => "es"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "51"
          "paginaFinal" => "60"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "El peso corporal preoperatorio y la alb&#250;mina predicen la supervivencia en pacientes con neoplasias de pulm&#243;n resecables&#58; el papel de la EPOC"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "en" => true
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 1
        "multimedia" => array:5 [
          "identificador" => "fig0045"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => false
          "mostrarDisplay" => true
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "fx1.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 990
              "Ancho" => 1333
              "Tamanyo" => 112015
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Jun Tang, V&#237;ctor Curull, Daniel Ramis-Cabrer, Xavier Duran, Alberto Rodr&#237;guez-Fuster, Rafael Aguil&#243;, Esther Barreiro"
          "autores" => array:7 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Jun"
              "apellidos" => "Tang"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "V&#237;ctor"
              "apellidos" => "Curull"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Daniel"
              "apellidos" => "Ramis-Cabrer"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Xavier"
              "apellidos" => "Duran"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Alberto"
              "apellidos" => "Rodr&#237;guez-Fuster"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Rafael"
              "apellidos" => "Aguil&#243;"
            ]
            6 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Esther"
              "apellidos" => "Barreiro"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "resumen" => array:1 [
        0 => array:3 [
          "titulo" => "Graphical abstract"
          "clase" => "graphical"
          "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0045"></elsevierMultimedia></p></span>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212920303797?idApp=UINPBA00003Z"
    "url" => "/15792129/0000005700000001/v2_202102030751/S1579212920303797/v2_202102030751/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:20 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Article</span>"
    "titulo" => "Prevalence and Determinants of COPD in Spain&#58; EPISCAN II"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => true
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "61"
        "paginaFinal" => "69"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "Joan B&#46; Soriano, Inmaculada Alfageme, Marc Miravitlles, Pilar de Lucas, Juan Jos&#233; Soler-Catalu&#241;a, Francisco Garc&#237;a-R&#237;o, Ciro Casanova, Jos&#233; Miguel Rodr&#237;guez Gonz&#225;lez-Moro, Borja G&#46; Cos&#237;o, Guadalupe S&#225;nchez, Julio Ancochea"
        "autores" => array:11 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "Joan B&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Soriano"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "jbsoriano2@gmail.com"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:3 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
              2 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Inmaculada"
            "apellidos" => "Alfageme"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0015"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Marc"
            "apellidos" => "Miravitlles"
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0020"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          3 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Pilar"
            "apellidos" => "de Lucas"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0025"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          4 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Juan Jos&#233;"
            "apellidos" => "Soler-Catalu&#241;a"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0030"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          5 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Francisco"
            "apellidos" => "Garc&#237;a-R&#237;o"
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">g</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0035"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          6 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Ciro"
            "apellidos" => "Casanova"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">h</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0040"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          7 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Jos&#233; Miguel"
            "apellidos" => "Rodr&#237;guez Gonz&#225;lez-Moro"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">i</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0045"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          8 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Borja G&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Cos&#237;o"
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">j</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0050"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          9 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Guadalupe"
            "apellidos" => "S&#225;nchez"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">k</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0055"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          10 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Julio"
            "apellidos" => "Ancochea"
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:11 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumolog&#237;a&#44; Hospital Universitario La Princesa&#44; Universidad Aut&#243;noma de Madrid&#44; Madrid&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "a"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Centro de Investigaci&#243;n en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias &#40;CIBERES&#41;&#44; Instituto de Salud Carlos III &#40;ISCIII&#41;&#44; Madrid&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "b"
            "identificador" => "aff0010"
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Unidad de Gesti&#243;n Cl&#237;nica de Neumolog&#237;a&#44; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme&#44; Universidad de Sevilla&#44; Sevilla&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "c"
            "identificador" => "aff0015"
          ]
          3 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumolog&#237;a&#44; Hospital Universitari Vall d&#8217;Hebron&#44; Barcelona&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "d"
            "identificador" => "aff0020"
          ]
          4 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumolog&#237;a&#44; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara&#241;&#243;n&#44; Instituto de Investigaci&#243;n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara&#241;&#243;n&#44; Madrid&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "e"
            "identificador" => "aff0025"
          ]
          5 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumolog&#237;a&#44; Hospital Arnau de Vilanova-Lliria&#44; Valencia&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "f"
            "identificador" => "aff0030"
          ]
          6 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumolog&#237;a&#44; Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ&#44; Madrid&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "g"
            "identificador" => "aff0035"
          ]
          7 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumolog&#237;a-Unidad de Investigaci&#243;n Hospital Universitario Nuestra Se&#241;ora de La Candelaria&#44; Universidad de La Laguna&#44; Tenerife&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "h"
            "identificador" => "aff0040"
          ]
          8 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumolog&#237;a&#44; Hospital Universitario de Alcal&#225; de Henares&#44; Madrid&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "i"
            "identificador" => "aff0045"
          ]
          9 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumolog&#237;a&#44; Hospital Universitario Son Espases-IdISBa&#44; Palma de Mallorca&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "j"
            "identificador" => "aff0050"
          ]
          10 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Departamento M&#233;dico&#44; GSK&#44; Tres Cantos&#44; Madrid&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "k"
            "identificador" => "aff0055"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
            "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "Prevalencia y determinantes de la EPOC en Espa&#241;a&#58; EPISCAN II"
      ]
    ]
    "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
      "original" => 1
      "multimedia" => array:5 [
        "identificador" => "fig0020"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "fx1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 674
            "Ancho" => 1333
            "Tamanyo" => 78912
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41; is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the World and in Spain&#46; Its economic impact is high&#44; due in part to underdiagnosis that results in most patients going undetected and reaching advanced disease stages while receiving inappropriate treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> In clinical practice&#44; the diagnosis of COPD is based on the assessment of exposure to tobacco smoke and other noxious gases&#44; the presence of respiratory symptoms and chronic airflow limitation&#44; documented with post-bronchodilator &#40;post-BD&#41; spirometry&#46; Airflow limitation&#44; measured by the ratio of post-BD FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC and other spirometric indices&#44; provides important information for optimizing disease management and establishing severity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> COPD screening should be considered in any individual who presents respiratory symptoms and who has been exposed to risk factors&#44; the most important of which is smoking&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two studies conducted ten years apart in Spain&#44; IBERPOC and EPISCAN&#44; determined a 9&#46;1&#37; prevalence of COPD in the general Spanish population aged 40&#8211;69 years in 1997&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> and a 10&#46;2&#37; in the 40&#8211;80-year age range in 2007&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Other studies&#44; such as PLATINO&#44; found an even higher prevalence &#40;14&#46;3&#37;&#41; in various Latin American capitals&#44; also in individuals aged over 40 years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> Despite these figures&#44; COPD is still a disease with high rates of underdiagnosis&#58; estimated rates in Spain were 78&#37; in 1997 and 73&#37; in 2007&#46; The consequence is that diagnosis is made at more advanced disease stages&#44; when the risk of exacerbations and mortality is higher&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Global mortality estimates indicate that COPD was the fifth cause of death in 1990&#44; and by 2010 it had already become the third cause of death&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#8211;12</span></a> so an early diagnosis is of vital importance&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A new epidemiological study was conducted to update data on the prevalence and determinants of COPD in all 17 regions in Spain&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> The primary objective of EPISCAN II was to estimate the prevalence and determinants of COPD&#44; and their distribution in the general population of Spain aged 40 years or older&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Methods</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The full protocol of EPISCAN II is based upon the EPISCAN study&#44; and has been summarized elsewhere&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Briefly&#44; EPISCAN II is a national&#44; multicentre&#44; cross-sectional&#44; population-based epidemiological study&#46; Study subjects were selected from the general population of Spain who were resident in the postal code areas nearest to the participating hospitals&#46; The 20 participating hospitals were selected from all 17 autonomous communities &#40;regions&#41;&#46; The inclusion criteria were as follows&#58; men or women aged 40 years or more&#44; resident in Spain&#44; with no physical or cognitive difficulties that would prevent them from completing spirometry or any of the study procedures&#46; Participants attended either a short- or long-visit in the hospital centre&#46; The study population was divided into two cohorts&#44; depending on the results of the post-BD spirometry&#58; patients with COPD &#40;FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7&#41; and non-COPD individuals &#40;FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Field work was undertaken from April 2017 to February 2019&#46; The study was approved by the ethics committee &#40;EC&#41; of each of the participating centres&#44; with the EC of the Hospital Universitario La Princesa acting as the reference committee&#46; All participants signed an informed consent&#46; The EPISCAN II protocol is registered at <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/">https&#58;&#47;&#47;clinicaltrials&#46;gov</a> with the No&#46; <a href="ctgov:NCT03028207">NCT03028207</a> and at <a href="http://www.gsk-clinicalstudyregister.com/study/205932">www&#46;gsk-clinicalstudyregister&#46;com&#47;study&#47;205932</a>&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Selection of participants</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Study sampling was conducted using a pre-selected list of the post codes closest to each hospital&#46; A list of random telephone numbers was obtained&#44; stratified according to these post codes and quotas for sex and age groups&#44; all according to the latest EU directives on data protection and privacy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Variables and procedures</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the first telephone call&#44; the subject was informed about confidentiality and data protection&#44; and if they agreed to respond&#44; they were asked questions about their cohabitants&#44; confirmation of the post code for assignment of the nearest hospital&#44; previous diagnoses of respiratory disease &#40;chronic bronchitis&#44; emphysema&#44; COPD&#44; or asthma&#41;&#44; smoking habit &#40;smoker and number of cigarettes&#44; never-smoker&#44; former smoker and number of cigarettes&#41; and presence of cough or expectoration&#46; During the second telephone call&#44; conducted by the investigator from the hospital&#44; a survey was administered with questions on the previous diagnosis of respiratory diseases&#44; smoking habit&#44; and the presence of other symptoms associated with COPD&#46; The variables collected during the visit with the healthcare professional provided a comprehensive profile of both non-COPD individuals who were selected for the study visit&#44; and&#44; in particular&#44; participants in the COPD group&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Information were collected on age&#44; sex&#44; level of education&#44; family conditions&#44; weight and height&#44; and conventional use of tobacco &#40;cigarettes&#44; pipe&#44; cigar&#41; or use of other modes of delivery &#40;electronic cigarette&#44; chewing tobacco&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other questionnaires included&#58; COPD Assessment Test &#40;CAT&#41;&#59; Hospital anxiety and depression scale &#40;HADS&#41;&#59; Yale Physical Activity Questionnaire &#40;YPAS&#41;&#59; European Coal and Steel Community Questionnaire on respiratory symptoms&#59; Questions on exposure to dust and fumes in the workplace&#59; Mini-Mental State Questionnaire&#46;&#40;administered only to participants 60 years of age or older&#41;&#59; Fagerstr&#246;m test&#59; and Prochaska&#39;s Stages of Change&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lung Function and Clinical Tests conducted for the entire sample included&#58; Baseline pulse oximetry&#59; Forced spirometry&#59; and assessment of multicomponent indices and comorbidities&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Lung function and clinical tests &#40;for the entire sample&#41;</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Baseline pulse oximetry</span> was determined using a Pulsox 300i &#40;Konica-Minolta&#44; Japan&#41; pulsioxymeter and the fraction of carbon monoxide &#40;CO&#41; in exhaled air was determined with aco-oxymeter &#40;MicroCO&#44; Carefusion&#44; UK&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Forced spirometry</span> was performed using a pneumotachograph &#40;Vyntus Spiro&#44; Carefusion&#44; Germany&#41;&#44; according to standardized procedures as indicated by SEPAR guidance<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> and Global Lung Function Initiative &#40;GLI&#41; equations were used as reference value&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Bronchodilator test was conducted with the inhalation of 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g salbutamol&#46; According to the ATS&#47;ERS guidelines&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> criteria for bronchodilation were an increase in FVC or FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml and greater than 12&#37; compared to the baseline value&#46; Only spirometries with quality grades A-C were accepted for analysis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Airflow limitation was defined as a postbronchodilator FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC ratio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7 &#40;or alternatively also expressed as an FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>lower limit of normal &#40;LLN&#41;&#41;&#46; Underdiagnosis of COPD by age&#44; sex and area was defined as the percentage of those not reporting a previous diagnosis of COPD&#44; chronic bronchitis or emphysema among those with airflow limitation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Multicomponent indices and comorbidities</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to have a better characterization of the population&#44; comorbidities were quantified by means of&#58; the Charlson index &#40;19 comorbidities&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#59; the COTE index &#40;12 comorbidities&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#59; and previous diagnosis of other respiratory diseases&#46; As multicomponent indices&#44; BODE and BODEx were calculated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to data from the 2011 Census of Population and Dwellings&#44; published by the National Institute of Statistics&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> the population of Spain aged 40 years or more comprises 23&#44;957&#44;645 individuals&#46; Taking into account the 10&#46;2&#37; prevalence of COPD found in the EPISCAN study&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> an a priori sample size calculation estimated with an accuracy of &#177;0&#46;6&#37; and a 10&#37; dropout rate&#44; that approximately 10&#44;200 eligible individuals were needed to be included in the study&#46; Therefore&#44; between 300 and 600 participants &#40;150&#8211;300 men and 150&#8211;300 women&#41; were included in each site&#46; The geographic information system inverse distance weighted &#40;IDW&#41; interpolation technique was used for mapping the spatial distribution of epidemiological variables&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> The statistical and analysis plan are available elsewhere&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> A level of significance of 0&#46;05 was used for all statistical tests performed on the study variables&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Results</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Overall&#44; a total of 12&#44;825 subjects were initially contacted by phone&#44; and 9433 &#40;73&#46;6&#37;&#41; agreed to be seen in the hospital&#44; as per <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#46; The final sample of 9092 participants&#44; compared to non-participants was on average two years younger&#44; less frequently women&#44; less frequently diagnosed of COPD&#44; chronic bronchitis or emphysema&#44; but more frequently diagnosed of asthma &#40;all <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#59; on smoking exposure&#44; the percentage of current smokers was similar&#44; although with more ex-smokers&#44; and overall consumed more pack-years &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>all <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; &#40;data not shown&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Out of 9433 subjects included and seen in hospital&#44; 9092 &#40;96&#46;4&#37;&#41; performed valid spirometry &#40;A&#44; B or C quality&#41;&#44; and represent an overall response rate of 70&#46;9&#37;&#46; Baseline characteristics of participants were&#58; 52&#46;6&#37; women&#44; mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD age 60&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;1 years&#44; 19&#46;8&#37; current smokers and 34&#46;2&#37; former smokers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Clinical and COPD characteristics</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As per the primary analysis&#44; 1077 out of 9092 participants were considered COPD&#44; while 8015 were not&#44; with a prevalence of 11&#46;8&#37; &#40;95&#37; C&#46;I&#46; 11&#46;2&#8211;12&#46;5&#41;&#46; By sex&#44; prevalence was 14&#46;6&#37; &#40;95&#37; C&#46;I&#46; 13&#46;5&#8211;15&#46;7&#41; in males and 9&#46;4&#37; &#40;95&#37; C&#46;I&#46; 8&#46;6&#8211;10&#46;2&#41; in females&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cases with COPD were a mean of seven years older&#44; less frequently female &#40;41&#46;6&#37; vs&#46; 54&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#44; of lower attained education&#44; and were more frequently current- and former-smokers than controls &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; although the number of cigarettes and pack-years in non-COPD participants was substantial &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 1</a>&#41;&#59; reported use of e-cigarettes&#44; &#40;7&#46;0&#37; vs&#46; 5&#46;5&#37;&#41; was significantly different &#40;0&#46;0450&#41;&#46; There were also significant differences versus participants without COPD in all respiratory and other clinical variables&#44; including living alone&#44; previous respiratory diagnoses&#44; respiratory symptoms&#44; more comorbidities with the Charlson index&#44; greater BODE and COTE scores&#44; cognitive impairment&#44; and depression HADS &#40;all <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; except for BMI &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5482&#41; and Anxiety HADS &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4112&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Lung function and COPD underdiagnosis</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As expected&#44; COPD prevalence increased by age in both men and women&#44; and the greatest prevalence was observed in those 80 years and older&#44; with a prevalence of 26&#46;1&#37; &#40;95&#37; C&#46;I&#46; 20&#46;9&#8211;31&#46;9&#41; in women and of 34&#46;7&#37; &#40;95&#37; C&#46;I&#46; 28&#46;1&#8211;41&#46;6&#41; in men &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; There was a high variability &#40;2&#46;4-fold&#41; among the 17 regions&#44; with a minimum prevalence of 7&#46;1&#37; in Asturias and a maximum of 17&#46;3&#37; in Catalonia &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 2</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; Estimates of the prevalence of COPD according to the LLN were 6&#46;0&#37; &#40;95&#37; C&#46;I&#46; 5&#46;5&#8211;6&#46;5&#41; overall&#44; by sex being 7&#46;1&#37; &#40;95&#37; C&#46;I 6&#46;4&#8211;8&#46;0&#41; in males and 4&#46;9&#37; &#40;95&#37; C&#46;I&#46; 4&#46;3&#8211;5&#46;6&#41; in females &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; Underdiagnosis of COPD was 74&#46;7&#37;&#44; higher in women than in men &#40;80&#46;6&#37; vs&#46; 70&#46;4&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; yet again with a high variability by region &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; COPD overdiagnosis was overall low &#40;2&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#46; Underdiagnosis of COPD measured by the LLN was 61&#46;0&#37;&#44; again higher in women than in men &#40;78&#46;4&#37; vs&#46; 68&#46;6&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; yet again with a high variability by region&#46; However&#44; according to the LLN there were no statistically significant differences in the autonomous communities compared to the total &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Discussion</span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Main findings</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adhering to the compromise in global health agendas of an expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases&#44; sound evidence on trends and determinants of COPD at the national and international levels are essential&#46; In here&#44; EPISCAN II updates previous findings and includes new estimates and trends on COPD prevalence in Spain&#46; The confirmation that COPD is one of the most prevalent conditions &#40;more than one in ten&#41; in the general population&#44; found in all ages from young adults to the very elderly&#44; and that is more frequent in men but with an increasing burden in women&#44; yet with a regional variability &#40;2&#46;4-fold&#41; of a similar magnitude than asthma&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> will set ground for further Public Health interventions&#46; Note that a previous diagnosis of asthma was two-fold higher in those with COPD &#40;16&#46;9&#37;&#41; than without &#40;6&#46;7&#37;&#41; in this study&#46; Regrettably our efforts to reduce COPD underdiagnosis&#44; appear not enough&#44; as three out of four individuals with objective airflow limitation compatible with COPD reported no medical diagnosis previously&#44; therefore suffering unnecessary individual and population burden&#44; as COPD is considered a preventable and treatable disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Previous literature</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The so-called shoe-leather epidemiology<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> is essential to monitor trends of chronic diseases&#44; as populations change&#44; but diseases and risk factors also change&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Direct comparison with previous estimates of spirometry in Spain will require of further analyses&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> as age thresholds differ&#44; spirometers and guidelines have changed&#44; and even interpretation of respiratory manoeuvres has evolved&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> However&#44; compared with the first EPISCAN&#44; an increase of COPD in women is seen in the overlapping age strata from age 50 years and onwards &#40;3&#46;2&#37; vs 3&#46;2&#37; in 40&#8211;49 yrs&#46;&#44; 4&#46;5&#37; vs 6&#46;6&#37; in 50&#8211;59 yrs&#46;&#44; 7&#46;6&#37; vs 10&#46;0&#37; in 60&#8211;69 yrs&#46;&#44; and 10&#46;8&#37; vs 14&#46;5&#37; in 70&#8211;79 yrs&#46;&#41;&#44; which is a new reminder of the growing toll of women catching up with men in cigarette smoking&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Of note&#44; Spain is considered to be in phase IIIb of the tobacco epidemic&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> but new forms of smoking&#44; including the health effects of vaping and heat-not-burn products such as IQOS&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> should be actively assessed&#46; Our finding of reported use of e-cigarettes&#44; in 7&#46;0&#37; of COPD cases but also in 5&#46;5&#37; of non-COPD participants is worrying&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> Exploring the asthma and COPD overlap&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> or those with preserved ratio impaired spirometry &#40;PRISm&#41;&#44; alternatively known as restrictive&#44; unclassified spirometry&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> are just a few of the pre-established analyses scheduled with EPISCAN II&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> all beyond the scope of this manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our finding of a 74&#46;7&#37; underdiagnosis of COPD in Spain should be put into perspective&#44; as it is no better than the 73&#37; in 1997&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> and only marginally different than the 78&#37; seen in 2007<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#59; these are unwelcome news in our global effort to reduce COPD unmet burden&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;35</span></a> where new strategies might be field tested and then implemented&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> The 80&#46;6&#37; underdiagnosis in Spanish women&#44; ten points higher than the 74&#46;6&#37; observed in men&#44; confirms previous findings of higher female underdiagnosis in Spain&#44; which is at odds with observations elsewhere&#44; where male COPD underdiagnosis prevails&#44; and to date its reasons appear elusive&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> There were substantial differences in the variability of COPD underdiagnosis by Autonomous Community&#44; total&#44; and by sex&#44; with percentages ranging from the 35&#37; only in men in La Rioja and up to 100&#37; in women in Castilla-La Mancha &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; Given that a common protocol was identical in all sites&#44; and that these findings might be outlier values but not errors&#44; the determinants of these differences will be specifically explored in already planned analyses of EPISCAN II&#46; However&#44; for the record indeed La Rioja has an advanced system of COPD screening according to the National Strategy&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> and they apply a near systematic population case-finding and screening&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are few studies that &#8220;medicalize&#8221; new COPD diagnoses &#40;or airflow limitation&#41; after a population spirometric study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39&#44;40</span></a> Perhaps the most relevant is the one by Llord&#233;s et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a> They conducted spirometry in 1738 population smokers aged 45 years or older&#46; All those newly diagnosed with COPD&#44; defined as post-BD FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7&#44; were tested with a 4-week treatment with formoterol and budesonide&#46; The prevalence of COPD was 24&#46;3&#37; &#40;95&#37;&#44; CI 22&#46;3&#8211;26&#46;4&#41;&#44; with an overall underdiagnosis of 56&#46;7&#37;&#46; After 4 weeks of treatment&#44; 16&#37; of initially obstructed patients had normal spirometry&#59; in addition&#44; 15&#46;6&#37; of individuals with a diagnosis of COPD did not sustain airflow obstruction&#44; while 84&#46;4&#37; did&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Strengths and limitations</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">EPISCAN II has several strengths&#44; as it is consistent and even surpasses previous studies in Spain &#40;IBERPOC and EPISCAN&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> namely&#58; By assessing all 17 regions in Spain&#44; we were able to produce a complete map of the distribution of COPD and its determinants for the first time&#46; We did not establish an upper age limit for surveying&#44; as population growth and ageing&#44; particularly affecting women&#44; is a global trend<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&#59; high quality spirometry was applied to nearly 10&#44;000 individuals&#44; that was centrally monitored for quality&#44; and adhered to the strictest international guidance and protocols&#44; as with all other measurements&#46; Indeed&#44; the oldest participant in EPISCAN II was a woman aged 98 years old from Extremadura&#44; with spirometry quality graded B&#46; Given the large sample size and high response rate&#44; it can be considered that the final sample of participants is representative of the Spanish population older than 40 years&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; a number of limitations are worth considering&#58; Most areas surveyed were urban&#44; and although 90&#37;&#43; of the Spanish population live in cities&#44; the unmet burden in rural areas is expected to be high but under-represented in here&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Like all COPD epidemiological studies&#44; diagnosis is based solely on spirometry &#40;airflow limitation&#41; and this may cause other obstructive diseases than COPD itself to be included here&#59; same token&#44; there is a high proportion of participants &#40;7&#46;9&#37;&#41; with a self-reported diagnosis of asthma&#46; At the population level there are no studies that quantify the so-called &#8216;clinical COPD&#8217;&#44; as the thresholds to determine which symptoms and which exposures define it are even more diffuse than those of airflow limitation&#46; Therefore&#44; for consistency with the design of other epidemiological studies on COPD internationally &#40;BOLD&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> etc&#46;&#41; and the previous ones in Spain &#40;IBERPOC&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> EPISCAN<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#41; the same design is maintained&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Future perspective</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Better defining and grading obstructive airway diseases&#44; and COPD in particular&#44; is a long quest&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> The GOLD initiative has been modifying definitions&#44; thresholds of spirometry and staging classifications in its several iterations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> New&#44; recent evidence from COPDGene proposed the combination of four COPD domains&#58; environmental exposure &#40;cigarette smoking&#41;&#44; clinical symptoms &#40;dyspnoea and&#47;or chronic bronchitis&#41;&#44; chest CT imaging abnormalities&#44; and abnormal spirometry&#59; this new staging was strongly associated with spirometric disease progression &#40;FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>350<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml loss over 5 years&#41;&#44; and all-cause mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> We strongly believe that the COPDGene proposal of possible&#44; probable&#44; and definite COPD will help to advance COPD research and medicine&#44; just as a similar proposal with symptoms&#44; EKG&#44; enzymes helped ischaemic heart disease previously&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conclude that COPD remains a major&#44; common cause of disease in the general population&#44; yet with substantial variability by age&#44; sex&#44; and geography&#44; among other determinants&#46; There is significant unmet need of airflow limitation at the individual and population levels&#46; Last but not least&#44; efforts to reduce COPD underdiagnosis&#44; and the toll of cigarettes and of other old and new ways of smoking&#44; should be streamlined&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Funding</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">EPISCAN II is a <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">GSK</span> sponsored study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Individual ICJME forms are appended to this submission&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
      "secciones" => array:12 [
        0 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres1459536"
          "titulo" => "Graphical abstract"
          "secciones" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "identificador" => "abst0005"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres1459534"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0010"
              "titulo" => "Background"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0015"
              "titulo" => "Methods"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0020"
              "titulo" => "Results"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0025"
              "titulo" => "Conclusions"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        2 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1330200"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
        ]
        3 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres1459535"
          "titulo" => "Resumen"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0030"
              "titulo" => "Antecedentes"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0035"
              "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0040"
              "titulo" => "Resultados"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0045"
              "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1330199"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
        ]
        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        6 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Methods"
          "secciones" => array:5 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Selection of participants"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Variables and procedures"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Lung function and clinical tests &#40;for the entire sample&#41;"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Multicomponent indices and comorbidities"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Statistical analysis"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        7 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0040"
          "titulo" => "Results"
          "secciones" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0045"
              "titulo" => "Clinical and COPD characteristics"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0050"
              "titulo" => "Lung function and COPD underdiagnosis"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        8 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0055"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0060"
              "titulo" => "Main findings"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0065"
              "titulo" => "Previous literature"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0070"
              "titulo" => "Strengths and limitations"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0075"
              "titulo" => "Future perspective"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0080"
          "titulo" => "Funding"
        ]
        10 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0085"
          "titulo" => "Conflict of interest"
        ]
        11 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2020-05-27"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2020-07-22"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1330200"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "COPD"
            1 => "EPISCAN"
            2 => "Spain"
            3 => "Spirometry"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1330199"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "EPOC"
            1 => "EPISCAN"
            2 => "Espa&#241;a"
            3 => "Espirometr&#237;a"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Background</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Two previous national epidemiological studies&#44; IBERPOC in 1997 and EPISCAN in 2007&#44; determined the COPD burden in Spain&#46; Changes in demographics and exposure to risk factors demand the periodic update of COPD prevalence and its determinants&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">EPISCAN II aimed to estimate the prevalence of COPD in the general population aged 40 years or older in all 17 regions of Spain&#46; A random population screening sample&#44; requiring 600 participants per region performed a questionnaire plus post-bronchodilator &#40;post-BD&#41; spirometry&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 12&#44;825 subjects were initially contacted&#44; and 9433 &#40;73&#46;6&#37;&#41; agreed to participate&#44; of whom 9092 performed a valid spirometry&#46; Baseline characteristics were&#58; 52&#46;6&#37; women&#44; mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD age 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11 years&#44; 19&#46;8&#37; current- and 34&#46;2&#37; former-smokers&#46; The prevalence of COPD measured by post-BD fixed ratio FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7 was 11&#46;8&#37; &#40;95&#37; C&#46;I&#46; 11&#46;2&#8211;12&#46;5&#41; with a high variability by region &#40;2&#46;4-fold&#41;&#46; Prevalence was 14&#46;6&#37; &#40;95&#37; C&#46;I&#46; 13&#46;5&#8211;15&#46;7&#41; in males and 9&#46;4&#37; &#40;95&#37; C&#46;I&#46; 8&#46;6&#8211;10&#46;2&#41; in females&#59; according to the lower limit of normal &#40;LLN&#41; was 6&#46;0&#37; &#40;95&#37; C&#46;I&#46; 5&#46;5&#8211;6&#46;5&#41; overall&#44; by sex being 7&#46;1&#37; &#40;95&#37; C&#46;I&#46; 6&#46;4&#8211;8&#46;0&#41; in males and 4&#46;9&#37; &#40;95&#37; C&#46;I&#46; 4&#46;3&#8211;5&#46;6&#41; in females&#46; Underdiagnosis of COPD was 74&#46;7&#37;&#46; Cases with COPD were a mean of seven years older&#44; more frequently male&#44; of lower attained education&#44; and with more smokers than the non-COPD population &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; However&#44; the number of cigarettes and pack-years in non-COPD participants was substantial&#44; as it was the reported use of e-cigarettes &#40;7&#46;0&#37; vs&#46; 5&#46;5&#37;&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;045&#41;&#46; There were also significant social and clinical differences including living alone&#44; previous respiratory diagnoses&#44; more comorbidities measured with the Charlson index&#44; greater BODE and COTE scores&#44; cognitive impairment&#44; and depression &#40;all <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">COPD remains prevalent in Spain and frequently underdiagnosed&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Background"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Antecedentes</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dos estudios epidemiol&#243;gicos nacionales anteriores&#44; IBERPOC en 1997 y EPISCAN en 2007&#44; determinaron la carga de EPOC en Espa&#241;a&#46; Los cambios en la demograf&#237;a y la exposici&#243;n a factores de riesgo exigen una actualizaci&#243;n peri&#243;dica de la prevalencia de EPOC y sus determinantes&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">EPISCAN II tuvo como objetivo estimar la prevalencia de EPOC en la poblaci&#243;n general de 40 a&#241;os o m&#225;s en las 17 Comunidades Aut&#243;nomas de Espa&#241;a&#46; Una muestra aleatoria de poblaci&#243;n para cribado&#44; que requiri&#243; 600 participantes por regi&#243;n&#44; realiz&#243; un cuestionario y una espirometr&#237;a tras la administraci&#243;n de un broncodilatador &#40;post-BD&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Resultados</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Un total de 12&#46;825 sujetos fueron contactados inicialmente&#44; y 9&#46;433 &#40;73&#44;6&#37;&#41; aceptaron participar&#44; de los cuales 9&#46;092 realizaron una espirometr&#237;a v&#225;lida&#46; Las caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas basales fueron&#58; un 52&#44;6&#37; eran mujeres&#44; la edad media &#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DE era de 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11 a&#241;os&#44; un 19&#44;8&#37; eran fumadores activos y un 34&#44;2&#37; eran exfumadores&#46; La prevalencia de EPOC medida por el criterio de cociente fijo post-BD FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;7 fue del 11&#44;8&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 11&#44;2-12&#44;5&#41; con una alta variabilidad por regi&#243;n &#40;2&#44;4 veces&#41;&#46; La prevalencia fue del 14&#44;6&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 13&#44;5-15&#44;7&#41; en varones y del 9&#44;4&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 8&#44;6-10&#44;2&#41; en mujeres&#59; considerando el l&#237;mite inferior de la normalidad &#40;LIN&#41;&#44; fue del 6&#44;0&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 5&#44;5-6&#44;5&#41; en la muestra global y&#44; por sexos&#44; del 7&#44;1&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 6&#44;4-8&#44;0&#41; en varones y del 4&#44;9&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 4&#44;3-5&#44;6&#41; en mujeres&#46; El infradiagn&#243;stico de la EPOC fue del 74&#44;7&#37;&#46; Los casos con EPOC ten&#237;an de media 7 a&#241;os m&#225;s&#44; eran con mayor frecuencia varones&#44; ten&#237;an menor nivel educativo y hab&#237;a m&#225;s fumadores que en la poblaci&#243;n sin EPOC &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; Sin embargo&#44; el n&#250;mero de cigarrillos y paquetes&#47;a&#241;o en los participantes que no ten&#237;an EPOC fue sustancial&#44; como tambi&#233;n fue elevado el uso de cigarrillos electr&#243;nicos &#40;7&#44;0 vs&#46; 5&#44;5&#37;&#41; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;045&#41;&#46; Tambi&#233;n hubo diferencias sociales y cl&#237;nicas significativas que incluyeron&#58; vivir solo&#44; diagn&#243;sticos previos de enfermedad respiratoria&#44; m&#225;s comorbilidades medidas con el &#237;ndice de Charlson&#44; puntuaciones m&#225;s altas en el &#237;ndice BODE y la escala COTE&#44; deterioro cognitivo y depresi&#243;n &#40;todos p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La EPOC sigue siendo prevalente en Espa&#241;a y con frecuencia est&#225; infradiagnosticada&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Antecedentes"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0045"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "apendice" => array:1 [
      0 => array:1 [
        "seccion" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "apendice" => "<p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0040"></elsevierMultimedia></p>"
            "etiqueta" => "Appendix A"
            "titulo" => "Principal investigators&#44; collaborators and participating centres"
            "identificador" => "sec0090"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:8 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1196
            "Ancho" => 2507
            "Tamanyo" => 165422
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">STROBE flow diagram of participants and non-participants in EPISCAN II until spirometry &#40;short visit&#41; and low-dose CT scan &#40;long visit&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 2370
            "Ancho" => 2167
            "Tamanyo" => 245455
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prevalence of COPD by age and sex according to the fixed ratio FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7 or the lower limit of normal &#40;LLN&#41; in&#58; A&#41; Women and B&#41; Men&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 3449
            "Ancho" => 2167
            "Tamanyo" => 204823
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Map of the prevalence of airflow limitation in Spain by Autonomous Community&#44; measured as a fixed ratio in &#40;A&#41; women&#59; and &#40;B&#41; men&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at1"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CB &#40;chronic bronchitis&#41; or E &#40;emphysema&#41;&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">COPD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Non-COPD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">All&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1077&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8015&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9092&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gender&#44; women&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">448 &#40;41&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4333 &#40;54&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4781 &#40;52&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age&#44; mean</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#177;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">66&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BMI&#44; mean</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#177;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;5482&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Smoking history&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Smoker&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">333 &#40;30&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1465 &#40;18&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1798 &#40;19&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ex-smoker&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">453 &#40;42&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2659 &#40;33&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3112 &#40;34&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Never smoker&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">291 &#40;27&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3891 &#40;48&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4182 &#40;46&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pack-years &#40;smokers and ex-smokers&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>28&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>22&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Use of e-cigarettes&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">55 &#40;7&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">215 &#40;5&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">270 &#40;5&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0450&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Education&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Less than primary school&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41 &#40;3&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">141 &#40;1&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">182 &#40;2&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Primary school&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">284 &#40;26&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1658 &#40;20&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1942 &#40;21&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Secondary school&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">262 &#40;24&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1729 &#40;21&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1991 &#40;21&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>University degree&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">485 &#40;45&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4455 &#40;55&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4940 &#40;54&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lives alone&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">211 &#40;19&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1197 &#40;14&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1408 &#40;15&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Spirometry &#40;post-BD&#41;&#44; mean</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#177;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FVC &#40;L&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FVC &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">99&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">101&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">101&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;L&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">103&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">78&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">6</span> &#40;L&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">6</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">94&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">101&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Quality of spirometry&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">845 &#40;78&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5900 &#40;73&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6745 &#40;74&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">202 &#40;18&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1905 &#40;23&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2107 &#40;23&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29 &#40;2&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">210 &#40;2&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">239 &#40;2&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Missing&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dyspnoea MRC&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">539 &#40;50&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6097 &#40;76&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6636 &#40;73&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">373 &#40;34&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1601 &#40;20&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1974 &#40;21&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">116 &#40;10&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">232 &#40;2&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">348 &#40;3&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41 &#40;3&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59 &#40;0&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100 &#40;1&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;0&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;0&#46;01&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;0&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Previous Dx of COPD&#44; CB or E&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">273 &#40;25&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">208 &#40;2&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">481 &#40;5&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Chronic cough&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">311 &#40;30&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1089 &#40;14&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1400 &#40;15&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Expectoration&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">288 &#40;27&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">858 &#40;11&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1146 &#40;13&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Wheezing&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">583 &#40;54&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2435 &#40;30&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3018 &#40;33&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT score&#44; mean</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#177;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;07 &#40;6&#46;78&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;99 &#40;5&#46;56&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;36 &#40;5&#46;81&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Previous Dx of asthma&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">182 &#40;16&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">535 &#40;6&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">717 &#40;7&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Charlson comorbidity index</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;68<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;31<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">COTE index</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;01<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mini-Mental MEC</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#60;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">30&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25 &#40;3&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90 &#40;2&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">115 &#40;3&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0324&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Anxiety HADS&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;4112&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No &#40;0&#8211;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">770 &#40;72&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5831 &#40;73&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6601 &#40;73&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Possible anxiety &#40;8&#8211;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">177 &#40;16&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1206 &#40;15&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1383 &#40;15&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Probable anxiety &#40;11&#8211;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">113 &#40;10&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">895 &#40;11&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1008 &#40;11&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Missing&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Depression HADS&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No &#40;0&#8211;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">910 &#40;85&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7092 &#40;89&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8002 &#40;88&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Possible depression &#40;8&#8211;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">107 &#40;10&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">577 &#40;7&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">684 &#40;7&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Probable depression &#40;11&#8211;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47 &#40;4&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">271 &#40;3&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">318 &#40;3&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Missing&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2511115.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">The Mini-Mental MEC questionnaire was applied only in those participants 60 years and older&#59; a cut-off score lower than 30 in the MEC questionnaire is considered positive of suspected cognitive impairment&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Demographic and clinical characteristics of EPISCAN II COPD and non-COPD participants&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Prevalence of COPDby Fixed Ratio</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Prevalence of COPDby LLN</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">All<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Female</span>&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Male</span>&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">All<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Female</span>&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Male</span>&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Andaluc&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">49 &#40;8&#46;5&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6&#46;7</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">10&#46;2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;3&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2&#46;5</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Arag&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">75 &#40;12&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">10&#46;7</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">14&#46;5</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36 &#40;6&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5&#46;7</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6&#46;4</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Asturias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41 &#40;7&#46;1&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5&#46;2</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">9&#46;1</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;2&#46;8&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3&#46;5</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">C&#46;Valenciana&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">50 &#40;10&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">9&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">12&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27 &#40;5&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5&#46;5</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5&#46;8</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cantabria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">67 &#40;11&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">7&#46;6</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">15&#46;2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">34 &#40;5&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">4&#46;6</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6&#46;9</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">C&#46;La Mancha&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">55 &#40;9&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6&#46;4</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">13&#46;0</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32 &#40;5&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3&#46;2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">8&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">C&#46;-Le&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65 &#40;10&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">8&#46;8</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">13&#46;8</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32 &#40;5&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2&#46;9</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">9&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Catalunya&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">103 &#40;17&#46;3&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">11&#46;9</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">22&#46;7</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47 &#40;7&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5&#46;4</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">10&#46;3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Extremadura&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">96 &#40;16&#46;9&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">12&#46;7</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">21&#46;1</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">49 &#40;8&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">7&#46;4</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">9&#46;8</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Galicia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">92 &#40;16&#46;8&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">10&#46;2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">22&#46;8</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">46 &#40;8&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5&#46;3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">11&#46;2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Illes Balears&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">66 &#40;11&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">8&#46;5</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">13&#46;6</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33 &#40;5&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3&#46;5</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">7&#46;5</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#46; Canarias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">34 &#40;11&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">8&#46;9</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">14&#46;9</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;5&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6&#46;3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">4&#46;4</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">La Rioja&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">51 &#40;9&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">7&#46;6</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">11&#46;7</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;5&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">4&#46;0</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6&#46;6</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Madrid&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">84 &#40;14&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">16&#46;6</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">11&#46;5</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">46 &#40;7&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">9&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6&#46;3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Murcia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">55 &#40;9&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">8&#46;2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">10&#46;5</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">31 &#40;5&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5&#46;5</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Navarra&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">66 &#40;13&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">12&#46;3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">16&#46;0</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32 &#40;6&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6&#46;4</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6&#46;8</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pa&#237;s Vasco&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;10&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6&#46;0</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">16&#46;5</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;5&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5&#46;4</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6&#46;4</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TOTAL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1077 &#40;11&#46;8&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">9&#46;4</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">14&#46;6</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">544 &#40;6&#46;0&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">4&#46;9</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">7&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2511117.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0010"
              "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Prevalence of COPD by fixed ratio &#40;FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7&#41; or by LLN &#40;lower limit of normal&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 compared with total&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Variability of the prevalence of airflow limitation by Autonomous Community &#40;region&#41;&#44; measured as a fixed ratio and as LLN&#44; total and by sex&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at3"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Underdiagnosis of COPD by fixed ratio</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Underdiagnosis of COPD by LLN</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">All<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Female</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Male</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">All<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Female</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Male</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Andaluc&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39 &#40;79&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;84&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23 &#40;76&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;77&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;66&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Arag&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">57 &#40;76&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29 &#40;90&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;65&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25 &#40;69&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;94&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;47&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Asturias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32 &#40;78&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;93&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;69&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;56&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;30&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">C&#46;Valenciana&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">37 &#40;74&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;76&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;72&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;74&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;86&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;58&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cantabria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47 &#40;70&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;73&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;68&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;61&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;78&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">C&#46;La Mancha&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48 &#40;87&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;100&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;81&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;87&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;82&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">C&#46;-Le&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">57 &#40;87&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;90&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27 &#40;84&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25 &#40;78&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;81&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;76&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Catalunya&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">83 &#40;80&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;85&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">53 &#40;77&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36 &#40;76&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;81&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23 &#40;74&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Extremadura&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">79 &#40;82&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32 &#40;88&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47 &#40;78&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35 &#40;71&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;81&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;64&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Galicia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">67 &#40;72&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;74&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47 &#40;72&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;65&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;64&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;65&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Illes Balears&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47 &#40;71&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;83&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27 &#40;64&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;54&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;80&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;43&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#46; Canarias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24 &#40;70&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;58&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;82&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;58&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;50&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;80&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">La Rioja&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;41&#46;2&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;57&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;30&#46;0&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;42&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;54&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;35&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Madrid&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">57 &#40;67&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38 &#40;77&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;54&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32 &#40;69&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23 &#40;85&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;47&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Murcia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47 &#40;85&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23 &#40;95&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24 &#40;77&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27 &#40;87&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;93&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;80&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Navarra&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45 &#40;68&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;70&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;65&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;56&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;57&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;54&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pa&#237;s Vasco&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;60&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;50&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;66&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;62&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;55&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;71&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TOTAL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">804 &#40;74&#46;6&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">361 &#40;80&#46;6&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">443 &#40;70&#46;4&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">373 &#40;68&#46;6&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">185 &#40;78&#46;4&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">188 &#40;61&#46;0&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2511116.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0015"
              "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 compared with total&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Variability of the under diagnosis of COPD by Autonomous Community &#40;region&#41;&#44; measured as a fixed ratio and as LLN&#44; total and by sex&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      6 => array:5 [
        "identificador" => "fig0020"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "fx1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 674
            "Ancho" => 1333
            "Tamanyo" => 78912
          ]
        ]
      ]
      7 => array:5 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0040"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">CC&#46; AA&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">CENTRE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">INVESTIGATOR TEAM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">MADRID&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">H&#46; La Princesa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Julio Ancochea Bermudez &#40;IP&#41; &#47; Elena Garc&#237;a Castillo &#47; Claudia Valenzuela &#47; Joan B Soriano&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CASTILLA LE&#211;N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">H&#46; U&#46; de Burgos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ana Pueyo Bastida &#40;IP&#41; &#47; Lourdes L&#225;zaro Asegurado &#47; Luis Rodr&#237;guez Pascual &#47; M&#170; Jos&#233; Mora&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ARAG&#211;N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">H&#46; Gral&#46; San Jorge&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Luis Borderias Clau &#40;IP&#41; &#47; Lourdes Ariz&#243;n Mendoza &#47; Sandra Garc&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EXTREMADURA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">H&#46; San Pedro de Alc&#225;ntara&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Juan Antonio Riesco Miranda &#40;IP&#41; &#47; Juli&#225;n Grande Guti&#233;rrez &#47; Jes&#250;s Agust&#237;n Manzano &#47; Manuel Agust&#237;n Sojo Gonz&#225;lez&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CASTILLA LE&#211;N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">H&#46; Cl&#237;nico U&#46; de Salamanca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Miguel Barrueco Ferrero &#40;IP&#41; &#47; Milagros Rosales&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GALICIA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">H&#46; &#193;lvaro Cunqueiro&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Jos&#233; Alberto Fern&#225;ndez Villar &#40;IP&#41; &#47; Cristina Represas &#47; Ana Priegue &#47; Isabel Portela Ferre&#241;o &#47; Cecilia Mouronte Roib&#225;s &#47; Sara Fern&#225;ndez Garc&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#46; BALEARES&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">H&#46; Son Espases&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Borja G Cos&#237;o &#40;IP&#41; &#47; Roc&#237;o Cordova D&#237;az &#47; Nuria Toledo Pons &#47; Margalida Llabr&#233;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ARAG&#211;N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">H&#46; U&#46; Miguel Servet&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Jos&#233; Mar&#237;a Mar&#237;n Trigo &#40;IP&#41; &#47; Marta Forner &#47; Bego&#241;a Gallego &#47; Pablo Cubero &#47; Elisabet Vera&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">C&#46; VALENCIANA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">H&#46; Arnau de Vilanova &#40;Valencia&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Juan Jos&#233; Soler Catalu&#241;a &#40;IP&#41; &#47; M&#170; Bego&#241;a Picurelli Albero &#47; Noelia Gonz&#225;lez Garc&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ANDALUC&#205;A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">H&#46; Virgen de la Macarena&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Agust&#237;n Valido Morales &#40;IP&#41; &#47; Carolina Panadero &#47; Cristina Benito Bern&#225;ldez&#47; Laura Mart&#237;n -Bejarano y Maria Velarde &#40;enfermeras sin acceso web&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">MURCIA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">H&#46; Gral&#46; U&#46; Santa Luc&#237;a &#40;Cartagena&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Antonio Santa Cruz Siminiani &#40;IP&#41; &#47; Carlos Castillo Quintanilla &#47; Roc&#237;o Ib&#225;&#241;ez Mel&#233;ndez &#47; Jos&#233; Javier Mart&#237;nez Garcer&#225;n &#47; Desir&#233;e Lozano Vicente &#47; Pedro Garc&#237;a Torres &#47; Maria del Mar Valdivia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NAVARRA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cl&#237;nica Universidad de Navarra&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Juan Pablo de Torres Tajes &#40;IP&#41; &#47; Montserrat Cizur Girones &#47; Carmen Labiano Turrillas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">LA RIOJA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">H&#46; de San Pedro &#40;Logro&#241;o&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Carlos Ruiz Mart&#237;nez &#40;IP&#41;&#47; Elena Hernando &#47; Elvira Alfaro &#47; Jos&#233; Manuel Garc&#237;a &#47; Jorge L&#225;zaro&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PA&#205;S VASCO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">H&#46; Santiago Ap&#243;stol &#40;H&#46; Txagorritxu&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">David Bravo &#40;IP&#41; &#47;Laura Hidalgo &#47; Silvia Francisco Terreros &#47; I&#241;aki Zorrilla &#47; Ainara Alonso Colmenero &#47;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ASTURIAS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">H&#46; Central de Asturias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cristina Mart&#237;nez Gonz&#225;lez &#40;IP&#41; &#47;Susana Margon&#47; Rosirys Guzman Taveras&#47; Ram&#243;n Fern&#225;ndez &#47; Alicia &#193;lvarez&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CANTABRIA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">H&#46; de Valdecilla &#40;Servicio de Neumolog&#237;a en el H&#46; Santa Cruz de Liencres&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Jos&#233; Ram&#243;n Ag&#252;ero Balb&#237;n &#40;IP&#41; &#47; Juan Ag&#252;ero Calvo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CATALU&#209;A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">H&#46; U&#46; Vall d&#8217;Hebron&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Jaume Joan Ferrer Sancho &#40;IP&#41; &#47; Esther Rodr&#237;guez Gonz&#225;lez&#47; Eduardo Loeb&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CASTILLA LA MANCHA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">H&#46; U&#46; de Guadalajara&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Jos&#233; Luis Izquierdo Alonso &#40;IP&#41; &#47; M&#170; Antonia Rodr&#237;guez Garc&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#46; CANARIAS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">H&#46; U&#46; de Tenerife&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Juan Abreu Gonz&#225;lez &#40;IP&#41;&#47; Candelaria Mart&#237;n Garc&#237;a&#47; Rebeca Mu&#241;oz&#47; Hayd&#233;e Mart&#237;n Garc&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ASTURIAS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">H&#46; U&#46; de San Agust&#237;n &#40;Avil&#233;s&#41;&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Miguel Angel Mart&#237;nez Mu&#241;iz &#40;IP&#41; &#47; Andr&#233;s Avelino S&#225;nchez Antu&#241;a &#47; Jes&#250;s Allende Gonz&#225;lez &#47; Jose Antonio Gull&#243;n Blanco &#47; Fernando Jos&#233; Alvarez Navascues &#47; Manuel Angel Villanueva Montes &#47; Mar&#237;a Rodr&#237;guez Pericacho &#47; Concepci&#243;n Rodr&#237;guez Garc&#237;a &#47; Juan Diego Alvarez Mav&#225;rez&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2511114.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:44 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0225"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "2019 GOLD Report&#46; Global strategy for prevention&#44; diagnosis and management of COPD&#46; <a target="_blank" href="https://goldcopd.org/">https&#58;&#47;&#47;goldcopd&#46;org</a> &#91;accessed 3&#46;03&#46;19&#93;&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0230"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Global strategy for the diagnosis management&#44; and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease 2017 report&#58; GOLD executive summary"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C&#46;F&#46; Vogelmeier"
                            1 => "G&#46;J&#46; Criner"
                            2 => "F&#46;J&#46; Mart&#237;nez"
                            3 => "A&#46; Anzueto"
                            4 => "P&#46;J&#46; Barnes"
                            5 => "J&#46; Bourbeau"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2017.02.001"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol"
                        "fecha" => "2017"
                        "volumen" => "53"
                        "paginaInicial" => "128"
                        "paginaFinal" => "149"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28274597"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0235"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Spanish Guidelines for Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease &#40;GesEPOC&#41; 2017&#46; Pharmacological treatment of stable phase"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Miravitlles"
                            1 => "J&#46;J&#46; Soler-Catalu&#241;a"
                            2 => "M&#46; Calle"
                            3 => "J&#46; Molina"
                            4 => "P&#46; Almagro"
                            5 => "J&#46;A&#46; Quintano"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2017.03.018"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol"
                        "fecha" => "2017"
                        "volumen" => "53"
                        "paginaInicial" => "324"
                        "paginaFinal" => "335"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28477954"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S2352301818300432"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "23523018"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0240"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Screening for and early detection of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "J&#46;B&#46; Soriano"
                            1 => "J&#46; Zielinski"
                            2 => "D&#46; Price"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61290-3"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "374"
                        "paginaInicial" => "721"
                        "paginaFinal" => "732"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19716965"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0245"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Geographic variations in prevalence and underdiagnosis of COPD&#58; results of the IBERPOC multicentre epidemiological study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "V&#46; Sobradillo-Pe&#241;a"
                            1 => "M&#46; Miravitlles"
                            2 => "R&#46; Gabriel"
                            3 => "C&#46;A&#46; Jim&#233;nez-Ruiz"
                            4 => "C&#46; Villasante"
                            5 => "J&#46;F&#46; Masa"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1378/chest.118.4.981"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Chest"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "118"
                        "paginaInicial" => "981"
                        "paginaFinal" => "989"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11035667"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0250"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Prevalence of COPD in Spain&#58; impact of undiagnosed COPD on quality of life and daily life activities"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Miravitlles"
                            1 => "F&#46; Garcia-Rio"
                            2 => "L&#46; Mu&#241;oz"
                            3 => "E&#46; Duran-Tauleria"
                            4 => "G&#46; S&#225;nchez"
                            5 => "V&#46; Sobradillo"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1136/thx.2009.115725"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Thorax"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "64"
                        "paginaInicial" => "863"
                        "paginaFinal" => "868"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19553233"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0255"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in five Latin American cities &#40;the PLATINO study&#41;&#58; a prevalence study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46;M&#46; Menezes"
                            1 => "R&#46; Perez-Padilla"
                            2 => "J&#46;R&#46; Jardim"
                            3 => "A&#46; Mui&#241;o"
                            4 => "M&#46;V&#46; Lopez"
                            5 => "G&#46; Valdivia"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67632-5"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "366"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1875"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1881"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16310554"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0260"
              "etiqueta" => "8"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Comorbilidades y estado de salud en individuos con y sin EPOC en 5 ciudades de Am&#233;rica Latina&#58; Estudio PLATINO"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46;V&#46; L&#243;pez Varela"
                            1 => "Montes de Oca"
                            2 => "R&#46; Halbert"
                            3 => "A&#46; Mui&#241;o"
                            4 => "C&#46; T&#225;lamo"
                            5 => "R&#46; P&#233;rez-Padilla"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2013.05.003"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "49"
                        "paginaInicial" => "468"
                        "paginaFinal" => "474"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23856439"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0265"
              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Datos epidemiol&#243;gicos de EPOC en Espa&#241;a"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "J&#46;B&#46; Soriano"
                            1 => "M&#46; Miravitlles"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "43"
                        "numero" => "Suppl&#46; 1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2"
                        "paginaFinal" => "9"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0270"
              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010&#58; a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Lozano"
                            1 => "M&#46; Naghavi"
                            2 => "K&#46; Foreman"
                            3 => "S&#46; Lim"
                            4 => "K&#46; Shibuya"
                            5 => "V&#46; Aboyans"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "380"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2095"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2128"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23245604"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0275"
              "etiqueta" => "11"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "GBD 2015 Chronic Respiratory Disease Collaborators&#46; Global&#44; regional&#44; and national deaths&#44; prevalence&#44; disability-adjusted life years&#44; and years lived with disability for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma&#44; 1990&#8211;2015&#58; a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015&#46; Lancet Respir Med 2017&#59;5&#58;691&#8211;706&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0280"
              "etiqueta" => "12"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "GBD Chronic Respiratory Disease Collaborators&#46; Prevalence and attributable health burden of chronic respiratory diseases&#44; 1990&#8211;2017&#58; a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017&#46; Lancet Respir Med&#46; 2020&#59;8&#58;585&#8211;96&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0285"
              "etiqueta" => "13"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "10 years after EPISCAN&#58; a new study on the prevalence of COPD in Spain &#8211; a summary of the EPISCAN II protocol"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "I&#46; Alfageme"
                            1 => "P&#46; de Lucas"
                            2 => "J&#46; Ancochea"
                            3 => "M&#46; Miravitlles"
                            4 => "J&#46;J&#46; Soler-Catalu&#241;a"
                            5 => "F&#46; Garc&#237;a-R&#237;o"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2018.05.011"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "55"
                        "paginaInicial" => "38"
                        "paginaFinal" => "47"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30612602"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0290"
              "etiqueta" => "14"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Data protection in the EU&#46; Regulation &#40;EU&#41; 2016&#47;679&#46; <a target="_blank" href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/law-topic/data-protection/data-protection-eu_en">https&#58;&#47;&#47;ec&#46;europa&#46;eu&#47;info&#47;law&#47;law-topic&#47;data-protection&#47;data-protection-eu&#95;en</a> &#91;accessed 25&#46;03&#46;19&#93;&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0295"
              "etiqueta" => "15"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology &#40;STROBE&#41; statement&#58; guidelines for reporting observational studies"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "E&#46; von Elm"
                            1 => "D&#46;G&#46; Altman"
                            2 => "M&#46; Egger"
                            3 => "S&#46;J&#46; Pocock"
                            4 => "P&#46;C&#46; G&#248;tzsche"
                            5 => "J&#46;P&#46; Vandenbroucke"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61602-X"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "370"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1453"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1457"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18064739"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0300"
              "etiqueta" => "16"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de de Neumolog&#237;a y Cirug&#237;a Tor&#225;cica &#40;SEPAR&#41; Espirometr&#237;a&#46; Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de de Neumolog&#237;a y Cirug&#237;a Tor&#225;cica &#40;SEPAR&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Garc&#237;a-R&#237;o"
                            1 => "M&#46; Calle"
                            2 => "F&#46; Burgos"
                            3 => "P&#46; Casan"
                            4 => "F&#46; Del Campo"
                            5 => "J&#46;B&#46; Galdiz"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2013.04.001"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "49"
                        "paginaInicial" => "388"
                        "paginaFinal" => "401"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23726118"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0305"
              "etiqueta" => "17"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "ERS Global Lung Function Initiative Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3&#8211;95-yr age range&#58; the global lung function 2012 equations"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "P&#46;H&#46; Quanjer"
                            1 => "S&#46; Stanojevic"
                            2 => "T&#46;J&#46; Cole"
                            3 => "X&#46; Baur"
                            4 => "G&#46;L&#46; Hall"
                            5 => "B&#46;H&#46; Culver"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1183/09031936.00080312"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "40"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1324"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1343"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22743675"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0310"
              "etiqueta" => "18"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "ATS&#47;ERS Task Force Standardisation of spirometry"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46;R&#46; Miller"
                            1 => "J&#46; Hankinson"
                            2 => "V&#46; Brusasco"
                            3 => "F&#46; Burgos"
                            4 => "R&#46; Casaburi"
                            5 => "A&#46; Coates"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1183/09031936.05.00034805"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "26"
                        "paginaInicial" => "319"
                        "paginaFinal" => "338"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16055882"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0315"
              "etiqueta" => "19"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Validation of a combined comorbidity index"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "M&#46;E&#46; Charlson"
                            1 => "T&#46;P&#46; Szatrowski"
                            2 => "J&#46; Peterson"
                            3 => "J&#46; Gold"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/0895-4356(94)90129-5"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Clin Epidemiol"
                        "fecha" => "1994"
                        "volumen" => "47"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1245"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1251"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7722560"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0320"
              "etiqueta" => "20"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Prognostic evaluation of COPD patients&#58; GOLD 2011 versus BODE and the COPD comorbidity index COTE"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "J&#46;P&#46; de Torres"
                            1 => "C&#46; Casanova"
                            2 => "J&#46;M&#46; Marin"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-205770"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Thorax"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "69"
                        "paginaInicial" => "799"
                        "paginaFinal" => "804"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24969641"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0325"
              "etiqueta" => "21"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The body-mass index&#44; airflow obstruction&#44; dyspnea&#44; and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "B&#46;R&#46; Celli"
                            1 => "C&#46;G&#46; Cote"
                            2 => "J&#46;M&#46; Marin"
                            3 => "C&#46; Casanova"
                            4 => "M&#46; Montes de Oca"
                            5 => "R&#46;A&#46; Mendez"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1056/NEJMoa021322"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "350"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1005"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1012"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14999112"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0330"
              "etiqueta" => "22"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Censos de Poblaci&#243;n y Viviendas 2011&#46; <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ine.es/censos2011_datos/cen11_datos_inicio.htm">https&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;ine&#46;es&#47;censos2011&#95;datos&#47;cen11&#95;datos&#95;inicio&#46;htm</a> &#91;accessed 10&#46;12&#46;19&#93;&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0335"
              "etiqueta" => "23"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Geographical distribution of COPD prevalence in Europe&#44; estimated by an inverse distance weighting interpolation technique"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "I&#46; Blanco"
                            1 => "I&#46; Diego"
                            2 => "P&#46; Bueno"
                            3 => "E&#46; Fern&#225;ndez"
                            4 => "F&#46; Casas-Maldonado"
                            5 => "C&#46; Esquinas"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2147/COPD.S150853"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"
                        "fecha" => "2017"
                        "volumen" => "13"
                        "paginaInicial" => "57"
                        "paginaFinal" => "67"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29317811"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0340"
              "etiqueta" => "24"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Comparison of asthma prevalence in the ISAAC and the ECRHS ISAAC Steering Committee and the European Community Respiratory Health Survey&#46; International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "N&#46; Pearce"
                            1 => "J&#46; Sunyer"
                            2 => "S&#46; Cheng"
                            3 => "S&#46; Chinn"
                            4 => "B&#46; Bj&#246;rkst&#233;n"
                            5 => "M&#46; Burr"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1183/9031936.00.16337700"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "420"
                        "paginaFinal" => "426"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11028654"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0345"
              "etiqueta" => "25"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "In Snow&#39;s footsteps&#58; commentary on shoe-leather and applied epidemiology"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "D&#46; Koo"
                            1 => "S&#46;B&#46; Thacker"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1093/aje/kwq252"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Epidemiol"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "172"
                        "paginaInicial" => "737"
                        "paginaFinal" => "739"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20720100"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0350"
              "etiqueta" => "26"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The evolution of COPD species&#59; or&#44; something is changing for good in COPD"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "J&#46;B&#46; Soriano"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1183/13993003.01184-2018"
                      "Revista" => array:4 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "53"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30705126"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            26 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0355"
              "etiqueta" => "27"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Recent trends in COPD prevalence in Spain&#58; a repeated cross-sectional survey 1997&#8211;2007"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46;B&#46; Soriano"
                            1 => "J&#46; Ancochea"
                            2 => "M&#46; Miravitlles"
                            3 => "F&#46; Garc&#237;a-R&#237;o"
                            4 => "E&#46; Duran-Tauleria"
                            5 => "L&#46; Mu&#241;oz"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1183/09031936.00138409"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "36"
                        "paginaInicial" => "758"
                        "paginaFinal" => "765"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19996189"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            27 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0360"
              "etiqueta" => "28"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Artificial intelligence outperforms pulmonologists in the interpretation of pulmonary function tests"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Topalovic"
                            1 => "N&#46; Das"
                            2 => "P&#46;R&#46; Burgel"
                            3 => "M&#46; Daenen"
                            4 => "E&#46; Derom"
                            5 => "C&#46; Haenebalcke"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1183/13993003.01184-2018"
                      "Revista" => array:4 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "53"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30705126"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            28 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0365"
              "etiqueta" => "29"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The cigarette century&#58; the rise&#44; fall&#44; and deadly persistence of the product that defined America"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "A&#46;M&#46; Brandt"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "editorial" => "Basic Books"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "New York"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            29 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0370"
              "etiqueta" => "30"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Colaboradores de GBD en Espa&#241;a&#59; Lista de colaboradores de GBD en Espa&#241;a The burden of disease in Spain&#58; Results from the Global Burden of Disease 2016"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46;B&#46; Soriano"
                            1 => "D&#46; Rojas-Rueda"
                            2 => "J&#46; Alonso"
                            3 => "J&#46;M&#46; Ant&#243;"
                            4 => "P&#46;J&#46; Cardona"
                            5 => "E&#46; Fern&#225;ndez"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Med Clin &#40;Barc&#41;"
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                        "volumen" => "151"
                        "paginaInicial" => "171"
                        "paginaFinal" => "190"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            30 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0375"
              "etiqueta" => "31"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "E-cigarette&#44; or vaping&#44; product use associated lung injury &#40;EVALI&#41;&#58; case series and diagnostic approach"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Kalininskiy"
                            1 => "C&#46;T&#46; Bach"
                            2 => "N&#46;E&#46; Nacca"
                            3 => "G&#46; Ginsberg"
                            4 => "J&#46; Marraffa"
                            5 => "K&#46;A&#46; Navarette"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S2213-2600(19)30415-1"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet Respir Med"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "7"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1017"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1026"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31711871"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            31 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0380"
              "etiqueta" => "32"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "TackSHS Project Investigators&#59; TackSHS Project Investigators Tackling second-hand exposure to tobacco smoke and aerosols of electronic cigarettes&#58; the TackSHS project protocol"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "E&#46; Fern&#225;ndez"
                            1 => "M&#46;J&#46; L&#243;pez"
                            2 => "S&#46; Gallus"
                            3 => "S&#46; Semple"
                            4 => "L&#46; Clancy"
                            5 => "P&#46; Behrakis"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:2 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Gac Sanit"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            32 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0385"
              "etiqueta" => "33"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Clinical characteristics and risk of exacerbations associated with different diagnostic criteria of asthma-COPD overlap"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46;J&#46; Soler-Catalu&#241;a"
                            1 => "L&#46; Novella"
                            2 => "C&#46; Soler"
                            3 => "M&#46;L&#46; Nieto"
                            4 => "V&#46; Esteban"
                            5 => "F&#46; S&#225;nchez-Toril"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2019.08.023"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "56"
                        "paginaInicial" => "282"
                        "paginaFinal" => "290"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31784349"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            33 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0390"
              "etiqueta" => "34"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Longitudinal phenotypes and mortality in preserved ratio impaired spirometry in the COPDGene study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "E&#46;S&#46; Wan"
                            1 => "S&#46; Fortis"
                            2 => "E&#46;A&#46; Regan"
                            3 => "J&#46; Hokanson"
                            4 => "M&#46;K&#46; Han"
                            5 => "R&#46; Casaburi"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/rccm.201804-0663OC"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med"
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                        "volumen" => "198"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1397"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1405"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29874098"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            34 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0395"
              "etiqueta" => "35"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Determinants of underdiagnosis of COPD in national and international surveys"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "B&#46; Lamprecht"
                            1 => "J&#46;B&#46; Soriano"
                            2 => "M&#46; Studnicka"
                            3 => "B&#46; Kaiser"
                            4 => "L&#46;E&#46; Vanfleteren"
                            5 => "L&#46; Gnatiuc"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1378/chest.14-2535"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Chest"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "148"
                        "paginaInicial" => "971"
                        "paginaFinal" => "985"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25950276"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            35 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0400"
              "etiqueta" => "36"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Underdiagnosis in COPD&#58; a battle worth fighting"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "P&#46; Almagro"
                            1 => "J&#46;B&#46; Soriano"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S2213-2600(17)30133-9"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet Respir Med"
                        "fecha" => "2017"
                        "volumen" => "5"
                        "paginaInicial" => "367"
                        "paginaFinal" => "368"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28389226"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            36 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0405"
              "etiqueta" => "37"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Underdiagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in women&#58; quantification of the problem&#44; determinants and proposed actions"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Ancochea"
                            1 => "M&#46; Miravitlles"
                            2 => "F&#46; Garc&#237;a-R&#237;o"
                            3 => "L&#46; Mu&#241;oz"
                            4 => "G&#46; S&#225;nchez"
                            5 => "V&#46; Sobradillo"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2012.11.010"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "49"
                        "paginaInicial" => "223"
                        "paginaFinal" => "229"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23317767"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            37 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0410"
              "etiqueta" => "38"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "La epoc en Espa&#241;a al inicio de una nueva d&#233;cada"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Ancochea"
                            1 => "J&#46;B&#46; Soriano"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2020.01.025"
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S0365669116300296"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "03656691"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            38 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0415"
              "etiqueta" => "39"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "COPD detected with screening&#58; impact on patient management and prognosis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "L&#46;C&#46; Bertens"
                            1 => "J&#46;B&#46; Reitsma"
                            2 => "Y&#46; van Mourik"
                            3 => "J&#46;W&#46; Lammers"
                            4 => "K&#46;G&#46; Moons"
                            5 => "A&#46;W&#46; Hoes"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1183/09031936.00074614"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "44"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1571"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1578"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24925924"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S0300289615003579"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "03002896"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            39 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0420"
              "etiqueta" => "40"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Impact of a spirometry expert system on general practitioners&#8217; decision making"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "P&#46;J&#46; Poels"
                            1 => "T&#46;R&#46; Schermer"
                            2 => "D&#46;P&#46; Schellekens"
                            3 => "R&#46;P&#46; Akkermans"
                            4 => "P&#46;F&#46; de Vries Robb&#233;"
                            5 => "A&#46; Kaplan"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1183/09031936.00012007"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "31"
                        "paginaInicial" => "84"
                        "paginaFinal" => "92"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17596275"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            40 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0425"
              "etiqueta" => "41"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Prevalence risk factors and diagnostic accuracy of COPD among smokers in primary care"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Llord&#233;s"
                            1 => "A&#46; Ja&#233;n"
                            2 => "P&#46; Almagro"
                            3 => "J&#46;L&#46; Heredia"
                            4 => "J&#46; Morera"
                            5 => "J&#46;B&#46; Soriano"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3109/15412555.2014.974736"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "COPD"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "12"
                        "paginaInicial" => "404"
                        "paginaFinal" => "412"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25474184"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            41 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0430"
              "etiqueta" => "42"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Ageing populations&#58; the challenges ahead"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "K&#46; Christensen"
                            1 => "G&#46; Doblhammer"
                            2 => "R&#46; Rau"
                            3 => "J&#46;W&#46; Vaupel"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61460-4"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "374"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1196"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1208"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19801098"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            42 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0435"
              "etiqueta" => "43"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The pressing need to redefine &#8220;COPD&#8221;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "P&#46;J&#46; Barnes"
                            1 => "J&#46; Vestbo"
                            2 => "P&#46;M&#46; Calverley"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "380"
                        "paginaFinal" => "383"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            43 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0440"
              "etiqueta" => "44"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "COPDGene&#174; 2019 redefining the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "K&#46;E&#46; Lowe"
                            1 => "E&#46;A&#46; Regan"
                            2 => "A&#46; Anzueto"
                            3 => "E&#46; Austin"
                            4 => "J&#46;H&#46;M&#46; Austin"
                            5 => "T&#46;H&#46; Beaty"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "384"
                        "paginaFinal" => "399"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/15792129/0000005700000001/v2_202102030751/S1579212920303803/v2_202102030751/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "9374"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "en" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Original Articles"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/15792129/0000005700000001/v2_202102030751/S1579212920303803/v2_202102030751/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00003Z&text.app=https://archbronconeumol.org/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212920303803?idApp=UINPBA00003Z"
]
Share
Journal Information
Vol. 57. Issue 1.
Pages 61-69 (January 2021)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Visits
3382
Vol. 57. Issue 1.
Pages 61-69 (January 2021)
Original Article
Full text access
Prevalence and Determinants of COPD in Spain: EPISCAN II
Prevalencia y determinantes de la EPOC en España: EPISCAN II
Visits
3382
Joan B. Sorianoa,b,
Corresponding author
jbsoriano2@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Inmaculada Alfagemec, Marc Miravitllesb,d, Pilar de Lucase, Juan José Soler-Cataluñaf, Francisco García-Ríob,g, Ciro Casanovah, José Miguel Rodríguez González-Moroi, Borja G. Cosíob,j, Guadalupe Sánchezk, Julio Ancocheaa,b
a Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
b Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
c Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
d Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
e Servicio de Neumología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
f Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova-Lliria, Valencia, Spain
g Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
h Servicio de Neumología-Unidad de Investigación Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de La Candelaria, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
i Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario de Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
j Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Son Espases-IdISBa, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
k Departamento Médico, GSK, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
Ver más
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Full Text
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Figures (4)
Show moreShow less
Tables (4)
Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics of EPISCAN II COPD and non-COPD participants.
Table 2. Variability of the prevalence of airflow limitation by Autonomous Community (region), measured as a fixed ratio and as LLN, total and by sex.
Table 3. Variability of the under diagnosis of COPD by Autonomous Community (region), measured as a fixed ratio and as LLN, total and by sex.
Show moreShow less
Abstract
Background

Two previous national epidemiological studies, IBERPOC in 1997 and EPISCAN in 2007, determined the COPD burden in Spain. Changes in demographics and exposure to risk factors demand the periodic update of COPD prevalence and its determinants.

Methods

EPISCAN II aimed to estimate the prevalence of COPD in the general population aged 40 years or older in all 17 regions of Spain. A random population screening sample, requiring 600 participants per region performed a questionnaire plus post-bronchodilator (post-BD) spirometry.

Results

A total of 12,825 subjects were initially contacted, and 9433 (73.6%) agreed to participate, of whom 9092 performed a valid spirometry. Baseline characteristics were: 52.6% women, mean±SD age 60±11 years, 19.8% current- and 34.2% former-smokers. The prevalence of COPD measured by post-BD fixed ratio FEV1/FVC<0.7 was 11.8% (95% C.I. 11.2–12.5) with a high variability by region (2.4-fold). Prevalence was 14.6% (95% C.I. 13.5–15.7) in males and 9.4% (95% C.I. 8.6–10.2) in females; according to the lower limit of normal (LLN) was 6.0% (95% C.I. 5.5–6.5) overall, by sex being 7.1% (95% C.I. 6.4–8.0) in males and 4.9% (95% C.I. 4.3–5.6) in females. Underdiagnosis of COPD was 74.7%. Cases with COPD were a mean of seven years older, more frequently male, of lower attained education, and with more smokers than the non-COPD population (p<0.001). However, the number of cigarettes and pack-years in non-COPD participants was substantial, as it was the reported use of e-cigarettes (7.0% vs. 5.5%) (p=0.045). There were also significant social and clinical differences including living alone, previous respiratory diagnoses, more comorbidities measured with the Charlson index, greater BODE and COTE scores, cognitive impairment, and depression (all p<0.001).

Conclusions

COPD remains prevalent in Spain and frequently underdiagnosed.

Keywords:
COPD
EPISCAN
Spain
Spirometry
Resumen
Antecedentes

Dos estudios epidemiológicos nacionales anteriores, IBERPOC en 1997 y EPISCAN en 2007, determinaron la carga de EPOC en España. Los cambios en la demografía y la exposición a factores de riesgo exigen una actualización periódica de la prevalencia de EPOC y sus determinantes.

Métodos

EPISCAN II tuvo como objetivo estimar la prevalencia de EPOC en la población general de 40 años o más en las 17 Comunidades Autónomas de España. Una muestra aleatoria de población para cribado, que requirió 600 participantes por región, realizó un cuestionario y una espirometría tras la administración de un broncodilatador (post-BD).

Resultados

Un total de 12.825 sujetos fueron contactados inicialmente, y 9.433 (73,6%) aceptaron participar, de los cuales 9.092 realizaron una espirometría válida. Las características sociodemográficas basales fueron: un 52,6% eran mujeres, la edad media ±DE era de 60±11 años, un 19,8% eran fumadores activos y un 34,2% eran exfumadores. La prevalencia de EPOC medida por el criterio de cociente fijo post-BD FEV1/FVC<0,7 fue del 11,8% (IC 95%: 11,2-12,5) con una alta variabilidad por región (2,4 veces). La prevalencia fue del 14,6% (IC 95%: 13,5-15,7) en varones y del 9,4% (IC 95%: 8,6-10,2) en mujeres; considerando el límite inferior de la normalidad (LIN), fue del 6,0% (IC 95%: 5,5-6,5) en la muestra global y, por sexos, del 7,1% (IC 95%: 6,4-8,0) en varones y del 4,9% (IC 95%: 4,3-5,6) en mujeres. El infradiagnóstico de la EPOC fue del 74,7%. Los casos con EPOC tenían de media 7 años más, eran con mayor frecuencia varones, tenían menor nivel educativo y había más fumadores que en la población sin EPOC (p<0,001). Sin embargo, el número de cigarrillos y paquetes/año en los participantes que no tenían EPOC fue sustancial, como también fue elevado el uso de cigarrillos electrónicos (7,0 vs. 5,5%) (p=0,045). También hubo diferencias sociales y clínicas significativas que incluyeron: vivir solo, diagnósticos previos de enfermedad respiratoria, más comorbilidades medidas con el índice de Charlson, puntuaciones más altas en el índice BODE y la escala COTE, deterioro cognitivo y depresión (todos p<0,001).

Conclusiones

La EPOC sigue siendo prevalente en España y con frecuencia está infradiagnosticada.

Palabras clave:
EPOC
EPISCAN
España
Espirometría
Full Text
Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the World and in Spain. Its economic impact is high, due in part to underdiagnosis that results in most patients going undetected and reaching advanced disease stages while receiving inappropriate treatment.1–3 In clinical practice, the diagnosis of COPD is based on the assessment of exposure to tobacco smoke and other noxious gases, the presence of respiratory symptoms and chronic airflow limitation, documented with post-bronchodilator (post-BD) spirometry. Airflow limitation, measured by the ratio of post-BD FEV1/FVC and other spirometric indices, provides important information for optimizing disease management and establishing severity.1,2 COPD screening should be considered in any individual who presents respiratory symptoms and who has been exposed to risk factors, the most important of which is smoking.4

Two studies conducted ten years apart in Spain, IBERPOC and EPISCAN, determined a 9.1% prevalence of COPD in the general Spanish population aged 40–69 years in 1997,5 and a 10.2% in the 40–80-year age range in 2007.6 Other studies, such as PLATINO, found an even higher prevalence (14.3%) in various Latin American capitals, also in individuals aged over 40 years.7,8 Despite these figures, COPD is still a disease with high rates of underdiagnosis: estimated rates in Spain were 78% in 1997 and 73% in 2007. The consequence is that diagnosis is made at more advanced disease stages, when the risk of exacerbations and mortality is higher.9

Global mortality estimates indicate that COPD was the fifth cause of death in 1990, and by 2010 it had already become the third cause of death,10–12 so an early diagnosis is of vital importance.

A new epidemiological study was conducted to update data on the prevalence and determinants of COPD in all 17 regions in Spain.13 The primary objective of EPISCAN II was to estimate the prevalence and determinants of COPD, and their distribution in the general population of Spain aged 40 years or older.

Methods

The full protocol of EPISCAN II is based upon the EPISCAN study, and has been summarized elsewhere.12 Briefly, EPISCAN II is a national, multicentre, cross-sectional, population-based epidemiological study. Study subjects were selected from the general population of Spain who were resident in the postal code areas nearest to the participating hospitals. The 20 participating hospitals were selected from all 17 autonomous communities (regions). The inclusion criteria were as follows: men or women aged 40 years or more, resident in Spain, with no physical or cognitive difficulties that would prevent them from completing spirometry or any of the study procedures. Participants attended either a short- or long-visit in the hospital centre. The study population was divided into two cohorts, depending on the results of the post-BD spirometry: patients with COPD (FEV1/FVC<0.7) and non-COPD individuals (FEV1/FVC0.7).

Field work was undertaken from April 2017 to February 2019. The study was approved by the ethics committee (EC) of each of the participating centres, with the EC of the Hospital Universitario La Princesa acting as the reference committee. All participants signed an informed consent. The EPISCAN II protocol is registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov with the No. NCT03028207 and at www.gsk-clinicalstudyregister.com/study/205932.

Selection of participants

Study sampling was conducted using a pre-selected list of the post codes closest to each hospital. A list of random telephone numbers was obtained, stratified according to these post codes and quotas for sex and age groups, all according to the latest EU directives on data protection and privacy.14,15

Variables and procedures

During the first telephone call, the subject was informed about confidentiality and data protection, and if they agreed to respond, they were asked questions about their cohabitants, confirmation of the post code for assignment of the nearest hospital, previous diagnoses of respiratory disease (chronic bronchitis, emphysema, COPD, or asthma), smoking habit (smoker and number of cigarettes, never-smoker, former smoker and number of cigarettes) and presence of cough or expectoration. During the second telephone call, conducted by the investigator from the hospital, a survey was administered with questions on the previous diagnosis of respiratory diseases, smoking habit, and the presence of other symptoms associated with COPD. The variables collected during the visit with the healthcare professional provided a comprehensive profile of both non-COPD individuals who were selected for the study visit, and, in particular, participants in the COPD group.

Information were collected on age, sex, level of education, family conditions, weight and height, and conventional use of tobacco (cigarettes, pipe, cigar) or use of other modes of delivery (electronic cigarette, chewing tobacco, etc.).

Other questionnaires included: COPD Assessment Test (CAT); Hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS); Yale Physical Activity Questionnaire (YPAS); European Coal and Steel Community Questionnaire on respiratory symptoms; Questions on exposure to dust and fumes in the workplace; Mini-Mental State Questionnaire.(administered only to participants 60 years of age or older); Fagerström test; and Prochaska's Stages of Change.

Lung Function and Clinical Tests conducted for the entire sample included: Baseline pulse oximetry; Forced spirometry; and assessment of multicomponent indices and comorbidities.

Lung function and clinical tests (for the entire sample)

Baseline pulse oximetry was determined using a Pulsox 300i (Konica-Minolta, Japan) pulsioxymeter and the fraction of carbon monoxide (CO) in exhaled air was determined with aco-oxymeter (MicroCO, Carefusion, UK).

Forced spirometry was performed using a pneumotachograph (Vyntus Spiro, Carefusion, Germany), according to standardized procedures as indicated by SEPAR guidance16 and Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI) equations were used as reference value.17 Bronchodilator test was conducted with the inhalation of 400μg salbutamol. According to the ATS/ERS guidelines,18 criteria for bronchodilation were an increase in FVC or FEV1>200ml and greater than 12% compared to the baseline value. Only spirometries with quality grades A-C were accepted for analysis.15 Airflow limitation was defined as a postbronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio<0.7 (or alternatively also expressed as an FEV1/FVC<lower limit of normal (LLN)). Underdiagnosis of COPD by age, sex and area was defined as the percentage of those not reporting a previous diagnosis of COPD, chronic bronchitis or emphysema among those with airflow limitation.

Multicomponent indices and comorbidities

In order to have a better characterization of the population, comorbidities were quantified by means of: the Charlson index (19 comorbidities)19; the COTE index (12 comorbidities)20; and previous diagnosis of other respiratory diseases. As multicomponent indices, BODE and BODEx were calculated.21

Statistical analysis

According to data from the 2011 Census of Population and Dwellings, published by the National Institute of Statistics,22 the population of Spain aged 40 years or more comprises 23,957,645 individuals. Taking into account the 10.2% prevalence of COPD found in the EPISCAN study,6 an a priori sample size calculation estimated with an accuracy of ±0.6% and a 10% dropout rate, that approximately 10,200 eligible individuals were needed to be included in the study. Therefore, between 300 and 600 participants (150–300 men and 150–300 women) were included in each site. The geographic information system inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation technique was used for mapping the spatial distribution of epidemiological variables.23 The statistical and analysis plan are available elsewhere.13 A level of significance of 0.05 was used for all statistical tests performed on the study variables.

Results

Overall, a total of 12,825 subjects were initially contacted by phone, and 9433 (73.6%) agreed to be seen in the hospital, as per Fig. 1. The final sample of 9092 participants, compared to non-participants was on average two years younger, less frequently women, less frequently diagnosed of COPD, chronic bronchitis or emphysema, but more frequently diagnosed of asthma (all p<0.001); on smoking exposure, the percentage of current smokers was similar, although with more ex-smokers, and overall consumed more pack-years (p=all p<0.001) (data not shown).

Fig. 1.

STROBE flow diagram of participants and non-participants in EPISCAN II until spirometry (short visit) and low-dose CT scan (long visit).

(0.16MB).

Out of 9433 subjects included and seen in hospital, 9092 (96.4%) performed valid spirometry (A, B or C quality), and represent an overall response rate of 70.9%. Baseline characteristics of participants were: 52.6% women, mean±SD age 60.2±11.1 years, 19.8% current smokers and 34.2% former smokers (Table 1).

Table 1.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of EPISCAN II COPD and non-COPD participants.

  COPD  Non-COPD  All  p 
  (n=1077)  (n=8015)  (n=9092)   
Gender, women, n (%)  448 (41.6)  4333 (54.1)  4781 (52.6)  <0.0001 
Age, mean±SD  66.5±10.9  59.4±10.8  60.2±11.1  <0.0001 
BMI, mean±SD  27.4±4.8  27.5±5.0  27.5±5.0  0.5482 
Smoking history, n (%)<0.0001 
Smoker  333 (30.9)  1465 (18.3)  1798 (19.8)   
Ex-smoker  453 (42.1)  2659 (33.2)  3112 (34.2)   
Never smoker  291 (27.0)  3891 (48.5)  4182 (46.0)   
Pack-years (smokers and ex-smokers)  39.4±28.1  23.8±20.9  26.3±22.9  <0.0001 
Use of e-cigarettes, n (%)  55 (7.0)  215 (5.2)  270 (5.5)  0.0450 
Education, n (%)        <0.0001 
Less than primary school  41 (3.8)  141 (1.8)  182 (2.0)   
Primary school  284 (26.4)  1658 (20.7)  1942 (21.4)   
Secondary school  262 (24.3)  1729 (21.6)  1991 (21.9)   
University degree  485 (45.0)  4455 (55.6)  4940 (54.3)   
Lives alone, n (%)  211 (19.6)  1197 (14.9)  1408 (15.5)  <0.0001 
Spirometry (post-BD), mean±SD
FVC (L)  3.5±1.1  3.7±1.0  3.6±1.0  <0.0001 
FVC (%)  99.4±18.3  101.3±14.4  101.0±14.9  <0.0001 
FEV1 (L)  2.2±0.8  2.9±0.8  2.9±0.8  <0.0001 
FEV1 (%)  80.5±18.7  103.3±15.0  100.6±17.1  <0.0001 
FEV1/FVC  62.5±7.9  80.3±4.9  78.2±7.8  <0.0001 
FEV6 (L)  3.3±1.0  3.6±1.0  3.6±1.0  <0.0001 
FEV6 (%)  94.7±17.2  101.3±14.2  100.6±14.7  <0.0001 
Quality of spirometry, n (%)0.0013 
845 (78.5)  5900 (73.6)  6745 (74.2)   
202 (18.8)  1905 (23.8)  2107 (23.2)   
29 (2.7)  210 (2.6)  239 (2.6)   
Missing, n   
Dyspnoea MRC, n (%)<0.0001 
539 (50.1)  6097 (76.3)  6636 (73.2)   
373 (34.7)  1601 (20.0)  1974 (21.8)   
II  116 (10.8)  232 (2.9)  348 (3.8)   
III  41 (3.8)  59 (0.7)  100 (1.1)   
IV  6 (0.6)  2 (0.01)  8 (0.1)   
Previous Dx of COPD, CB or E, n (%)  273 (25.3)  208 (2.6)  481 (5.3)  <0.0001 
Chronic cough, n (%)  311 (30.0)  1089 (14.0)  1400 (15.9)  <0.0001 
Expectoration, n (%)  288 (27.7)  858 (11.0)  1146 (13.0)  <0.0001 
Wheezing, n (%)  583 (54.8)  2435 (30.9)  3018 (33.7)  <0.0001 
CAT score, mean±SD  9.07 (6.78)  5.99 (5.56)  6.36 (5.81)  <0.0001 
Previous Dx of asthma, n (%)  182 (16.9)  535 (6.7)  717 (7.9)  <0.0001 
Charlson comorbidity index  0.68±1.16  0.31±0.82  0.36±0.87  <0.0001 
COTE index  1.22±2.46  0.98±2.22  1.01±2.25  0.0010 
Mini-Mental MECa<30, n (%)  25 (3.7)  90 (2.7)  115 (3.0)  0.0324 
Anxiety HADS, n (%)0.4112 
No (0–7)  770 (72.6%)  5831 (73.5)  6601 (73.4)   
Possible anxiety (8–10)  177 (16.7%)  1206 (15.2)  1383 (15.4)   
Probable anxiety (11–21)  113 (10.7%)  895 (11.3)  1008 (11.2)   
Missing, n  17  83  100   
Depression HADS, n (%)0.0010 
No (0–7)  910 (85.5)  7092 (89.3)  8002 (88.9)   
Possible depression (8–10)  107 (10.1)  577 (7.3)  684 (7.6)   
Probable depression (11–21)  47 (4.4)  271 (3.4)  318 (3.5)   
Missing, n  13  75  88   

CB (chronic bronchitis) or E (emphysema).

a

The Mini-Mental MEC questionnaire was applied only in those participants 60 years and older; a cut-off score lower than 30 in the MEC questionnaire is considered positive of suspected cognitive impairment.

Clinical and COPD characteristics

As per the primary analysis, 1077 out of 9092 participants were considered COPD, while 8015 were not, with a prevalence of 11.8% (95% C.I. 11.2–12.5). By sex, prevalence was 14.6% (95% C.I. 13.5–15.7) in males and 9.4% (95% C.I. 8.6–10.2) in females.

Cases with COPD were a mean of seven years older, less frequently female (41.6% vs. 54.1%), of lower attained education, and were more frequently current- and former-smokers than controls (p<0.001), although the number of cigarettes and pack-years in non-COPD participants was substantial (Table 1); reported use of e-cigarettes, (7.0% vs. 5.5%) was significantly different (0.0450). There were also significant differences versus participants without COPD in all respiratory and other clinical variables, including living alone, previous respiratory diagnoses, respiratory symptoms, more comorbidities with the Charlson index, greater BODE and COTE scores, cognitive impairment, and depression HADS (all p<0.001), except for BMI (p=0.5482) and Anxiety HADS (p=0.4112).

Lung function and COPD underdiagnosis

As expected, COPD prevalence increased by age in both men and women, and the greatest prevalence was observed in those 80 years and older, with a prevalence of 26.1% (95% C.I. 20.9–31.9) in women and of 34.7% (95% C.I. 28.1–41.6) in men (Fig. 2). There was a high variability (2.4-fold) among the 17 regions, with a minimum prevalence of 7.1% in Asturias and a maximum of 17.3% in Catalonia (Table 2 and Fig. 3). Estimates of the prevalence of COPD according to the LLN were 6.0% (95% C.I. 5.5–6.5) overall, by sex being 7.1% (95% C.I 6.4–8.0) in males and 4.9% (95% C.I. 4.3–5.6) in females (Table 2). Underdiagnosis of COPD was 74.7%, higher in women than in men (80.6% vs. 70.4%, p<0.001), yet again with a high variability by region (Table 3). However, COPD overdiagnosis was overall low (2.6%). Underdiagnosis of COPD measured by the LLN was 61.0%, again higher in women than in men (78.4% vs. 68.6%, p<0.001), yet again with a high variability by region. However, according to the LLN there were no statistically significant differences in the autonomous communities compared to the total (Table 3).

Fig. 2.

Prevalence of COPD by age and sex according to the fixed ratio FEV1/FVC<0.7 or the lower limit of normal (LLN) in: A) Women and B) Men.

(0.23MB).
Table 2.

Variability of the prevalence of airflow limitation by Autonomous Community (region), measured as a fixed ratio and as LLN, total and by sex.

  Prevalence of COPDby Fixed RatioPrevalence of COPDby LLN
  Alln (%)  FemaleMaleAlln (%)  FemaleMale
Andalucía  49 (8.5)*  6.7  10.2  22 (3.8)  2.5  5.1 
Aragón  75 (12.6)  10.7  14.5  36 (6.0)  5.7  6.4 
Asturias  41 (7.1)*  5.2*  9.1*  16 (2.8)*  2.1  3.5* 
C.Valenciana  50 (10.4)  9.1  12.1  27 (5.6)  5.5  5.8 
Cantabria  67 (11.3)  7.6  15.2  34 (5.7)  4.6  6.9 
C.La Mancha  55 (9.7)  6.4  13.0  32 (5.7)  3.2  8.1 
C.-León  65 (10.7)  8.8  13.8  32 (5.3)  2.9  9.1 
Catalunya  103 (17.3)*  11.9  22.7*  47 (7.9)  5.4  10.3 
Extremadura  96 (16.9)*  12.7  21.1*  49 (8.6)  7.4  9.8 
Galicia  92 (16.8)*  10.2  22.8*  46 (8.4)  5.3  11.2 
Illes Balears  66 (11.1)  8.5  13.6  33 (5.6)  3.5  7.5 
I. Canarias  34 (11.1)  8.9  14.9  17 (5.6)  6.3  4.4 
La Rioja  51 (9.6)  7.6  11.7  28 (5.2)  4.0  6.6 
Madrid  84 (14.0)  16.6*  11.5  46 (7.7)  9.1  6.3 
Murcia  55 (9.4)  8.2  10.5  31 (5.3)  5.5  5.1 
Navarra  66 (13.5)  12.3  16.0  32 (6.6)  6.4  6.8 
País Vasco  28 (10.1)  6.0  16.5  16 (5.8)  5.4  6.4 
TOTAL  1077 (11.8)  9.4  14.6  544 (6.0)  4.9  7.1 
*

Prevalence of COPD by fixed ratio (FEV1/FVC<0.7) or by LLN (lower limit of normal); p<0.05 compared with total.

Fig. 3.

Map of the prevalence of airflow limitation in Spain by Autonomous Community, measured as a fixed ratio in (A) women; and (B) men.

(0.2MB).
Table 3.

Variability of the under diagnosis of COPD by Autonomous Community (region), measured as a fixed ratio and as LLN, total and by sex.

  Underdiagnosis of COPD by fixed ratioUnderdiagnosis of COPD by LLN
  Alln (%)  Femalen (%)  Malen (%)  Alln (%)  Femalen (%)  Malen (%) 
Andalucía  39 (79.6)  16 (84.2)  23 (76.7)  17 (77.3)  7 (100)  10 (66.7) 
Aragón  57 (76.0)  29 (90.6)  28 (65.1)  25 (69.4)  16 (94.1)  9 (47.4) 
Asturias  32 (78.0)  14 (93.3)  18 (69.2)  9 (56.3)  6 (100)  3 (30.0) 
C.Valenciana  37 (74.0)  19 (76.0)  18 (72.0)  20 (74.1)  13 (86.7)  7 (58.3) 
Cantabria  47 (70.1)  17 (73.9)  30 (68.2)  21 (61.8)  11 (78.6)  10 (50) 
C.La Mancha  48 (87.3)  18 (100.0)  30 (81.1)  28 (87.5)  9 (100)  19 (82.6) 
C.-León  57 (87.7)  30 (90.9)  27 (84.4)  25 (78.1)  9 (81.8)  16 (76.2) 
Catalunya  83 (80.6)  30 (85.7)  53 (77.9)  36 (76.6)  13 (81.3)  23 (74.2) 
Extremadura  79 (82.3)  32 (88.9)  47 (78.3)  35 (71.4)  17 (81.0)  18 (64.3) 
Galicia  67 (72.8)  20 (74.1)  47 (72.3)  30 (65.2)  9 (64.3)  21 (65.6) 
Illes Balears  47 (71.2)  20 (83.3)  27 (64.3)  18 (54.5)  8 (80.0)  10 (43.5) 
I. Canarias  24 (70.6)  10 (58.8)  14 (82.4)  10 (58.8)  6 (50.0)  4 (80.0) 
La Rioja  21 (41.2)*  12 (57.1)  9 (30.0)*  12 (42.9)  6 (54.5)  6 (35.3) 
Madrid  57 (67.9)  38 (77.6)  19 (54.3)  32 (69.6)  23 (85.2)  9 (47.4) 
Murcia  47 (85.5)  23 (95.8)  24 (77.4)  27 (87.1)  15 (93.8)  12 (80.0) 
Navarra  45 (68.2)  28 (70.0)  17 (65.4)  18 (56.3)  12 (57.1)  6 (54.5) 
País Vasco  17 (60.7)  5 (50.0)  12 (66.7)  10 (62.5)  5 (55.6)  5 (71.4) 
TOTAL  804 (74.6)  361 (80.6)  443 (70.4)  373 (68.6)  185 (78.4)  188 (61.0) 
*

p<0.05 compared with total.

DiscussionMain findings

Adhering to the compromise in global health agendas of an expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends and determinants of COPD at the national and international levels are essential. In here, EPISCAN II updates previous findings and includes new estimates and trends on COPD prevalence in Spain. The confirmation that COPD is one of the most prevalent conditions (more than one in ten) in the general population, found in all ages from young adults to the very elderly, and that is more frequent in men but with an increasing burden in women, yet with a regional variability (2.4-fold) of a similar magnitude than asthma,24 will set ground for further Public Health interventions. Note that a previous diagnosis of asthma was two-fold higher in those with COPD (16.9%) than without (6.7%) in this study. Regrettably our efforts to reduce COPD underdiagnosis, appear not enough, as three out of four individuals with objective airflow limitation compatible with COPD reported no medical diagnosis previously, therefore suffering unnecessary individual and population burden, as COPD is considered a preventable and treatable disease.2

Previous literature

The so-called shoe-leather epidemiology25 is essential to monitor trends of chronic diseases, as populations change, but diseases and risk factors also change.26 Direct comparison with previous estimates of spirometry in Spain will require of further analyses,27 as age thresholds differ, spirometers and guidelines have changed, and even interpretation of respiratory manoeuvres has evolved.28 However, compared with the first EPISCAN, an increase of COPD in women is seen in the overlapping age strata from age 50 years and onwards (3.2% vs 3.2% in 40–49 yrs., 4.5% vs 6.6% in 50–59 yrs., 7.6% vs 10.0% in 60–69 yrs., and 10.8% vs 14.5% in 70–79 yrs.), which is a new reminder of the growing toll of women catching up with men in cigarette smoking.29 Of note, Spain is considered to be in phase IIIb of the tobacco epidemic,30 but new forms of smoking, including the health effects of vaping and heat-not-burn products such as IQOS,31 should be actively assessed. Our finding of reported use of e-cigarettes, in 7.0% of COPD cases but also in 5.5% of non-COPD participants is worrying.32 Exploring the asthma and COPD overlap,33 or those with preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm), alternatively known as restrictive, unclassified spirometry,34 are just a few of the pre-established analyses scheduled with EPISCAN II,12 all beyond the scope of this manuscript.

Our finding of a 74.7% underdiagnosis of COPD in Spain should be put into perspective, as it is no better than the 73% in 1997,5 and only marginally different than the 78% seen in 20076; these are unwelcome news in our global effort to reduce COPD unmet burden,4,35 where new strategies might be field tested and then implemented.36 The 80.6% underdiagnosis in Spanish women, ten points higher than the 74.6% observed in men, confirms previous findings of higher female underdiagnosis in Spain, which is at odds with observations elsewhere, where male COPD underdiagnosis prevails, and to date its reasons appear elusive.37 There were substantial differences in the variability of COPD underdiagnosis by Autonomous Community, total, and by sex, with percentages ranging from the 35% only in men in La Rioja and up to 100% in women in Castilla-La Mancha (Table 3). Given that a common protocol was identical in all sites, and that these findings might be outlier values but not errors, the determinants of these differences will be specifically explored in already planned analyses of EPISCAN II. However, for the record indeed La Rioja has an advanced system of COPD screening according to the National Strategy,38 and they apply a near systematic population case-finding and screening.

There are few studies that “medicalize” new COPD diagnoses (or airflow limitation) after a population spirometric study.39,40 Perhaps the most relevant is the one by Llordés et al.41 They conducted spirometry in 1738 population smokers aged 45 years or older. All those newly diagnosed with COPD, defined as post-BD FEV1/FVC<0.7, were tested with a 4-week treatment with formoterol and budesonide. The prevalence of COPD was 24.3% (95%, CI 22.3–26.4), with an overall underdiagnosis of 56.7%. After 4 weeks of treatment, 16% of initially obstructed patients had normal spirometry; in addition, 15.6% of individuals with a diagnosis of COPD did not sustain airflow obstruction, while 84.4% did.

Strengths and limitations

EPISCAN II has several strengths, as it is consistent and even surpasses previous studies in Spain (IBERPOC and EPISCAN),5,6 namely: By assessing all 17 regions in Spain, we were able to produce a complete map of the distribution of COPD and its determinants for the first time. We did not establish an upper age limit for surveying, as population growth and ageing, particularly affecting women, is a global trend42; high quality spirometry was applied to nearly 10,000 individuals, that was centrally monitored for quality, and adhered to the strictest international guidance and protocols, as with all other measurements. Indeed, the oldest participant in EPISCAN II was a woman aged 98 years old from Extremadura, with spirometry quality graded B. Given the large sample size and high response rate, it can be considered that the final sample of participants is representative of the Spanish population older than 40 years.

However, a number of limitations are worth considering: Most areas surveyed were urban, and although 90%+ of the Spanish population live in cities, the unmet burden in rural areas is expected to be high but under-represented in here.2 Like all COPD epidemiological studies, diagnosis is based solely on spirometry (airflow limitation) and this may cause other obstructive diseases than COPD itself to be included here; same token, there is a high proportion of participants (7.9%) with a self-reported diagnosis of asthma. At the population level there are no studies that quantify the so-called ‘clinical COPD’, as the thresholds to determine which symptoms and which exposures define it are even more diffuse than those of airflow limitation. Therefore, for consistency with the design of other epidemiological studies on COPD internationally (BOLD,8 etc.) and the previous ones in Spain (IBERPOC,5 EPISCAN6) the same design is maintained.

Future perspective

Better defining and grading obstructive airway diseases, and COPD in particular, is a long quest.43 The GOLD initiative has been modifying definitions, thresholds of spirometry and staging classifications in its several iterations.2 New, recent evidence from COPDGene proposed the combination of four COPD domains: environmental exposure (cigarette smoking), clinical symptoms (dyspnoea and/or chronic bronchitis), chest CT imaging abnormalities, and abnormal spirometry; this new staging was strongly associated with spirometric disease progression (FEV1>350ml loss over 5 years), and all-cause mortality.44 We strongly believe that the COPDGene proposal of possible, probable, and definite COPD will help to advance COPD research and medicine, just as a similar proposal with symptoms, EKG, enzymes helped ischaemic heart disease previously.

We conclude that COPD remains a major, common cause of disease in the general population, yet with substantial variability by age, sex, and geography, among other determinants. There is significant unmet need of airflow limitation at the individual and population levels. Last but not least, efforts to reduce COPD underdiagnosis, and the toll of cigarettes and of other old and new ways of smoking, should be streamlined.

Funding

EPISCAN II is a GSK sponsored study.

Conflict of interest

Individual ICJME forms are appended to this submission.

Appendix A
Principal investigators, collaborators and participating centres

CC. AA.  CENTRE  INVESTIGATOR TEAM 
MADRID  H. La Princesa  Julio Ancochea Bermudez (IP) / Elena García Castillo / Claudia Valenzuela / Joan B Soriano 
CASTILLA LEÓN  H. U. de Burgos  Ana Pueyo Bastida (IP) / Lourdes Lázaro Asegurado / Luis Rodríguez Pascual / Mª José Mora 
ARAGÓN  H. Gral. San Jorge  Luis Borderias Clau (IP) / Lourdes Arizón Mendoza / Sandra García 
EXTREMADURA  H. San Pedro de Alcántara  Juan Antonio Riesco Miranda (IP) / Julián Grande Gutiérrez / Jesús Agustín Manzano / Manuel Agustín Sojo González 
CASTILLA LEÓN  H. Clínico U. de Salamanca  Miguel Barrueco Ferrero (IP) / Milagros Rosales 
GALICIA  H. Álvaro Cunqueiro  José Alberto Fernández Villar (IP) / Cristina Represas / Ana Priegue / Isabel Portela Ferreño / Cecilia Mouronte Roibás / Sara Fernández García 
I. BALEARES  H. Son Espases  Borja G Cosío (IP) / Rocío Cordova Díaz / Nuria Toledo Pons / Margalida Llabrés 
ARAGÓN  H. U. Miguel Servet  José María Marín Trigo (IP) / Marta Forner / Begoña Gallego / Pablo Cubero / Elisabet Vera 
C. VALENCIANA  H. Arnau de Vilanova (Valencia)  Juan José Soler Cataluña (IP) / Mª Begoña Picurelli Albero / Noelia González García 
ANDALUCÍA  H. Virgen de la Macarena  Agustín Valido Morales (IP) / Carolina Panadero / Cristina Benito Bernáldez/ Laura Martín -Bejarano y Maria Velarde (enfermeras sin acceso web) 
MURCIA  H. Gral. U. Santa Lucía (Cartagena)  Antonio Santa Cruz Siminiani (IP) / Carlos Castillo Quintanilla / Rocío Ibáñez Meléndez / José Javier Martínez Garcerán / Desirée Lozano Vicente / Pedro García Torres / Maria del Mar Valdivia 
NAVARRA  Clínica Universidad de Navarra  Juan Pablo de Torres Tajes (IP) / Montserrat Cizur Girones / Carmen Labiano Turrillas 
LA RIOJA  H. de San Pedro (Logroño)  Carlos Ruiz Martínez (IP)/ Elena Hernando / Elvira Alfaro / José Manuel García / Jorge Lázaro 
PAÍS VASCO  H. Santiago Apóstol (H. Txagorritxu)  David Bravo (IP) /Laura Hidalgo / Silvia Francisco Terreros / Iñaki Zorrilla / Ainara Alonso Colmenero / 
ASTURIAS  H. Central de Asturias  Cristina Martínez González (IP) /Susana Margon/ Rosirys Guzman Taveras/ Ramón Fernández / Alicia Álvarez 
CANTABRIA  H. de Valdecilla (Servicio de Neumología en el H. Santa Cruz de Liencres)  José Ramón Agüero Balbín (IP) / Juan Agüero Calvo 
CATALUÑA  H. U. Vall d’Hebron  Jaume Joan Ferrer Sancho (IP) / Esther Rodríguez González/ Eduardo Loeb 
CASTILLA LA MANCHA  H. U. de Guadalajara  José Luis Izquierdo Alonso (IP) / Mª Antonia Rodríguez García 
I. CANARIAS  H. U. de Tenerife  Juan Abreu González (IP)/ Candelaria Martín García/ Rebeca Muñoz/ Haydée Martín García 
ASTURIAS  H. U. de San Agustín (Avilés):  Miguel Angel Martínez Muñiz (IP) / Andrés Avelino Sánchez Antuña / Jesús Allende González / Jose Antonio Gullón Blanco / Fernando José Alvarez Navascues / Manuel Angel Villanueva Montes / María Rodríguez Pericacho / Concepción Rodríguez García / Juan Diego Alvarez Mavárez 

References
[1]
2019 GOLD Report. Global strategy for prevention, diagnosis and management of COPD. https://goldcopd.org [accessed 3.03.19].
[2]
C.F. Vogelmeier, G.J. Criner, F.J. Martínez, A. Anzueto, P.J. Barnes, J. Bourbeau, et al.
Global strategy for the diagnosis management, and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease 2017 report: GOLD executive summary.
Arch Bronconeumol, 53 (2017), pp. 128-149
[3]
M. Miravitlles, J.J. Soler-Cataluña, M. Calle, J. Molina, P. Almagro, J.A. Quintano, et al.
Spanish Guidelines for Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (GesEPOC) 2017. Pharmacological treatment of stable phase.
Arch Bronconeumol, 53 (2017), pp. 324-335
[4]
J.B. Soriano, J. Zielinski, D. Price.
Screening for and early detection of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
[5]
V. Sobradillo-Peña, M. Miravitlles, R. Gabriel, C.A. Jiménez-Ruiz, C. Villasante, J.F. Masa, et al.
Geographic variations in prevalence and underdiagnosis of COPD: results of the IBERPOC multicentre epidemiological study.
Chest, 118 (2000), pp. 981-989
[6]
M. Miravitlles, F. Garcia-Rio, L. Muñoz, E. Duran-Tauleria, G. Sánchez, V. Sobradillo, et al.
Prevalence of COPD in Spain: impact of undiagnosed COPD on quality of life and daily life activities.
Thorax, 64 (2009), pp. 863-868
[7]
A.M. Menezes, R. Perez-Padilla, J.R. Jardim, A. Muiño, M.V. Lopez, G. Valdivia, et al.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in five Latin American cities (the PLATINO study): a prevalence study.
Lancet, 366 (2005), pp. 1875-1881
[8]
M.V. López Varela, Montes de Oca, R. Halbert, A. Muiño, C. Tálamo, R. Pérez-Padilla, et al.
Comorbilidades y estado de salud en individuos con y sin EPOC en 5 ciudades de América Latina: Estudio PLATINO.
Arch Bronconeumol, 49 (2013), pp. 468-474
[9]
J.B. Soriano, M. Miravitlles.
Datos epidemiológicos de EPOC en España.
Arch Bronconeumol, 43 (2007), pp. 2-9
[10]
R. Lozano, M. Naghavi, K. Foreman, S. Lim, K. Shibuya, V. Aboyans, et al.
Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.
Lancet, 380 (2012), pp. 2095-2128
[11]
GBD 2015 Chronic Respiratory Disease Collaborators. Global, regional, and national deaths, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years, and years lived with disability for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Respir Med 2017;5:691–706.
[12]
GBD Chronic Respiratory Disease Collaborators. Prevalence and attributable health burden of chronic respiratory diseases, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8:585–96.
[13]
I. Alfageme, P. de Lucas, J. Ancochea, M. Miravitlles, J.J. Soler-Cataluña, F. García-Río, et al.
10 years after EPISCAN: a new study on the prevalence of COPD in Spain – a summary of the EPISCAN II protocol.
Arch Bronconeumol, 55 (2019), pp. 38-47
[14]
Data protection in the EU. Regulation (EU) 2016/679. https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/law-topic/data-protection/data-protection-eu_en [accessed 25.03.19].
[15]
E. von Elm, D.G. Altman, M. Egger, S.J. Pocock, P.C. Gøtzsche, J.P. Vandenbroucke.
The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.
Lancet, 370 (2007), pp. 1453-1457
[16]
F. García-Río, M. Calle, F. Burgos, P. Casan, F. Del Campo, J.B. Galdiz, et al.
Sociedad Española de de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR) Espirometría. Sociedad Española de de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR).
Arch Bronconeumol, 49 (2013), pp. 388-401
[17]
P.H. Quanjer, S. Stanojevic, T.J. Cole, X. Baur, G.L. Hall, B.H. Culver, et al.
ERS Global Lung Function Initiative Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3–95-yr age range: the global lung function 2012 equations.
Eur Respir J, 40 (2012), pp. 1324-1343
[18]
M.R. Miller, J. Hankinson, V. Brusasco, F. Burgos, R. Casaburi, A. Coates, et al.
ATS/ERS Task Force Standardisation of spirometry.
Eur Respir J, 26 (2005), pp. 319-338
[19]
M.E. Charlson, T.P. Szatrowski, J. Peterson, J. Gold.
Validation of a combined comorbidity index.
J Clin Epidemiol, 47 (1994), pp. 1245-1251
[20]
J.P. de Torres, C. Casanova, J.M. Marin, et al.
Prognostic evaluation of COPD patients: GOLD 2011 versus BODE and the COPD comorbidity index COTE.
[21]
B.R. Celli, C.G. Cote, J.M. Marin, C. Casanova, M. Montes de Oca, R.A. Mendez, et al.
The body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
N Engl J Med, 350 (2004), pp. 1005-1012
[22]
Censos de Población y Viviendas 2011. https://www.ine.es/censos2011_datos/cen11_datos_inicio.htm [accessed 10.12.19].
[23]
I. Blanco, I. Diego, P. Bueno, E. Fernández, F. Casas-Maldonado, C. Esquinas, et al.
Geographical distribution of COPD prevalence in Europe, estimated by an inverse distance weighting interpolation technique.
Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 13 (2017), pp. 57-67
[24]
N. Pearce, J. Sunyer, S. Cheng, S. Chinn, B. Björkstén, M. Burr, et al.
Comparison of asthma prevalence in the ISAAC and the ECRHS ISAAC Steering Committee and the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood.
Eur Respir J, 16 (2000), pp. 420-426
[25]
D. Koo, S.B. Thacker.
In Snow's footsteps: commentary on shoe-leather and applied epidemiology.
Am J Epidemiol, 172 (2010), pp. 737-739
[26]
J.B. Soriano.
The evolution of COPD species; or, something is changing for good in COPD.
[27]
J.B. Soriano, J. Ancochea, M. Miravitlles, F. García-Río, E. Duran-Tauleria, L. Muñoz, et al.
Recent trends in COPD prevalence in Spain: a repeated cross-sectional survey 1997–2007.
Eur Respir J, 36 (2010), pp. 758-765
[28]
M. Topalovic, N. Das, P.R. Burgel, M. Daenen, E. Derom, C. Haenebalcke, et al.
Artificial intelligence outperforms pulmonologists in the interpretation of pulmonary function tests.
[29]
A.M. Brandt.
The cigarette century: the rise, fall, and deadly persistence of the product that defined America.
Basic Books, (2009),
[30]
J.B. Soriano, D. Rojas-Rueda, J. Alonso, J.M. Antó, P.J. Cardona, E. Fernández, et al.
Colaboradores de GBD en España; Lista de colaboradores de GBD en España The burden of disease in Spain: Results from the Global Burden of Disease 2016.
Med Clin (Barc), 151 (2018), pp. 171-190
[31]
A. Kalininskiy, C.T. Bach, N.E. Nacca, G. Ginsberg, J. Marraffa, K.A. Navarette, et al.
E-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury (EVALI): case series and diagnostic approach.
Lancet Respir Med, 7 (2019), pp. 1017-1026
[32]
E. Fernández, M.J. López, S. Gallus, S. Semple, L. Clancy, P. Behrakis, et al.
TackSHS Project Investigators; TackSHS Project Investigators Tackling second-hand exposure to tobacco smoke and aerosols of electronic cigarettes: the TackSHS project protocol.
Gac Sanit, (2019),
[33]
J.J. Soler-Cataluña, L. Novella, C. Soler, M.L. Nieto, V. Esteban, F. Sánchez-Toril, et al.
Clinical characteristics and risk of exacerbations associated with different diagnostic criteria of asthma-COPD overlap.
Arch Bronconeumol, 56 (2020), pp. 282-290
[34]
E.S. Wan, S. Fortis, E.A. Regan, J. Hokanson, M.K. Han, R. Casaburi, et al.
Longitudinal phenotypes and mortality in preserved ratio impaired spirometry in the COPDGene study.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 198 (2018), pp. 1397-1405
[35]
B. Lamprecht, J.B. Soriano, M. Studnicka, B. Kaiser, L.E. Vanfleteren, L. Gnatiuc, et al.
Determinants of underdiagnosis of COPD in national and international surveys.
Chest, 148 (2015), pp. 971-985
[36]
P. Almagro, J.B. Soriano.
Underdiagnosis in COPD: a battle worth fighting.
Lancet Respir Med, 5 (2017), pp. 367-368
[37]
J. Ancochea, M. Miravitlles, F. García-Río, L. Muñoz, G. Sánchez, V. Sobradillo, et al.
Underdiagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in women: quantification of the problem, determinants and proposed actions.
Arch Bronconeumol, 49 (2013), pp. 223-229
[38]
J. Ancochea, J.B. Soriano.
La epoc en España al inicio de una nueva década.
[39]
L.C. Bertens, J.B. Reitsma, Y. van Mourik, J.W. Lammers, K.G. Moons, A.W. Hoes, et al.
COPD detected with screening: impact on patient management and prognosis.
Eur Respir J, 44 (2014), pp. 1571-1578
[40]
P.J. Poels, T.R. Schermer, D.P. Schellekens, R.P. Akkermans, P.F. de Vries Robbé, A. Kaplan, et al.
Impact of a spirometry expert system on general practitioners’ decision making.
Eur Respir J, 31 (2008), pp. 84-92
[41]
M. Llordés, A. Jaén, P. Almagro, J.L. Heredia, J. Morera, J.B. Soriano, et al.
Prevalence risk factors and diagnostic accuracy of COPD among smokers in primary care.
[42]
K. Christensen, G. Doblhammer, R. Rau, J.W. Vaupel.
Ageing populations: the challenges ahead.
Lancet, 374 (2009), pp. 1196-1208
[43]
P.J. Barnes, J. Vestbo, P.M. Calverley.
The pressing need to redefine “COPD”.
Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis, 6 (2019), pp. 380-383
[44]
K.E. Lowe, E.A. Regan, A. Anzueto, E. Austin, J.H.M. Austin, T.H. Beaty, et al.
COPDGene® 2019 redefining the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis, 6 (2019), pp. 384-399
Copyright © 2020. SEPAR
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?