Journal Information
Vol. 46. Issue 11.
Pages 571-579 (January 2010)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 46. Issue 11.
Pages 571-579 (January 2010)
Original Article
Full text access
Non-invasive Functional Evaluation of the Reserve in Fatigue and the Diaphragm Structure using Transthoracic Echography in B and M Modes
Evaluación funcional no-invasiva de la reserva ante la fatiga y la estructura del diafragma mediante ecografía transtorácica en modos B y M
Visits
5577
Mauricio Orozco-Levia,b,c,
Corresponding author
morozco@hospitaldelmar.org

Corresponding author.
, Ángel Gayetee, Cristina Rodrígueza,b, Alba Ramírez-Sarmientoa,b, Raúl Méndeza, Francesc Tousd, Ivan Vollmere, Joaquim Geaa,b,c, Luis Molinaf
a Servicio de Neumología, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
b Grupo de Investigación en Lesión, Respuesta Inmune y Función Pulmonar (LIF), Instituto Municipal de Investigación Médica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
c CEXS-Universidad Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
d Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico (IDIMAS - CRC-Mar), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
e Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
f Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
This item has received
Article information
Abstract

The diaphragm is the principal respiratory muscle. Its special characteristics have made it difficult to design instruments capable of performing a non-invasive evaluation of its structure and function in humans. The present study was designed to evaluate the potential use of ultrasound as a non-invasive method to fulfil these objectives.

Methods

The study consisted of three phases: (1) ultrasound study in autopsy samples (n=10) of a segment of the thoracic-abdominal wall, from the bottom to the parietal peritoneum (i.e., thoracic wall, diaphragm, pleura and peritoneum structures), (2) static ultrasound study of the previous structures and the diaphragm in healthy subjects (n=10) to standardised lung volumes; and (3) dynamic ultrasound study of the contraction-relaxation of the diaphragm in the same subjects, calculating its maximum velocity of relaxation (MVrdi, mm/sec) during a specific inspiratory resistance test.

Results

The ultrasound enabled the pleural and peritoneal limits of the diaphragm to be identified, and quantify its thickness (Tdi), both ex-vivo and in-vivo, in all cases. The dynamic study of the Tdi showed a linear increase directly associated with the lung volume measurement, as well as a cyclical increase during inspiratory movements at rest. In the resistance test, the MVrdi was maximal with low loads and gradually decreased until reaching a minimum nadir (Δ≈ −70% of the initial value) in claudication (fatigue). The MVrdi has a high precision in diagnosing claudication.

Conclusions

Transthoracic ultrasound of the diaphragm is a non-invasive method that gives promising results in the structural and functional evaluation (i.e. fatigue risk) of that muscle. These findings are of pathophysiological interest and could be of use in the clinical care context.

Keywords:
Diaphragm
Contraction
Relaxation
Respiratory loads
Claudication
Fatigue
Resumen

El diafragma es el principal músculo respiratorio. Sus especiales características han dificultado el diseño de instrumentos capaces de evaluar su estructura y función de forma no invasiva en humanos. El presente estudio fue diseñado para evaluar la potencial utilidad de la ecografía como un método no invasivo para cumplir dichos objetivos.

Métodos

El estudio incluyó tres fases: 1) estudio ecográfico en muestras necrópsicas (n = 10) de un segmento de pared toraco-abdominal, incluyendo desde piel hasta peritoneo parietal (e.d., estructuras de pared torácica, diafragma, pleura y peritoneo); 2) estudio ecográfico estático de las estructuras anteriores y el diafragma en individuos sanos (n = 10) a volúmenes pulmonares normalizados, y 3) estudio ecográfico dinámico de la contracción-relajación del diafragma en los mismos individuos, con cálculo de la velocidad máxima de relajación (VMARdi, mm/seg) en el curso de una prueba específica de resistencia inspiratoria.

Resultados

La ecografía permitió identificar con claridad los límites pleural y peritoneal del diafragma, y cuantificar su grosor (Gdi), en todos los casos, tanto ex-vivo como in-vivo. El estudio dinámico del Gdi mostró un incremento lineal en relación directa con el volumen pulmonar de medición, además de un incremento cíclico durante los movimientos inspiratorios en reposo. En la prueba de resistencia, la VMARdi fue máxima ante cargas bajas y disminuyó progresivamente hasta alcanzar un nadir mínimo (Δ≈ – 70% del valor inicial) en la claudicación (fatiga). La medición de VMARdi tiene una alta precisión diagnóstica de claudicación.

Conclusiones

La ecografía transtorácica del diafragma es un método no invasivo que ofrece resultados prometedores en la evaluación estructural y funcional (e.d., riesgo de fatiga) de dicho músculo. Estos hallazgos son de interés fisiopatológico y podrían ser de utilidad en el contexto asistencial clínico.

Palabras clave:
Diafragma
Contracción
Relajación
Cargas respiratorias
Claudicación
Fatiga
Full text is only aviable in PDF
References
[1.]
S.H. Loring, A. De Troyer.
Actions of the respiratory muscles.
The Thorax, pp. 327-349
[2.]
S.K. Epstein.
An Overview on Respiratory Muscle Function.
Clin Chest Med, 15 (1995), pp. 619-639
[3.]
L.F. Black, R.E. Hyatt.
Maximal respiratory pressures normal values and relationship to age and sex.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 99 (1969), pp. 696-702
[4.]
M. Orozco-Levi, J. Gea.
El Diafragma.
Arch Bronconeumol, 33 (1997), pp. 399-411
[5.]
F. Bellemare, A. Grassino.
Evaluation of human diaphragm fatigue.
J Appl Physiol, 53 (1982), pp. 1196-1206
[6.]
J.B. Martyn, R.H. Moreno, P.D. Paré, R.L. Pardy.
Measurement of inspiratory muscle performance with incremental threshold loading.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 135 (1987), pp. 919-923
[7.]
A. Ramírez-Sarmiento, M. Orozco-Levi, E. Barreiro, R. Méndez, A. Ferrer, J. Broquetas, et al.
Expiratory muscle endurance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Thorax, 57 (2002), pp. 132-136
[8.]
P.T. Macklem, C.S. Roussos.
Respiratory muscle fatigue: A cause of respiratory failure?.
Clin Sci Mol Med, 53 (1977), pp. 419-422
[9.]
C. Sinderby, J. Beck, J. Spahija, J. Weinberg, A. Grassino.
Voluntary activation of the human diaphragm in health and disease.
J Appl Physiol, 85 (1998), pp. 2146-2158
[10.]
J. Gea, J.M. Espadaler, R. Guiu, X. Aran, L. Seoane, J.M. Broquetas.
Diaphragmatic activity induced by cortical stimulation: surface versus esophageal electrodes.
J Appl Physiol, 74 (1993), pp. 655-658
[11.]
J.R. Moxham, R.H. Edwards, M. Aubier, A. De Troyer, G. Farkas, P.T. Macklem, et al.
Changes in the EMG power spectrum (high-to-low ratio) with forced fatigue in humans.
J Appl Physiol, 53 (1982), pp. 1094-1099
[12.]
R.L. Hughes, H. Katz, V. Sahgal, J.A. Campbell, R. Hartz, T.W. Shields.
Fiber size and energy metabolites in five separate muscles from patients with chronic obstructive lung diseases.
Respiration, 44 (1983), pp. 321-328
[13.]
Lluis Molina i Ferragut. Cor d’atleta: Avaluació ecocardiogràfica. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1992.
[14.]
Boussuges A, Gole y, Blanc P. Diaphragmatic motion studied by m-mode ultrasonography: methods, reproducibility and normal values. CHEST 135: 391-400.
[15.]
C. Herve, A.M. Duval, J. Malak, A. Meguira, P. Brun.
Relations between posterior wall kinetics during diastole and left ventricular filling.
J Am Coll Cardiol, 15 (1990), pp. 1587-1593
[16.]
World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. Adopted by the 18th WMA General Assembly, Helsinki, Finland, June 1964, and amended by the 29th WMA General Assembly, Tokyo, Japan, October 1975;35th WMA General Assembly, Venice, Italy, October 1983;41st WMA General Assembly, Hong Kong, September 1989; 48th WMA General Assembly, Somerset West, Republic of South Africa, October 1996; and the 52nd WMA General Assembly, Edinburgh, Scotland, October 2000; Note of Clarification on Paragraph 29 added by the WMA General Assembly, Washington 2002; Note of Clarification on Paragraph 30 added by the WMA General Assembly, Tokyo 2004. Disponible en: http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/guidelines/Helsinki.html.
[17.]
A. Ramírez-Sarmiento, M. Orozco-Levi, R. Guell, E. Barreiro, N. Hernández, S. Mota, et al.
Inspiratory muscle training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: structural adaptation and physiologic outcomes.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 166 (2002), pp. 1491-1497
[18.]
Sanchis Aldás J, Casan Clará P, Castillo Gómez J, Gómez Mangado N, Palenciano Ballesteros L, Roca Torrent J. Espirometría forzada. Normativa SEPAR.
[19.]
J. Roca, J. Sanchís, A. Agustí-Vidal, F. Segarra, D. Navajas, R. Rodríguez-Roisin.
Spirometric reference values for a Mediterranean population.
Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir, 22 (1986), pp. 217-224
[20.]
S.H. Wilson, N.T. Cooke, R.H. Edwards, S.G. Spiro.
Predicted normal values for maximal inspiratory pressure in caucasian adults and children.
Thorax, 39 (1984), pp. 535-538
[21.]
M. Orozco-Levi, J. Lloreta, J. Minguella, S. Serrano, J.M. Broquetas, J. Gea.
Injury of the human diaphragm associated with exertion and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 164 (2001), pp. 1734-1739
[22.]
B.G. Nickerson, T.G. Keens.
Measuring ventilatory muscle endurance in humans as sustainable inspiratory pressure. J Appl Physiol?.
Respirato Environ Exercise, 52 (1982), pp. 768-772
[23.]
J. Ueki, P.F. De Bruin, N.B. Pride.
In vivo assessment of diaphragm contraction by ultrasound in normal subjects.
Thorax, 50 (1995), pp. 1157-1161
[24.]
A.C. Guyton, J.E. Hall.
Contraction of skeletal muscle.
Tratado de Fisiología Médica, pp. 79-93
[25.]
J. Ayoub, R. Cohendy, M. Dauzat, R. Targhetta, J.E. De la Coussaye, J.M. Bourgeois, et al.
Non-invasive quantification of diaphragm kinetics using m-mode sonography.
Can J Anaesth, 44 (1997), pp. 739-744
[26.]
A. Boussuges, Y. Gole, P. Blanc.
Diaphragmatic motion studied by m-mode ultrasonography: methods, reproducibility, and normal values.
Chest, 135 (2009), pp. 391-400
[27.]
P.R. Eastwood, D.R. Hillman, K.E. Finucane.
Ventilatory responses to inspiratory threshold loading and role of muscle fatigue in task failure.
J Appl Physiol, 76 (1994), pp. 185-195
[28.]
A. Ramírez-Sarmiento, M. Orozco-Levi, E. Barreiro, R. Méndez, A. Ferrer, J. Broquetas, et al.
Expiratory muscle endurance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Thorax, 57 (2002), pp. 132-136
[29.]
M. Orozco-Levi, J. Gea, A. Ferrer, R. Méndez, A. Ramírez-Sarmiento, D. Maldonado, et al.
Expiratory muscle endurance in middle-aged healthy subjects.
Lung, 179 (2001), pp. 93-103
Copyright © 2010. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?