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Vol. 46. Issue 11.
Pages 571-579 (January 2010)
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Vol. 46. Issue 11.
Pages 571-579 (January 2010)
Original Article
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Non-invasive Functional Evaluation of the Reserve in Fatigue and the Diaphragm Structure using Transthoracic Echography in B and M Modes
Evaluación funcional no-invasiva de la reserva ante la fatiga y la estructura del diafragma mediante ecografía transtorácica en modos B y M
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Mauricio Orozco-Levia,b,c,
Corresponding author
morozco@hospitaldelmar.org

Corresponding author.
, Ángel Gayetee, Cristina Rodrígueza,b, Alba Ramírez-Sarmientoa,b, Raúl Méndeza, Francesc Tousd, Ivan Vollmere, Joaquim Geaa,b,c, Luis Molinaf
a Servicio de Neumología, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
b Grupo de Investigación en Lesión, Respuesta Inmune y Función Pulmonar (LIF), Instituto Municipal de Investigación Médica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
c CEXS-Universidad Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
d Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico (IDIMAS - CRC-Mar), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
e Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
f Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract

The diaphragm is the principal respiratory muscle. Its special characteristics have made it difficult to design instruments capable of performing a non-invasive evaluation of its structure and function in humans. The present study was designed to evaluate the potential use of ultrasound as a non-invasive method to fulfil these objectives.

Methods

The study consisted of three phases: (1) ultrasound study in autopsy samples (n=10) of a segment of the thoracic-abdominal wall, from the bottom to the parietal peritoneum (i.e., thoracic wall, diaphragm, pleura and peritoneum structures), (2) static ultrasound study of the previous structures and the diaphragm in healthy subjects (n=10) to standardised lung volumes; and (3) dynamic ultrasound study of the contraction-relaxation of the diaphragm in the same subjects, calculating its maximum velocity of relaxation (MVrdi, mm/sec) during a specific inspiratory resistance test.

Results

The ultrasound enabled the pleural and peritoneal limits of the diaphragm to be identified, and quantify its thickness (Tdi), both ex-vivo and in-vivo, in all cases. The dynamic study of the Tdi showed a linear increase directly associated with the lung volume measurement, as well as a cyclical increase during inspiratory movements at rest. In the resistance test, the MVrdi was maximal with low loads and gradually decreased until reaching a minimum nadir (Δ≈ −70% of the initial value) in claudication (fatigue). The MVrdi has a high precision in diagnosing claudication.

Conclusions

Transthoracic ultrasound of the diaphragm is a non-invasive method that gives promising results in the structural and functional evaluation (i.e. fatigue risk) of that muscle. These findings are of pathophysiological interest and could be of use in the clinical care context.

Keywords:
Diaphragm
Contraction
Relaxation
Respiratory loads
Claudication
Fatigue
Resumen

El diafragma es el principal músculo respiratorio. Sus especiales características han dificultado el diseño de instrumentos capaces de evaluar su estructura y función de forma no invasiva en humanos. El presente estudio fue diseñado para evaluar la potencial utilidad de la ecografía como un método no invasivo para cumplir dichos objetivos.

Métodos

El estudio incluyó tres fases: 1) estudio ecográfico en muestras necrópsicas (n = 10) de un segmento de pared toraco-abdominal, incluyendo desde piel hasta peritoneo parietal (e.d., estructuras de pared torácica, diafragma, pleura y peritoneo); 2) estudio ecográfico estático de las estructuras anteriores y el diafragma en individuos sanos (n = 10) a volúmenes pulmonares normalizados, y 3) estudio ecográfico dinámico de la contracción-relajación del diafragma en los mismos individuos, con cálculo de la velocidad máxima de relajación (VMARdi, mm/seg) en el curso de una prueba específica de resistencia inspiratoria.

Resultados

La ecografía permitió identificar con claridad los límites pleural y peritoneal del diafragma, y cuantificar su grosor (Gdi), en todos los casos, tanto ex-vivo como in-vivo. El estudio dinámico del Gdi mostró un incremento lineal en relación directa con el volumen pulmonar de medición, además de un incremento cíclico durante los movimientos inspiratorios en reposo. En la prueba de resistencia, la VMARdi fue máxima ante cargas bajas y disminuyó progresivamente hasta alcanzar un nadir mínimo (Δ≈ – 70% del valor inicial) en la claudicación (fatiga). La medición de VMARdi tiene una alta precisión diagnóstica de claudicación.

Conclusiones

La ecografía transtorácica del diafragma es un método no invasivo que ofrece resultados prometedores en la evaluación estructural y funcional (e.d., riesgo de fatiga) de dicho músculo. Estos hallazgos son de interés fisiopatológico y podrían ser de utilidad en el contexto asistencial clínico.

Palabras clave:
Diafragma
Contracción
Relajación
Cargas respiratorias
Claudicación
Fatiga
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