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Vol. 33. Issue 11.
Pages 566-571 (December 1997)
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Vol. 33. Issue 11.
Pages 566-571 (December 1997)
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Microepidemias de tuberculosis: a propósito de dos brotes escolares en el área 15 de la Comunidad Valenciana
Microepidemic of tuberculosis: on two school outbreaks in area 15 of the Valencian Community (Spain)
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J.L. Calpea,*, E. Chinera, E. Sánchezb, V. Armeroc, M.T. Puigcerverd, C. Carbonelle, A. Vilare
a Secciones de Neumología, Hospital de la Marina Baixa. Alicante
b Secciones de Salud Pública, Hospital de la Marina Baixa. Alicante
c Secciones de ATS, Hospital de la Marina Baixa. Alicante
d Secciones de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria, Hospital de la Marina Baixa. Alicante
e Secciones de Medicina Interna. Hospital de la Marina Baixa. Alicante
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La escuela representa una concentración de personas jóvenes con baja exposición previa a Mycobacterium tuberculosis, con mayor riesgo para desarrolar la enfermedad después de la infección, ocurriendo de forma esporádica brotes localizados. Presentamos el estudio de dos brotes que tuvieron lugar en dos colegios de EGB (A y B), tras detectar en 1990 y 1994 2 casos de tuberculosis pulmonar bacilífera en sendos profesores. Se procedió al estudio de los contactos, en A por parte de atención primaria y en B por neumología y salud pública, dividiendo los contactos de ambos colegios en grupo de riesgo (GR) y grupo de bajo riesgo (GBR). El GR estuvo compuesto por 187 contactos en A y 59 en B y el GBR por 429 y 116, respectivamente. Se obtuvieron 108 Mantoux positivos en el GR y 45 en el GBR de A (p<0,001). En B se obtuvieron 50 positivos en el GR frente a 29 del GBR (p<0,001). Se observó una mayor proporción de Mantoux positivos en el GR de B frente a los positivos del GR de A (p<0,01), atribuible al mayor tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad y a la posible afectación laríngea del caso índice. Asimismo, se observó una menor proporción de tuberculín positivos en el GBR de A frente a la proporción de positivos del GBR de B (p<0,001), debido a la composición inadecuada de dicho grupo en A. Se observó un total de 13 casos de tuberculosis en A, seis de los cuales debieron haber recibido quimioprofilaxis tras el estudio de contactos. Se constata la importancia de las características tanto del caso índice como de las condiciones de exposición para que se produzcan dichos brotes y se demuestra la necesidad de actuar de forma adecuada en el estudio de contactos, que debería estar a cargo de los servicios de neumología.

Palabras clave:
Tuberculosis
Microepidemias

Schools are settings with high concentrations of young people with little exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and greater risk of developing disease when infection occurs as the result of sporadic localized outbreaks. We studied two outbreaks in two elementary schools (A and B) after two cases of bacilliferous pulmonary tuberculosis were detected in teachers in 1990 and 1994. Contacts were trace din school A by the primary care physician and in school B by the pneumologist and public health authorities. Contacts were classified as belonging to the risk group (RG) or the low risk group (LGR). The RG was composed of 187 contacts in school A and 59 in school B. Individuals in the LRG numbered 429 and 116 respectively. Mantoux positives numbered 108 in the RG and 45 in the LRG in school A (p<0.001). In school B 50 RG individuals and 29 LRG individuals were positive (p<0.001). The proportion of Mantoux positives was greater in the RG of school B than in the RG of school A (p<0.01), probably owing to longer time of evolution of disease and possible laryngeal involvement in the index case. Likewise, tuberculin positives were fewer in the LRG of school A than in the LRG of school B (p<0.001), owing to the small size of the LRG in school A. Thirteen cases of tuberculosis were seen in school A, six of which called for drug prophylaxis after contacts were traced. The nature of the index case and the conditions of exposure are both important in such outbreaks, demonstrating the need to act appropiately to trace contacts, preferably under the supervision of a pneumologists.

Key words:
Tuberculosis
Microepidemics
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