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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Video-assisted anatomical lung resections should become standard treatment in most patients with early-stage lung cancer&#46; No studies have yet produced quality evidence&#44; but a large number of publications have shown that video-assisted thoracic surgery &#40;VATS&#41; has a number of advantages over thoracotomy&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> and it seems reasonable that patients should be offered this minimally invasive approach&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the 2015 European Society of Thoracic Surgeons database report&#44; only 21&#37; of lung resections performed in Europe used this approach&#44; while in Spain the percentage was as low as 15&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To address this inconsistency&#44; we need to develop continuous and complementary training strategies in an experimental setting to provide the training that will ensure that these procedures are being safely performed in our patients&#46; We believe that these methodologies should be shared&#44; as this approach has enabled our group to prepare all the surgeons of our unit to perform this surgery safely&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The implementation of new surgical techniques&#44; such as video-assisted anatomical lung resections&#44; requires continuous training&#46; At the moment&#44; most of this takes place directly on patients during routine hospital activity&#44; and attendance at practical teaching courses in experimental labs is exceptional&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It has been estimated that around 50 video-assisted lobectomy procedures are needed to overcome the learning curve<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> over a recommended training period of up to 1 year&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> and to maintain a good performance level&#44; each surgeon must perform at least 25 interventions a year&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is a clear need to think beyond the &#8220;learn on patients&#8221; model&#44; in order to reduce errors and increase patient safety&#46; Simulation with tissue models in a wet lab is the most useful tool for this purpose&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> Training directly on patients clashes with our commitment to offer them safe treatment and to avoid urgent conversions to thoracotomy due to intraoperative accidents&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> The preparation of resident doctors is a major challenge&#44; and sufficient training must be offered in a safe environment that has the necessary caseload&#46; In Spain&#44; very few thoracic surgery units achieve the recommended number of procedures&#47;surgeon&#47;year&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the Thoracic Surgery Department of Salamanca&#44; we have developed a training program in minimally invasive surgery which also includes changes in the surgical environment to allow the more general application of these procedures&#44; practice in high-volume hospitals&#44; and practice in an experimental wet lab that uses prepared porcine heart&#8211;lung blocks for simulating VATS resections&#44; principally left upper lobectomy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> This model has demonstrated high fidelity and is perhaps the most widely studied and validated for teaching VATS lobectomy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;9</span></a> The left lung of the porcine heart&#8211;lung block model is not anatomically identical to human anatomy&#44; but the tissues and advanced dissection techniques are reproducible and can be objectively evaluated by expert surgeons&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> It is also very inexpensive&#44; although it must be used in facilities equipped with a video-assisted thoracoscopy machine&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As Tong et al&#46; mention&#44; the utility of a task-based simulator depends on its fidelity and validity&#46; Fidelity&#44; also known as face validity&#44; refers to how real the trainee feels the experience with the simulator to be&#46; Content validity evaluates if the steps taken with the simulator are exactly those taken in the real procedure&#46; Construct validity evaluates the ability of the simulator to discriminate between students with different levels of experience&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The few virtual simulators available&#44; apart from being very expensive&#44; are in the early stages of development and have not shown advantages over the porcine heart&#8211;lung model&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In all probability&#44; the future will reveal that both platforms &#40;virtual simulators and porcine heart&#8211;lung block&#41; have advantages at different stages of VATS lobectomy training&#46; The virtual reality platform may be used as often as required&#44; and would be a good starting point for surgeons who are new to VATS lobectomy&#46; As Carrott el al&#46; state&#44; the porcine model can then be used once surgeons gain some operative experience and will facilitate the development of fine dissection skills and gain a &#8220;feel&#8221; for tissue strength with sharp and blunt dissection of hilar vessels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the Hospital Universitario de Salamanca&#44; we have been able to implement both training strategies to help generalize the use of VATS&#44; which currently accounts for more than 80&#37; of protocolized lung resection&#46; To improve the training of the whole team&#44; all procedures performed since the start of the program have been recorded for discussion in regular training meetings or &#8220;debriefings&#8221; and to evaluate times and skills&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Spain&#44; the surgical volume in many hospitals is low&#44; and the specific training period is correspondingly short&#46; For this reason&#44; simulation is essential for properly teaching resident thoracic surgeons in such a short time&#46; No universally accepted simulation strategy exists&#44; and few centers have access to virtual or tissue simulators&#46; A more uniform and accessible simulation strategy is needed for teaching and acquiring the skills required to perform VATS lobectomy&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Jim&#233;nez L&#243;pez M&#44; Novoa Valent&#237;n NM&#46; &#191;C&#243;mo implementar un programa de lobectom&#237;a VATS en Espa&#241;a&#63; El laboratorio experimental &#40;Wet Lab&#41; es una herramienta necesaria&#46; Arch Bronconeumol&#46; 2016&#59;52&#58;579&#8211;580&#46;</p>"
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Journal Information
Vol. 52. Issue 12.
Pages 579-580 (December 2016)
Vol. 52. Issue 12.
Pages 579-580 (December 2016)
Editorial
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Implementing a VATS Lobectomy Program in Spain. The Wet Lab, a Necessary Tool
¿Cómo implementar un programa de lobectomía VATS en España? El laboratorio experimental (Wet Lab) es una herramienta necesaria
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Marcelo Jiménez López
Corresponding author
mfjl@usal.es

Corresponding author.
, Nuria María Novoa Valentín
Servicio de Cirugía Torácica, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Centro de Simulación y Experimentación Quirúrgica, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Video-assisted anatomical lung resections should become standard treatment in most patients with early-stage lung cancer. No studies have yet produced quality evidence, but a large number of publications have shown that video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) has a number of advantages over thoracotomy,1,2 and it seems reasonable that patients should be offered this minimally invasive approach.

According to the 2015 European Society of Thoracic Surgeons database report, only 21% of lung resections performed in Europe used this approach, while in Spain the percentage was as low as 15%.3

To address this inconsistency, we need to develop continuous and complementary training strategies in an experimental setting to provide the training that will ensure that these procedures are being safely performed in our patients. We believe that these methodologies should be shared, as this approach has enabled our group to prepare all the surgeons of our unit to perform this surgery safely.

The implementation of new surgical techniques, such as video-assisted anatomical lung resections, requires continuous training. At the moment, most of this takes place directly on patients during routine hospital activity, and attendance at practical teaching courses in experimental labs is exceptional.

It has been estimated that around 50 video-assisted lobectomy procedures are needed to overcome the learning curve4 over a recommended training period of up to 1 year,5 and to maintain a good performance level, each surgeon must perform at least 25 interventions a year.

There is a clear need to think beyond the “learn on patients” model, in order to reduce errors and increase patient safety. Simulation with tissue models in a wet lab is the most useful tool for this purpose.5,6 Training directly on patients clashes with our commitment to offer them safe treatment and to avoid urgent conversions to thoracotomy due to intraoperative accidents.7 The preparation of resident doctors is a major challenge, and sufficient training must be offered in a safe environment that has the necessary caseload. In Spain, very few thoracic surgery units achieve the recommended number of procedures/surgeon/year.

In the Thoracic Surgery Department of Salamanca, we have developed a training program in minimally invasive surgery which also includes changes in the surgical environment to allow the more general application of these procedures, practice in high-volume hospitals, and practice in an experimental wet lab that uses prepared porcine heart–lung blocks for simulating VATS resections, principally left upper lobectomy.8 This model has demonstrated high fidelity and is perhaps the most widely studied and validated for teaching VATS lobectomy.6,9 The left lung of the porcine heart–lung block model is not anatomically identical to human anatomy, but the tissues and advanced dissection techniques are reproducible and can be objectively evaluated by expert surgeons.6 It is also very inexpensive, although it must be used in facilities equipped with a video-assisted thoracoscopy machine.

As Tong et al. mention, the utility of a task-based simulator depends on its fidelity and validity. Fidelity, also known as face validity, refers to how real the trainee feels the experience with the simulator to be. Content validity evaluates if the steps taken with the simulator are exactly those taken in the real procedure. Construct validity evaluates the ability of the simulator to discriminate between students with different levels of experience.6

The few virtual simulators available, apart from being very expensive, are in the early stages of development and have not shown advantages over the porcine heart–lung model.7

In all probability, the future will reveal that both platforms (virtual simulators and porcine heart–lung block) have advantages at different stages of VATS lobectomy training. The virtual reality platform may be used as often as required, and would be a good starting point for surgeons who are new to VATS lobectomy. As Carrott el al. state, the porcine model can then be used once surgeons gain some operative experience and will facilitate the development of fine dissection skills and gain a “feel” for tissue strength with sharp and blunt dissection of hilar vessels.10

In the Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, we have been able to implement both training strategies to help generalize the use of VATS, which currently accounts for more than 80% of protocolized lung resection. To improve the training of the whole team, all procedures performed since the start of the program have been recorded for discussion in regular training meetings or “debriefings” and to evaluate times and skills.

In Spain, the surgical volume in many hospitals is low, and the specific training period is correspondingly short. For this reason, simulation is essential for properly teaching resident thoracic surgeons in such a short time. No universally accepted simulation strategy exists, and few centers have access to virtual or tissue simulators. A more uniform and accessible simulation strategy is needed for teaching and acquiring the skills required to perform VATS lobectomy.

References
[1]
P.E. Falcoz, M. Puyraveau, P.A. Thomas, H. Decaluwe, M. Hürtgen, R.H. Petersen, et al.
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus open lobectomy for primary non-small-cell lung cancer: a propensity-matched analysis of outcome from the European Society of Thoracic Surgeon database.
Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 49 (2016), pp. 602-6095
[2]
L. Laursen, R.H. Petersen, H.J. Hansen, T.K. Jensen, J. Ravn, L. Konge.
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery lobectomy for lung cancer is associated with a lower 30-day morbidity compared with lobectomy by thoracotomy.
Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 49 (2016), pp. 870-875
[3]
The ESTS Database Report Silver Book 2015 [published May 2015; consulted 29 Jan 2016]. Available in: http://www.ests.org/collaboration/database_reports.aspx
[4]
R.J. McKenna Jr..
Complications and learning curves for video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy.
Thorac Surg Clin, 18 (2008), pp. 275-280
[5]
R.H. Petersen, H.J. Hansen.
Learning thoracoscopic lobectomy.
Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 37 (2010), pp. 516-520
[6]
B.C. Tong, M.R. Gustafson, S.S. Balderson, T.A. D’Amico, S.L. Meyerson.
Validation of a thoracoscopic lobectomy simulator.
Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 42 (2012), pp. 364-369
discussion 369
[7]
J. Ferguson, W. Walker.
Developing a VATS lobectomy programme-can VATS lobectomy be taught?.
Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 29 (2006), pp. 806-809
[8]
S.L. Meyerson, F. LoCascio, S.S. Balderson, T.A. D’Amico.
An inexpensive, reproducible tissue simulator for teaching thoracoscopic lobectomy.
Ann Thorac Surg, 89 (2010), pp. 594-597
[9]
J.I. Fann, R.H. Feins, G.L. Hicks Jr., J.C. Nesbitt, J.W. Hammon, F.A. Crawford Jr., Senior Tour in Cardiothoracic Surgery.
Evaluation of simulation training in cardiothoracic surgery: the senior tour perspective.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 143 (2012), pp. 264-272
[10]
P.W. Carrott, D.R. Jones.
Teaching video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lobectomy.
J Thorac Dis, 5 (2013), pp. S207-S211

Please cite this article as: Jiménez López M, Novoa Valentín NM. ¿Cómo implementar un programa de lobectomía VATS en España? El laboratorio experimental (Wet Lab) es una herramienta necesaria. Arch Bronconeumol. 2016;52:579–580.

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