Article information
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
A. DeTroyer, M. Sampson, S. Sigrist.
The diaphragm: two muscles.
Science, 213 (1981), pp. 237
[2.]
W.A. Whitelaw.
Shape size of human diaphragm in vivo.
J Appl Physiol, 62 (1987), pp. 180-186
[3.]
N.M.T. Braun, N.S. Arora, D.F. Rochester.
Force length relationship on the normal human diaphragm.
J Appl Physiol, 53 (1982), pp. 405-412
[4.]
A. DeTroyer, S. Kelly, P.T. Macklem.
Mechanics of intercostal space and actions of external space and actions of external and internal intercostal muscles.
J Clin Invest, 75 (1985), pp. 850
[5.]
A. DeTroyer, A. Heilporn.
Respiratory mechanics in quadriplegia.
The respiratory function of the intercostal muscles. Am Rev Respir Dis, 122 (1980), pp. 591-600
[6.]
S.J. Cala, J. Edyvean, M. Rynn, L.A. Engel.
O2 cost of breathing: ventilatory vs loads.
J Appl Physiol, 72 (1992), pp. 1720-1727
[7.]
J.P. Derenne, P.T. Mcklem, C.H. Roussos.
The respiratory muscles: control and physiopathologhy Part 1.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 118 (1978), pp. 119-133
[8.]
J.T. Sharp.
Therapeutic considerations in respiratory muscle function.
Chest, 88 (1985), pp. S118-S123
[9.]
A. DeTroyer, M. Estenne, V. Ninane, D. Van Gansbeke, M. Gorini.
Transversus abdominis muscle function in humans.
J Appl Physiol, 68 (1990), pp. 1010-1016
[10.]
J.A. Dempsey, B.D. Johnson, K.W. Saupe.
Adaptations and limitations in pulmonary system during exercise.
Chest, 97 (1990), pp. S81-S87
[11.]
M.J. Morris, R.G. Magdwick, A.J. Frew, D.J. Lane.
Breathing muscle activity during expiration in patients with chronic airflow obstruction.
Eur Respir J, 3 (1990), pp. 901-909
[12.]
F. Ortega, J. Ruiz, J. Madrazo, H. Sánchez Riera, E. Olloqui, J. Fernández, et al.
Actividad de la musculatura espiratoria abdominal en pacientes con enfermedad crónica pulmonar obstructiva estable.
Arch Bronconeumol, 32 (1996), pp. 23-28
[13.]
R.E. Hyatt.
Force expiration.
Handbook of physiology. Section 3. The respiratory system, pp. 295-314
[14.]
N.B. Pride, P.T. Macklem.
Lung mechanics in disease.
Handbook of Physiology. Section 3. The respiratory system, pp. 659-692
[15.]
A.M. Leevers, J.D. Road.
Mechanical response to hyperinflation of the two abdominal muscle layers.
J Appl Physiol, 66 (1989), pp. 2189-2195
[16.]
A. DeTroyer, J.J. Gilmartin, V. Ninane.
Abdominal muscle use during breathing unanesthetized dogs.
J Appl Physiol, 66 (1989), pp. 20-27
[17.]
V. Ninane, F. Rypens, J.C. Yernault, A. DeTroyer.
Abdominal muscle use during breathing in patients with chronic airflow obstruction.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 146 (1992), pp. 16-21
[18.]
F.J. Martínez, J.L. Couser, B. Celli.
Factors influencing ventilatory muscle recruitment in patients with chronic airflow obstruction.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 142 (1990), pp. 276-282
[19.]
D.M. Needham.
Red and white muscle.
Physiol Rev, 6 (1926), pp. 1
[20.]
J.M. Hards, W.D. Reid, R.L. Pardy.
Respiratory muscle fibers morphometry Correlation with pulmonary function and nutrition.
Chest, 97 (1990), pp. 1037-1044
[21.]
L.C. Lohl, J.M.B. Hughes, J. Newson-Davis.
Gas exchange problems in bilateral diaphragm paralysis.
Bull Eur Physiopathol Resp, 15 (1979), pp. 137-143
[22.]
N.M.T. Braun, J. Faulkner, R.L. Hughes.
When should respiratory muscles be exercised?.
Chest, 84 (1983), pp. 76-84
[23.]
D.E. Leith, M. Bradley.
Ventilatory muscle strength and endurance training.
J Appl Physiol, 41 (1976), pp. 508-516
[24.]
D.A. Lieberman, J.A. Faulkner, A.B. Craig.
Performance and histochemical composition of guinea pig and human diaphragm.
J Appl Physiol, 34 (1973), pp. 233-237
[25.]
S.K. Powers, S. Grinton, J. Lawler.
High intensity exercise training induced metabolic alterations in respiratory muscles.
Respir Physiol, 89 (1992), pp. 169-177
[26.]
T.G. Keens, V. Chen, P. Patel.
Cellular adaptations of the ventilatory muscles to a chronic increased respiratory load.
J Appl Physiol, 44 (1978), pp. 905-908
[27.]
J.A. Cambell, R.L. Hughes, V. Sahgal.
Alterations in intercostal muscle morphology and biochemistry in patients with obstructive lung disease.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 122 (1980), pp. 679-686
[28.]
S. Levine, L. Kaiset, J. Leferovich, B. Tikunov.
Cellular adaptations in the diaphragm in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
N Engl J Med, 337 (1997), pp. 1799-1806
[29.]
G. Sieck, A. DeTroyer, M. Sampson, S. Sugrust, P.T. Macklem.
Action of costal and crural parts of diaphragm in dogs.
J Appl Physiol, 53 (1987), pp. 30-39
[30.]
P.T. Macklem, D.M. Macklem, A. DeTroyer.
A model of inspiratory muscle mechanisms.
J Appl Physiol, 55 (1983), pp. 547-557
[31.]
F.J. Martínez, J.L. Couser, B. Celli.
Respiratory response to arm elevation in patients with chronic airflow obstruction.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 143 (1991), pp. 476-480
[32.]
B. Celli, J. Rasullo, B.J. Make.
Dysinchroneous breathing during arm but not leg exercise in patients with chronic airflow obstruction.
N Engl J Med, 314 (1986), pp. 1485-1490
[33.]
S. Epstein, E. Breslein, J. Roa.
Impact of unsupported arm training and ventilatory muscle training in the metabolic and ventilatory consequences of unsupported arm elevation and exercise in patients with chronic airflow obstruction.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 143 (1990), pp. A81
[34.]
S. Epstein, J. Roa, T. Shannon.
Ventilatory muscle recruitment and metabolic effects of supported versus unsupported arm elevation in patients with chronic airflow obstruction.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 143 (1990), pp. A349
[35.]
B. Celli, G. Criner, J. Rasullo.
Ventilatory muscle recruitment during unsupported arm exercise in normal subjects.
J Appl Physiol, 64 (1988), pp. 196-1941
[36.]
J.L. Couser, M. Bermúdez, F.J. Martínez.
Respiratory mechanics and ventilatory and ventilatory muscle recruitment during arm elevation in normal subjects.
Chest, 94 (1988), pp. S95
[37.]
G.J. Criner, B. Celli.
Effect of unsupported arm exercise on ventilatory obstruction recruitment in patients with severe chronic airflow.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 138 (1988), pp. 856-861
[38.]
J.B. Galdiz, N. Comtois, I. Salazkin, C. Sinderby.
Diferente regulación del diafragma derecho e izquierdo durante hipoperfusión hemidiafragmática.
Arch Bronconeumol, 31 (1995), pp. S1
[39.]
J.P. Derenne, P.T. Macklem, C.H. Roussos.
The respiratory muscles Mechanics, control and pathophysiology. Part 3.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 118 (1978), pp. 581-601
[40.]
C.H. Roussos, M. Fixlay, D. Gros.
Fatigue of inspiratory muscles and their synergic behavior.
J Appl Physiol, 46 (1979), pp. 897-904
[41.]
C.H. Roussos, P.T. Macklem.
Diaphragmatic fatigue in man.
J Appl Physiol, 43 (1977), pp. 189-197
[42.]
C.H. Rousssos, P.T. Macklem.
The respiratory muscles.
N Engl J Med, 307 (1982), pp. 786-797
[43.]
J. Williams, J. Rassulo, C. Wislow.
Diaphragmatic and scalene electrical alternans: fatigue prevention in inspiratory loaded breathing?.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 145 (1992), pp. A147
[44.]
J.A. Faulkner, H.J. Green, T.P. White.
Skeletal muscle responses to acute and adaptations to chronic physical activity.
Physical activity, fitness and health,
[45.]
J.A. Faulkner.
New perspectives in training for maximun performances.
JAMA, 205 (1968), pp. 741-746
[46.]
P.D. Gollnick, R.B. Amstrong, C.W. Saubert, K. Piehl, B. Saltin.
Enzyme activity and ribe composition in skeletal muscle of untrained and trained man.
J Appl Physiol, 33 (1972), pp. 312-319
[47.]
M.S. Fairbarn, K.C. Coutts, R.L. Pardy, D.C. McKenzie.
Improved respiratory muscle endurance of highly trained cyclists and the effects on maximal exercise performance.
Int S Sport Med, 1 (1991), pp. 66-70
[48.]
S.K. Powers, J. Lawler, D. Criswell, S. Dodd, S. Grinton, G. Bagby, et al.
Endurance training induced cellular adaptations in respiratory muscles.
J Appl Physiol, 68 (1990), pp. 2114-2118
[49.]
S.K. Powers, D. Criswell.
Adaptative strategies of respiratory muscles in response to endurance exercise.
Med Sci Sports Exerc, 28 (1996), pp. 1115-1122
[50.]
S.K. Powers.
Respiratory muscle perfusion and energetics during exercise.
Med Sci Sports Exerc, 28 (1996), pp. 1123-1128
[51.]
D.F. Rochester.
The diaphragm in COPD: better than expected, but not good enough.
N Engl J Med, 325 (1991), pp. 961-962
[52.]
D.F. Rochester.
Respiratory muscle failure and respiratory failure.
Semin Respir Med, 13 (1992), pp. 7-13
[53.]
N.S. Arora, D.F. Rochester.
Effect of body weight and muscularity on human diaphragm muscle mass, thickness and area.
J Appl Physiol, 52 (1982), pp. 64-70
[54.]
G. Juan, P. Galverley, C. Tamayo, C. Roussos.
Effect of carbon dioxide on diaphragmatic function in human beings.
N Engl J Med, 310 (1984), pp. 874-879
[55.]
M. Decramer, K. Stas.
Corticoesteroid induces myopathy involving respiratory muscles in patients with COPD or asthma.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 146 (1992), pp. 800-802
[56.]
K. Simpson, K. Killian, N. McCartney, D.G. Stubbing, N.L. Jones.
Randomised controlled trial of weight lifting exercise in patients with chronic air flow limitation.
Thorax, 47 (1992), pp. 70-75
[57.]
C.J. Clack, L. Cochrane, E. Mackay.
Low intensity peripheral muscle conditioning improves exercise tolerance and breathlessness in COPD.
Eur Respir J, 9 (1996), pp. 2590-2596
[58.]
J. Boczkowski, S. Lanone, D. Ungereau-Longrois, G. Danialou, T. Fournier, M. Aurbier.
Induction of diaphragmatic nitric oxide sinthase after endotoxin administration in rats.
J Clin Invest, 98 (1996), pp. 1550-1559
[59.]
M.B. Reid, J. Shoji, M.R. Moody, M.L. Entman.
Reactive oxygen in the lethal muscle II Extracellular release of the radials.
J Appl Physiol: Respirat Environ Exercise Physiol, 73 (1992), pp. 1805-1809
[60.]
C.D. Ianuzzo, N. Hamilton, P.J. O’Brien, C. Desrosiers, R. Chiu.
Biochemical transformation of canine skeletal muscle for use in cardiac assist device.
J Appl Physiol, 68 (1990), pp. 1481-1485
[62.]
D.G. Sale.
Neural adaptation to resistance training.
Med Sci Sports Exerc, 20 (1988), pp. 5135-5145
[63.]
M. Orozco-Levi, J. Gea, J. Salleda, J. Minguella, J. Corominas, J.M. Broquertas.
Structure of the latissimus dorsi muscle and respiratory function.
J Appl Physiol, 78 (1995), pp. 1132-1139
[65.]
J. Smith, F. Bellemare.
Effect of lung volume in vivo contraction characteristics of man diaphragm.
J Appl Physiol, 62 (1987), pp. 1893-1900
[66.]
G.A. Farkas, C. Roussos.
Diaphragm in emphysematous hamsters: sarcomere adaptation.
J Appl Physiol, 54 (1983), pp. 1635-1640
[67.]
T. Similowsky, S. Yan, A.P. Gauthier, P.T. Macklem, K. Bellemare.
Contractile properties of the human diaphragm during chronic hyperinsuflation.
N Engl J Med, 325 (1991), pp. 917-923
[69.]
A. Grassino, N. Comtois, J. Galdiz, C. Sinderby.
The unweanable patient.
Monaldi Arch Chest Dis, 496 (1994), pp. 522-526
[70.]
G.S. Supinski, M. Barr, A. Gaunicale, S.G. Kelsen.
Effect of alterations in muscle fiber length on diaphragmatic blood flow.
J Appl Physiol, 60 (1986), pp. 1789-1796
[71.]
R. Bellemare, A. Grassino.
Evaluation of human diaphragmatic fatigue.
J Appl Physiol, 53 (1982), pp. 1196-1206
[72.]
P. Begin, A. Grassino.
Inspiratory muscle dysfunction and chronic hypercapnia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 143 (1991), pp. 905-912
[73.]
F. Maltais, A.A. Simard, J. Jobin, P. Desgagues, P. LeBlanc.
Oxidative capacity of the skeletal muscles and lactic acid kinetics during exercise in normals and in patients with COPD.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 153 (1996), pp. 288-293
[74.]
F. Maltais, J. Jobin, M.J. Sullivan, S. Bernard.
Metabolic and hemodynamic responses of lower limb during exercise in patients with COPD.
J Appl Physiol, 18 (1998), pp. 432-437
Copyright © 2000. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
