Journal Information
Vol. 36. Issue 7.
Pages 391-410 (July - August 2000)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 36. Issue 7.
Pages 391-410 (July - August 2000)
Full text access
Exploración funcional de los músculos respiratorios
Visits
51276
J.A. Fiz*, J. Morera
Servicio de Neumología. Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol. Badalona. Barcelona
This item has received
Article information
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
D.R. Hillman, J. Markos, E. Kevin, E. Finucane.
Effect of abdominal compression on maximum transdiaphragmatic pressure.
J Appl Physiol, 68 (1990), pp. 2296-2304
[2.]
J.M. Miller, J. Moxham, M. Green.
The maximal sniff in the assessment of diaphragm function in man.
Clin Sci, 69 (1985), pp. 91-96
[3.]
X. Arán, J. Gea, R. Guiu, M.C. Aguar, J. Sauleda, J.M. Broquetas.
Comparación de tres maniobras diferentes para la obtención de la presión transdiafragmática máxima.
Arch Bronconeumol, 28 (1992), pp. 112-115
[4.]
C.H. Hamnegard, S.D. Wragg, G.H. Mills, D. Kyroussis, M.I. Polkey, B. Bake, et al.
Clinical assessment of diaphragm strength by cervical magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerves.
Thorax, 51 (1996), pp. 1239-1242
[5.]
P.F.C. De Bruin, R.A. Watson, N. Khalil, N.B. Pride.
Use of mouth pressure twitches induced by cervical magnetic stimulation to assess voluntary activation of the diaphragm.
Eur Respir J, 12 (1998), pp. 672-778
[6.]
G.H. Mills, D. Kyroussis, C.H. Hamnegard, M.I. Polkey, M. Green, J. Moxham.
Bilateral magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerves from a anterolateral approach.
Am J Crit Care Med, 154 (1996), pp. 1099-1105
[7.]
C.-H. Hamnegard, S. Wragg, G. Mills, D. Kyroussi, J. Road, G. Daskos, et al.
The effect of lung volume on transdiaphragmatic pressure.
Eur Respir J, 8 (1995), pp. 1532-1536
[8.]
J.O. Maillard, L. Burdet, G. Van Melle, J.W. Fitting.
Reproductibility of twitch mouth pressure, sniff nasal inspiratory pressure, and maximal inspiratory pressure.
Eur Respir J, 11 (1998), pp. 901-905
[9.]
N. Koulouris, L.G. Vianna, D.A. Mulvey, M. Green, J. Moxham.
Maximal relaxation rates of esophageal, nose, and mouth pressures during a sniff reflect inspiratory muscle fatigue.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 139 (1989), pp. 1213-1217
[10.]
Ch Uldry, J.W. Fitting.
Maximal values of sniff nasal inspiratory pressure in healthy subjects.
Thorax, 50 (1995), pp. 371-375
[11.]
Y.F. Heijdra, P.N.R. Dekhuijzen, C.L.A. Van Herwaarden, H.T.M. Folgering.
Differences between sniff mouth pressures and static maximal inspiratory mouth pressures.
Eur Respir J, 6 (1993), pp. 541-546
[12.]
L.F. Black, R.E. Hyatt.
Maximal respiratory pressures: normal values and relationship to age and sex.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 99 (1969), pp. 696-702
[13.]
D.K. McKenzie, S.C. Gandevia, R.B. Gorman, J.B. Leeper.
Software compensation for lung volume in assesment of inspiratory muscle strength and endurance.
Thorax, 50 (1995), pp. 230-234
[14.]
P. Casan, M. Mayos, J. Galdiz, J. Giner, J.A. Fiz, J.M. Montserrat.
Determinación de las presiones respiratorias estáticas máximas Propuesta de procedimiento.
Arch Bronconeumol, 26 (1990), pp. 223-228
[15.]
N. Koulouris, D.A. Mulvey, C.M. Laroche, M. Green, J. Moxham.
Comparison of two different mouthpieces for the measurement of Pimax and PEmax in normal and wake subjects.
Eur Respir J, 1 (1988), pp. 863-867
[16.]
J.A. Fiz, J.M. Montserrat, C. Picado, V. Plaza, A. Agustí-Vidal.
How many manoeuvres should be done to measure maximal inspiratory mouth pressure in patients with chronic airflow obstruction?.
Thorax, 44 (1989), pp. 419-421
[17.]
J.L. Larson, M.K. Covey, C.A. Vitalo, C.H.G. Alex, M. Patel.
Kim MiJA. Maximal inspiratory pressure. Learning effect and test-retest reliability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Chest, 104 (1993), pp. 448-453
[18.]
J.A. Fiz, J.M. Montserrat, C. Picado, A. Agustí-Vidal.
Presión inspiratoria máxima estática (PIM) Relación entre las presiones picomeseta y efecto del aprendizaje.
Arch Bronconeumol, 23 (1987), pp. 253-255
[19.]
J.A. Fiz, J. Aguilar, M. Gallego, J. Izquierdo, E. Monso, J. Morera.
The length of time healthy subjects and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are able to withstand maximal inspiratory pressure.
Respiration, 58 (1991), pp. 301-303
[20.]
M. Mayos, J. Giner, P. Casan, J. Sanchís.
Measurement of maximal static respiratory pressures at the mouth with different air leaks.
Chest, 100 (1991), pp. 364-366
[21.]
G. Mcelvaney, S. Blackie, N.J. Morrison, P.G. Wilcox, M.S. Fairbarn, R.L. Pardy.
Maximal static respiratory pressures in the normal elderly.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 139 (1989), pp. 277-281
[22.]
M.A. Carpenter, M.S. Tockman, R.G. Hutchinson, C.E. Davis, G. Heiss.
Demographic and anthropometric correlates of maximum inspiratory pressure.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159 (1999), pp. 435-439
[23.]
American Thoracic, Society.
Skeletal muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A statement of the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159 (1999), pp. S1-S40
[24.]
R.S. Goldstein.
Ventilatory muscle training.
Thorax, 48 (1993), pp. 1025-1033
[25.]
S.M. Tenny, R.E. Reese.
The ability to sustain great breathing efforts.
Respir Physiol, 5 (1968), pp. 187-201
[26.]
E.A. Gaensler, G.W. Wright.
Evaluation of respiratory impairment.
Arch Environ Health, 12 (1966), pp. 146-189
[27.]
C.S. Roussos, M. Fixley, D. Gross, P.T. Macklem.
Fatigue of inspiratory muscles and their synergic behaviour.
J Appl Physiol, 46 (1979), pp. 897-904
[28.]
B.G. Nickerson, T.G. Keens.
Measuring ventilatory muscle endurance in humans as sustainable inspiratory presure.
J Appl Physiol, 52 (1982), pp. 768-772
[29.]
C. Roussos, P.T. Macklem.
Diaphragmatic fatigue in man.
J Appl Physiol, 43 (1977), pp. 189-197
[30.]
J.B. Martyn, R.H. Moreno, P.D. Paré, R.L. Pardy.
Measurement of inspiratory muscle performance with incremental threshold loading.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 135 (1987), pp. 919-923
[31.]
P.A. Bardsley, S. Bentley, H.S. Hall, J. Singh, D.H. Evans, M.D.L. Morgan.
Measurement of inspiratory muscle performance with incremental threshold loading: a comparison of two techiques.
Thorax, 48 (1993), pp. 354-359
[32.]
R.C. Chen, C.L. Que, S. Yan.
Introduction to a new inspiratory threshold loading devide.
Eur Respir J, 12 (1998), pp. 208-211
[33.]
J.L. Larson, M.K. Covey, J. Berry, S. Wirtz, C.H.G. Alex, M. Matsuo.
Discontinuous incremental threshold loading test Measure of respiratory muscle endurance in patients with COPD.
Chest, 115 (1999), pp. 60-67
[34.]
J.A. Fiz, M. Gallego, J. Izquierdo, J. Ruiz, J. Roig, J. Morera.
Variation in maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressure after application of inspiratory loads in patients with COPD.
Chest, 97 (1990), pp. 618-620
[35.]
J.A. Fiz, P. Romero, R. Gómez, M.C. Hernández, J. Ruiz, J. Izquierdo, et al.
Indices of respiratory muscle endurance in healthy subjects.
Respiration, 65 (1998),
[36.]
S.C. Gandevia, D.K. McKenzie, I.R. Neering.
Endurance propierties of respiratory and limb muscles.
Respir Physiol, 53 (1983), pp. 47-61
[37.]
D.K. McKenzie, S.C. Gandevia.
Strength and endurance of inspiratory, expiratory and limb muscles in asthma.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 134 (1986), pp. 999-1004
[38.]
P. De Lucas Ramos, J.M. Rodríguez González-Moro, M. Calle Rubio.
Fatiga muscular.
Actualizaciones Separ 2, pp. 97-117
[39.]
A. Grassino.
Limits of maximal inspiratory muscle function.
Breathlessness (the Campbell Symposium 1991), pp. 27-33
[40.]
F. Bellemare, A. Grassino.
Effect of pressure and timing of contraction on human diaphragmatic fatigue.
J Appl Physiol, 53 (1982), pp. 1190-1195
[41.]
C. Gaultier, M. Boulé, G. Tournier, F. Girard.
Inspiratory force reserve of the respiratory muscles in children with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 131 (1985), pp. 811-815
[42.]
M. Ramonatxo, P. Boulard, C. Préfault.
Validation of a noninvasive tension-time index of inspirartory muscles.
J Appl Physiol, 78 (1995), pp. 646-653
[43.]
J.W. Fitting, A. Grassino.
Dissociation between diaphragmatic and ribe cage muscle fatigue.
J Appl Physiol, 64 (1988), pp. 959-965
[44.]
L. Zocchi, J.W. Fitting, U. Majani, C. Rampulla, A. Grassino.
Effect of pressure and timing of contraction on human rib cage muscle fatigue.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 148 (1993), pp. 857-864
[45.]
J. Milic-Emili.
Is weaning an art of a science?.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 134 (1986), pp. 1107-1108
[46.]
S.A. Esau, F. Bellemare, A. Grassino, S. Permutt, C. Roussos, R.L. Pardy.
Changes in relaxation rate with diaphragmatic fatigue in humans.
J Appl Physiol, 54 (1983), pp. 1353-1360
[47.]
B. Bigland-Ritchie, R. Hohansson, O.C.J. Lippold, J.J. Woods.
Contractile speed and EMG changes during fatigue of sustained maximal voluntary contractions.
J Neurophysiol, 50 (1983), pp. 313-324
[48.]
D.A. Mulvey, N.G. Koulouris, M.W. Elliott, J. Moxham, M. Green.
Maximal relaxation rate of inspiratory muscle can be effort-dependent and reflect the activation of fast-twitch fibers.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 144 (1991), pp. 803-806
[49.]
S. Yan, T. Similowski, A.P. Gauthier, P.T. Macklen, F. Bellemare.
Effect of fatigue on diaphragmatic at different lung volumes.
J Appl Physiol, 72 (1992), pp. 1064-1067
[50.]
P.G. Wilcox, A. Eisen, B.J. Wiggs, R.L. Pardy.
Diaphragmatic relaxation rate after voluntary contractions and uni and bilateral phrenic stimulation.
J Appl Physiol, 65 (1988), pp. 675-682
[51.]
M. Knaflitz, G. Balestra.
Computer analysis of the myoelectrical signal.
IEEE Micro, 10 (1991), pp. 12-58
[52.]
C.J. De Luca.
Physiology and mathematics of myoelectric signals.
IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 6 (1979), pp. 313-325
[53.]
J. Martí Riola.
Medidas en el sistema nervioso y muscular.
Introducción a la bioingeniería Serie Mundo electrónico, pp. 103-116
[54.]
A. Arvidson, A. Grassino, L. Lindström.
Automatic selection of uncontaminated electromyogram as applied to respiratory muscle fatigue.
J Appl Physiol, 56 (1984), pp. 568-575
[55.]
C.H. Sinderby, J. Beck, J. Spahija, J. Weinberg, A. Grassino.
Voluntary activation of the human diaphragm in health and disease.
J Appl Physiol, 85 (1998), pp. 2146-2158
[56.]
J. Beck, C.H. Sinderby, L. Lindström, A. Grassino.
Influence of bipolar esophageal electrode positioning on measurement of human crural diaphragm electromyogram.
J Appl Physiol, 81 (1996), pp. 1434-1449
[57.]
M.A. Mañanas, J.A. Fiz, J. Morera, P. Caminal.
Cardiac activity reduction from myographic signals at different levels of muscle effort.
Proc 5th Conference of the European Society for Engineering and Medicine, (1999), pp. 19-20
[58.]
J. Beck, C. Sinderby, J. Weinberg, A. Grassino.
Effects of muscle to electrode distance on the human diaphragm electromyogram.
J Appl Physiol, 79 (1995), pp. 975-985
[59.]
J. Beck, C. Sinderby, L. Lindström, A. Grassino.
Effects of lung volume on diaphragm EMG signal strength during Voluntary contractions.
J Appl Physiol, 85 (1998), pp. 1123-1142
[60.]
F. Gigliotti, R. Duranti, A. Fabiani, M. Schiavina, G. Scano.
Suppresion of ventilatory, muscle activity in healthy subjects and COPD patients with negative pressure ventilation.
Chest, 99 (1991), pp. 1186-1192
[61.]
S. Zakynthinos, T.H. Vassilakopoulos, A. Mavrommatis, C.H. Roussos, G.E. Tzelepis.
Effects of different expiratory maneuvers on inspiratory muscle force output.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159 (1999), pp. 892-895
[62.]
D. Gross, A. Grassino, W.R.D. Ross, P.T. Macklem.
Electromyogram pattern of diaphragmatic fatigue.
J Appl Physiol, 46 (1979), pp. 1-7
[63.]
V.R. Kongragunta, W.S. Druz, J.T. Sharp.
Dyspnea and diaphragmatic fatigue in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Response to theophylline.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 137 (1988), pp. 662-667
[64.]
W.S. Druz, J.T. Sharp.
Activity of respiratory muscles in upright and recumbent humans.
J Appl Physiol, 51 (1981), pp. 1552-1561
[65.]
R.B. Banzett, G.F. Inbar, R. Brown, M. Goldman, A. Rossier, J. Mead.
Diaphragm electrical activity during negative lower torso pressure in quadriplegic men.
J Appl Physiol, 51 (1981), pp. 654-659
[66.]
T.K. Aldrich, J.M. Adams, N.S. Arora, D. Rochester.
Power spectral analysis of the diaphragm electromyogram.
J Appl Physiol, 54 (1983), pp. 1579-1584
[67.]
F.B. Stulen, C.J. De Luca.
Frequency parameters of the myoelectric signal as a measure of muscle conduction velocity”.
IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 28 (1981), pp. 515-523
[68.]
G.S. Supinski, S. Levin, S.G. Kelsen.
Caffeine effect on respiratory muscle endurance and sense of effort during loaded breathing.
J Appl Physiol, 60 (1986), pp. 2040-2047
[69.]
J. Moxham, A.J.R. Morris, S.G. Spiro.
Contractile in electromyogram power spectrum (high-to-low ratio) with force fatigue in humans.
J Appl Physiol, 53 (1982), pp. 1094-1099
[70.]
J.U. Kihwan, H. Minamitani.
Autoregressive spectrum analysis of EMG signals in muscle fatigue state during a quick movement.
IEEE Eng Med Biol, 12 (1990), pp. 2210-2212
[71.]
M.A. Mañanas, J.A. Fiz, J. Morera, P. Caminal, R. Jané.
Influence of spectral estimation method on muscle activity parameters in myographic signals [resumen].
Proc World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, (1997), pp. 536
[72.]
R. Jané, J.A. Fiz, M.A. Mañanas, J. Izquierdo, J. Morera, P. Caminal.
Analysis of vibromyographic and electromyographic signals from sternomastoid muscle in COPD patients.
Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, (1994), pp. 349-350
[73.]
R. Jané, J.A. Fiz, M.A. Mañanas, J. Morera, P. Caminal.
Evaluation of vibromiographic signals from sternomastoid muscle in COPD patients during respiratory load test.
Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, (1995), pp. 1329-1330
[74.]
M. Aubier, G. Farkas, A. de Troyer, R. Mozes, C. Roussos.
Detection of diaphragmatic fatigue in man by phrenic stimulation.
J Appl Physiol, 50 (1981), pp. 538-544
[75.]
S. Yan, A.P. Gauthier, R. Similowski, R. Faltus, P.T. Macklem, F. Bellemare.
Force-frequency relationships of in vivo human and in vitro rat diaphragm using paired stimuli.
Eur Respir J, 6 (1993), pp. 211-218
[76.]
J. Newson Davis.
Phrenic nerve conduction in man.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat, 30 (1967), pp. 420-426
[77.]
F. Bellemare, B. Bigland-Ritchie.
Assessment of human diaphragm strength activation using phrenic nerve stimulation.
Resp Physiol, 58 (1984), pp. 263-277
[78.]
D.K. McKenzie, S. Gandevia.
Phrenic nerve conduction times and twitch pressures of the human diaphragm.
J Appl Physiol, 58 (1985), pp. 1496-1504
[79.]
M. Jeffery Mador, A. Rodis, U.J. Magalang, K. Ameen.
Comparison of cervical magnetic and transcutaneous phrenic nerve stimulation before and after threshold loading.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154 (1996), pp. 448-453
[80.]
T. Similowski, C.H. Straus, V. Attali, A. Duguet.
Derenne J-P. Cervical magnetic stimulation as a method to discriminate between diaphragm and rib cage muscle fatigue.
J Appl Physiol, 84 (1998), pp. 1692-1700
[81.]
B. Bigland-Ritchie, D.A. Jones, G.P. Hosking, R.H.T. Edwards.
Central and peripherical fatigue in sustained maximum voluntary contractions of human quadriceps muscle.
Clin Sci Mol Med, 54 (1978), pp. 609-614
[82.]
F. Bellemare, B. Bigland-Ritchie.
Assessment of human diaphragm strength and activation using phrenic nerve stimulation.
Respir Physiol, 58 (1984), pp. 263-277
[83.]
F. Bellemare, B. Bigland-Ritchie.
Central components of diaphragmatic fatigue assessed by phrenic nerve stimulation.
J Appl Physiol, 62 (1987), pp. 1307-1316
[84.]
S.C. Gandevia, D.K. Mckenzie.
Activation of the human diaphragm during maximal static efforts.
J Physiol, 367 (1985), pp. 45-56
[85.]
D. Kyroussis, G.H. Mills, M.I. Polkey, C.H. Hamnegard, N. Koulouris, M. Green, et al.
Abdominal muscle fatigue after maximal ventilation in humans.
J Appl Physiol, 81 (1996), pp. 1477-1483
[86.]
A. Mier, C. Brophy, M. Estenne, J. Moxham, M. Green, A. De Troyer.
Action of abdominal muscles on rib cage in humans.
J Appl Physiol, 58 (1985), pp. 1438-1443
[87.]
J. Suzuki, R. Tanaka, S. Yan, R. Chen, P.T. Macklem, B. Kayser.
Assessment of abdominal muscle contractility strength and fatigue.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159 (1999), pp. 1052-1060
[88.]
A. Aliverti, S.J. Cala, R. Duranti, G. Ferrigno, C.M. Kenyon, A. Pedotti, et al.
Human respiratory muscle action and control during exercise.
J Appl Physiol, 83 (1997), pp. 1256-1269
[89.]
P. Banovcin, J. Seidenberg, H. Von der Hardt.
Pressure sensor plethysmography: a method for assessment of respiratory motion in children.
Eur Respir J, 8 (1995), pp. 167-171
[90.]
C. Orizio, R. Perini, A. Veicsteinas.
Changes of muscular sound during sustained isometric contraction up to exhaustion.
J Appl Physiol, 66 (1989), pp. 1593-1598
[91.]
W. Herzorg, Y.-T. Zhang, M. Vaz, A. Guimaraes, C. Jansen.
Assessment of muscular fatigue using vibromiography.
Muscle & Nerve, 17 (1994), pp. 1156-1161
[92.]
J.A. Fiz, N. Comptois, I. Salazkin, B. Galdiz, J. Morera, A. Grassino.
Non invasive respiratory monitoring of diaphragm muscle with surface acelerometers Animal model (dog).
Eur Respir J, 8 (1995), pp. 191S
[93.]
A. Torres, J.A. Fiz, R. Jané, J. Morera, N. Comtois, I. Salazkin, et al.
Measurement of diaphragmatic function by a piezoelectric noninvasive contact sensor.
Fifth Conference of the European Society for Engineering and Medicine, (1999), pp. 571-572
[94.]
M. PetitJean, F. Bellemare.
Phonomyogram of the diaphragm during unilateral and bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation and changes with fatigue.
Muscle & Nerve, 17 (1994), pp. 1201-1209
[95.]
J.A. Fiz, J. Morera, M. Haro, A. Belsunces, J.I. Fiz, P. Caminal, et al.
Respiratory muscle sound Analysis of sternomastoid muscle response to inspiratory threshold loads.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 145 (1992), pp. A256
[96.]
M.A. Mañanas, R. Jané, J.A. Fiz, J. Morera, P. Caminal.
Study of myographic signals from sternomastoid muscle in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
IEEE, (2000),
[97.]
S. Newman, J. Road, F. Bellemare, J.P. Clozel, C.M. Lavigne, A. Grassino.
Respiratory muscle length measured by sonomicrometry.
J Appl Physiol, 56 (1984), pp. 753-764
[98.]
J. Road, R. Vahi, P. Del Rio, A. Grassino.
In vivo contractile propierties of fatigued diaphragm.
J Appl Physiol, 63 (1987), pp. 471-478
[99.]
Y. Wakai, A.M. Leevers, J.D. Road.
Regional diaphragm shortening measured by sonomicrometry.
J Appl Physiol, 77 (1994), pp. 2791-2796
[100.]
K.R. Walley, D.J. Cooper.
Diastolic stiffness impairs left ventricular function during hypovolemic shock in pigs.
Am J Physiol, 260 (1991), pp. H702-H712
[101.]
D. Cohn, J.O. Benditt, S. Eveloff, F.D. McCool.
Diaphragm thickening during inspiration.
J Appl Physiol, 83 (1997), pp. 291-296
[102.]
J.L. Wait, P.A. Nahormek, W.T. Yost, D.P. Rochester.
Diaphragmatic thickness-lung volume relationship in vivo.
J Appl Physiol, 67 (1989), pp. 1560-1568
[103.]
F.D. McCool, F.G. Hoppin.
Ultrasonography of the diaphragm.
pp. 1295-1311
[104.]
K.C. Kocis, P.J. Radell, W.I. Sterberger, J.E. Benson, R.J. Traysmen, D.G. Nichols.
Ultrasound evaluation of piglet diaphragm function before and after fatigue.
J Appl Physiol, 83 (1997), pp. 1654-1659
[105.]
M.I. Polkey, M. Green, J. Moxham.
Measurement of respiratory muscle strength.
Thorax, 50 (1995), pp. 1131-1135
[106.]
N.M. Siafakas, I. Mitrouska, D. Bouros, D. Georgopoulos.
Surgery and respiratory muscles.
Thorax, 54 (1999), pp. 458-465
[107.]
C. Rampulla, N. Ambrisino.
Inspiratory muscle training and rest in COPD patients.
Eur Respir Rev, 6 (1991), pp. 490-497
[108.]
H. Folgering, R. Dekhujizen, N. Cox, C. van Herwaarden.
The rationale of pulmonary rehabilitation.
Eur Respir Rev, 6 (1991), pp. 464-471
Copyright © 2000. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?