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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Buckwheat or saracen &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fagopyrum esculentum&#41;</span> is a herbaceous plant of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Polygonaceae</span> family&#44; native to Central Asia&#46; It has a high nutritional value&#44; with a higher protein and fatty acid content than cereals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Cases of IgE-mediated buckwheat allergy have been reported&#44; caused by both inhalation of flour and ingestion&#46; It presents with rhinoconjunctival&#44; bronchial&#44; gastrointestinal&#44; and cutaneous symptoms&#44; and even anaphylaxis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a> We report a case of rhinoconjunctivitis and occupational asthma due to buckwheat flour allergy in a baker&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our patient was a 45-year-old man with a history of allergic rhinitis due to dust mite sensitization who had been a baker for 26 years&#46; He consulted due to an 8-month history of episodes of cough&#44; dyspnea&#44; sneezing&#44; watery rhinorrhea&#44; nasal congestion&#44; and ocular pruritus&#44; occurring exclusively in the workplace on the days that his colleague was kneading dough with buckwheat flour&#46; His symptoms remitted at home&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On physical examination&#44; the patient had bilateral nasal obstruction and was in good general condition&#44; afebrile and eupneic&#44; with normal cardiopulmonary auscultation&#46; The allergy work-up began with skin tests &#40;prick test&#41; with battery of airborne allergens and foods &#40;commercial extracts&#41; including wheat flour&#44; barley&#44; rye&#44; oats&#44; maize&#44; rice&#44; gliadin&#44; nuts&#44; milk&#44; egg and lipid-carrying proteins&#46; Results were positive for dust mites and 5&#37; P&#47;V buckwheat flour extract &#40;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#215;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; prick-to-prick tests were performed with an extract of buckwheat prepared by us from flour provided by the patient&#44; which gave a positive result &#40;18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#215;11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The study was then extended by determining IgE using the ImmunoCAP method&#8482; &#40;purified extract&#41; with the following results&#58; total IgE 187<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>KU&#47;l&#44; specific IgE for buckwheat 15&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>KU&#47;l&#44; wheat and rye &#60;0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>KU&#47;l&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus</span> 10&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>KU&#47;l&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lepidoglyphus destructor</span> 1&#46;98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>KU&#47;l&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chest X-ray showed no pathological changes&#46; Spirometry was normal&#58; forced vital capacity &#40;FVC&#41; 6060<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml &#40;115&#37;&#41;&#44; forced expiratory volume in 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s &#40;FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41; 4820<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml &#40;113&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#44; FEV1&#47;FVC &#40;80&#46;63&#37;&#41;&#44; with a negative bronchodilator test&#44; and FeNO of 115 parts per billion&#46; The nonspecific bronchial challenge test with methacholine performed while the patient was still working was positive &#40;0&#46;022<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In view of the findings described&#44; we decided to perform a specific bronchial challenge test &#40;SBCT&#41; while he was on sick leave&#46; Initially there was no variability after exposure to placebo&#46; Four minutes after the first exposure to the allergen in the cabin using a mixture of lactose and buckwheat flour&#44; acquired externally&#44; at low concentration&#44; using the method described by Pepys&#44; the patient presented severe bronchospasm with a 35&#37; fall in FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> from baseline&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; in order to identify the specific proteins of the buckwheat that induced IgE antibody synthesis in this patient&#44; immunoblotting was performed&#44; using the same extract made from the flour provided by the patient&#46; Several IgE binding bands against different extract proteins were detected in reducing and non-reducing conditions &#40;from &#60;9 to 75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kDa&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although we could not rule out the presence of mites in the extract used for skin tests&#44; immunoblotting and SBCT&#44; the determination of specific IgE by ImmunoCAP&#8482; confirmed sensitization to buckwheat flour&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was diagnosed with IgE-mediated occupational rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma due to buckwheat flour allergy&#46; He was advised to avoid exposure to this flour and to start treatment with long-acting bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids to avoid progression and chronification of symptoms&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Buckwheat&#44; despite its name&#44; has no taxonomic relationship with wheat&#46; Due to its high nutritional value&#44; and the absence of gluten&#44; this flour is ideal for the preparation of celiac products&#44; and its use as an ingredient of foods considered &#8220;ecological&#8221; is currently increasing&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several cases of hypersensitivity reactions to buckwheat have been described&#44; mainly in Japan where&#44; due to high local consumption&#44; it causes up to 3&#37; of cases of anaphylaxis in this population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of respiratory symptoms in an occupational setting among bakers is high&#58; 5&#37;&#8211;10&#37; for asthma and 15&#37;&#8211;20&#37; for rhinitis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> Sensitization is 4&#46;2&#37; per person per year in exposures of less than 4 years<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> &#40;1&#46;0&#37; in longer exposures&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> and this rate increases at higher doses of allergen&#44; especially in atopic patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In bakers&#44; the causative allergens are mostly high molecular weight flour proteins&#44; but other agents present at all stages&#44; from cereal production to bread making &#40;pesticides&#44; contaminants such as mites&#44; fungi&#44; enzymes&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; must be taken into account&#46; Buckwheat is a pseudocereal that contains several high molecular weight proteins and&#44; like other allergenic sources&#44; requires a period of exposure to induce sensitization that produces an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diagnosis requires demonstrating sensitization by skin and&#47;or immunological tests and relating exposure to symptoms&#46; SBCT is the gold standard for diagnosing occupational asthma&#44; as it is the only test that establishes an etiological diagnosis through controlled exposure to increasing doses of the suspected agent while monitoring FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most effective preventive method is to control the level of allergenic exposure in order to reduce the number of sensitized workers&#46; Reducing exposure and using protection may reduce symptoms&#44; but the only measure that improves lung function is to avoid exposure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The importance of this case lies in the scarce availability of literature on occupational asthma due to buckwheat sensitization&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#8211;15</span></a> According to hospital records&#44; it can induce serious reactions&#44; although these are rare&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a> The absence of studies and underdiagnosis due to lack of suspicion make it difficult to estimate the prevalence of this allergy&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Buckwheat is also becoming more prominent in the food sector in Europe because of increased consumption of gluten-free foods&#46; The need for it to be declared as a food allergen should be considered to avoid accidental exposures with significant risks&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Pascual Erquicia S&#44; Bernaola Abraira M&#44; Dorado Arenas S&#44; Urrutia Landa I&#44; Arrizubieta Basterrechea I&#44; Bronte Moreno O&#44; et al&#46; Rinoconjuntivitis y asma ocupacional por alergia a harina de trigo sarraceno&#46; Arch Bronconeumol&#46; 2020&#59;56&#58;466&#8211;468&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; Prick-to-prick with buckwheat flour&#46; &#40;B&#41; IgE-immunodetection of buckwheat flour extracts&#46; 1&#58; buckwheat &#40;non-reducing conditions&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>negative control&#46; 2&#58; buckwheat &#40;non-reducing conditions&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>patient serum&#46; 3&#58; buckwheat &#40;reducing conditions&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>negative control&#46; Buckwheat &#40;non-reducing conditions&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>patient&#46; On the left&#44; position of the molecular weight markers &#40;10&#44; 15&#44; 20&#44; 25&#44; 37&#44; 50&#44; 75&#44; 100&#44; 150&#44; 250<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kDa&#41;&#46;</p>"
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