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on room air&#46; Lung auscultation showed mild hypoventilation in the right lung apex&#44; without palpation of subcutaneous emphysema&#46; An ECG showed normal sinus rhythm&#46; The patient&#39;s chest X-ray &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>a&#41; revealed a pneumothorax smaller than 15&#37; in the apex of the right lung&#46; The patient was questioned about the previous day&#39;s test&#44; admitting needle puncture of the right periscapular muscle in the electrophysiological examination&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The thoracic surgeon was consulted&#44; who advocated conservative approach with follow-up X-ray at 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; showing no increase in pneumothorax&#46; After 10 days&#44; a new chest X-ray was performed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>b&#41;&#44; verifying radiological resolution&#46; At the follow-up visit&#44; the patient provided an EMG report confirming the exploration of the serratus anterior muscle &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>c&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of iatrogenic pneumothorax has recently increased due to the development of invasive procedures for multiple diagnostic and therapeutic purposes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> Pneumothorax secondary to accidental puncture of the pleura by an EMG needle is a highly infrequent complication&#46; In the study by Kassadjian et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> seven cases of pneumothorax were found out of the 64&#44;490 EMGs that were evaluated&#46; All patients were symptomatic within 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of the procedure&#46; Five of them presented a volume equal to or greater than 20&#37;&#44; requiring the placement of a drainage tube&#46; The muscles most associated with pneumothorax under these circumstances are the serratus anterior&#44; rhomboid&#44; and diaphragm&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The use of ultrasound-guided punctures allows the correct identification of the muscles and pleural space&#44; and may reduce its incidence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We highlight the importance of a thorough history and physical examination&#44; especially in patients undergoing invasive diagnostic techniques in the thoracic region&#44; where emergency physicians must consider the possibility of pleural damage as a potentially serious complication&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflict of Interests</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Authors declare no conflict of interests for this article&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Case Report
A Red Herring to Iatrogenic Pneumothorax
Natalia Beatriz Mena Casado
Corresponding author
natameca@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Manuel Cuesta Martín
Emergency Department, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Electromyography &#40;EMG&#41; is a technique that enables recording the electrical activity derived from muscle fibers&#44; obtaining information for the study of neuromuscular disorders&#46; Although considered a safe technique&#44; monitoring through intramuscular needle electrodes carries potential risks&#44; including pain&#44; bleeding&#44; and infection&#46; When needle exploration is performed in muscles adjacent to the pleura&#44; there is a risk of pneumothorax&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> We present a case of this rare adverse effect&#44; which led to a referral to our center due to a distracting symptom&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 42-year-old woman with a past medical history of scoliosis surgery was referred from a private center for urgent endoscopy due to suspicion of esophageal impaction&#46; The patient presented in the emergency department &#40;ED&#41; reporting chest pain in the last 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; The pain began suddenly in the right hemithorax associated with mild dyspnea&#44; coinciding with the ingestion of ham and potatoes&#46; After a few minutes&#44; it partially subsided&#44; presenting a pain of less intensity that increased with inspiration&#44; unrelated to swallowing&#46; Upon arrival to the ED&#44; she no longer presented dyspnea&#44; dysphagia or other accompanying symptoms&#46; She added that the previous day she had undergone an EMG in another health center&#44; of which she did not provide a report&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Her vital signs were as follows&#58; blood pressure&#44; 121&#47;81<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; heart rate&#44; 65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm&#59; temperature&#44; 36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and oxygen saturation 99&#37; on room air&#46; Lung auscultation showed mild hypoventilation in the right lung apex&#44; without palpation of subcutaneous emphysema&#46; An ECG showed normal sinus rhythm&#46; The patient&#39;s chest X-ray &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>a&#41; revealed a pneumothorax smaller than 15&#37; in the apex of the right lung&#46; The patient was questioned about the previous day&#39;s test&#44; admitting needle puncture of the right periscapular muscle in the electrophysiological examination&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The thoracic surgeon was consulted&#44; who advocated conservative approach with follow-up X-ray at 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; showing no increase in pneumothorax&#46; After 10 days&#44; a new chest X-ray was performed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>b&#41;&#44; verifying radiological resolution&#46; At the follow-up visit&#44; the patient provided an EMG report confirming the exploration of the serratus anterior muscle &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>c&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of iatrogenic pneumothorax has recently increased due to the development of invasive procedures for multiple diagnostic and therapeutic purposes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> Pneumothorax secondary to accidental puncture of the pleura by an EMG needle is a highly infrequent complication&#46; In the study by Kassadjian et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> seven cases of pneumothorax were found out of the 64&#44;490 EMGs that were evaluated&#46; All patients were symptomatic within 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of the procedure&#46; Five of them presented a volume equal to or greater than 20&#37;&#44; requiring the placement of a drainage tube&#46; The muscles most associated with pneumothorax under these circumstances are the serratus anterior&#44; rhomboid&#44; and diaphragm&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The use of ultrasound-guided punctures allows the correct identification of the muscles and pleural space&#44; and may reduce its incidence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We highlight the importance of a thorough history and physical examination&#44; especially in patients undergoing invasive diagnostic techniques in the thoracic region&#44; where emergency physicians must consider the possibility of pleural damage as a potentially serious complication&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflict of Interests</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Authors declare no conflict of interests for this article&#46;</p></span></span>"
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