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ha presentado neumon&#237;a sin necesidad de ingreso en UCI&#44; una proporci&#243;n similar a la publicada en estudios a gran escala en China con un 80&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#44; y tambi&#233;n fuera de China&#44; con un porcentaje de pacientes que ingresan en el hospital pero no precisan UCI que oscila entre el 76&#37; en Nueva York<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> y el 84&#37; Italia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; El seguimiento de estos enfermos con neumon&#237;a que no precisa ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica invasiva supone una inc&#243;gnita y un gran volumen de trabajo por su elevado n&#250;mero&#46; Dado que los recursos son limitados es importante una planificaci&#243;n adecuada&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por ello&#44; con el objetivo de conocer la repercusi&#243;n funcional de la neumon&#237;a por COVID-19 en pacientes que no precisaron ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica invasiva ni UCI&#44; organizamos un seguimiento a las 4-6 semanas tras el alta hospitalaria de todos pacientes con SARS-CoV-2 diagnosticado por reacci&#243;n en cadena de la polimerasa &#40;PCR&#41; ingresados en nuestro servicio con neumon&#237;a confirmada en radiolog&#237;a simple&#46; El estudio fue aprobado por el CEIC de Euskadi&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Material y m&#233;todo</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estudio prospectivo&#46; Se incluyeron los primeros 104 pacientes consecutivos con neumon&#237;a por COVID-19 que no hab&#237;an precisado ingreso en UCI&#44; tras negativizaci&#243;n de PCR y previo consentimiento&#46; Se excluyeron de este estudio a las gestantes y a los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar previa y alteraci&#243;n funcional confirmada&#46; Se realiz&#243; exploraci&#243;n funcional y se analizaron datos demogr&#225;ficos&#44; resultados cl&#237;nicos y radiogr&#225;ficos al mes&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La exploraci&#243;n funcional se realiz&#243; siguiendo la normativa SEPAR por personal con experiencia con los equipos Masterlab&#44; Jaeger&#44; W&#252;rzburg&#44; Alemania&#46; La espirometr&#237;a forzada se realiz&#243; en situaci&#243;n basal&#46; La t&#233;cnica de medici&#243;n de la difusi&#243;n de mon&#243;xido de carbono &#40;DLCO&#41; se realiz&#243; mediante el m&#233;todo de respiraci&#243;n &#250;nica&#46; Se utilizaron valores de referencia para poblaci&#243;n mediterr&#225;nea y criterios de aceptabilidad en todas las variables funcionales seg&#250;n la normativa espa&#241;ola y europea<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Resultados</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De los 104 pacientes estudiados 82 de ellos&#44; el 78&#44;8&#37;&#44; presentaron una DLCO normal<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>80&#37; sobre el valor te&#243;rico&#46; Solo 7 pacientes presentaron una DLCO<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70&#37;&#44; y solo un paciente present&#243; afectaci&#243;n moderada con DLCO<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#37;&#46; La FVC fue normal en 100 pacientes &#40;96&#37;&#41; y la FEV1 en el 93&#37; de los pacientes&#46; Un 11&#37; present&#243; FEV1&#47;FVC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Al analizar los factores asociados a deterioro de la funci&#243;n pulmonar solo hubo diferencias significativas en la necesidad de ox&#237;geno de alto flujo en gafas nasales&#44; que podr&#237;a reflejar la gravedad de la neumon&#237;a&#44; aunque este dato debe ser interpretado con cautela&#44; pues se trata de solo 2 pacientes&#46; La persistencia de disnea o de alteraciones radiol&#243;gicas menores en la radiolog&#237;a simple de control al mes&#44; o el uso de reservorio no fueron estad&#237;sticamente diferentes&#46; Los datos se muestran en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estos resultados son mejores que lo publicado en estudios previos en la anterior epidemia por SARS&#44; que describen un deterioro de la funci&#243;n pulmonar entre el 25&#37; y 50&#37; de los pacientes entre 6 meses y 2 a&#241;os tras el alta<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a>&#44; probablemente por estar realizados en pacientes severos que han precisado ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica prolongada&#46; Algunos estudios radiol&#243;gicos del SARS encuentran hasta un 62&#37; de fibrosis en la TAC en relaci&#243;n con una mayor edad&#44; tiempo en UCI&#44; mayor afectaci&#243;n radiol&#243;gica durante ingreso y necesidad de corticoides<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respecto a la actual pandemia la evoluci&#243;n no est&#225; escrita&#44; aunque existen datos preliminares radiol&#243;gicos que muestran que hasta el 94&#37; de los pacientes tienen lesiones en la TAC al alta&#44; fundamentalmente vidrio deslustrado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Un estudio reciente en China realiza espirometr&#237;a y difusi&#243;n antes del alta en 110 pacientes ingresados por neumon&#237;a COVID-19 que no han precisado UCI&#44; y encuentra anomal&#237;as en DLCO en el 47&#37; de los pacientes&#44; sin encontrar otros defectos ventilatorios en FVC&#44; FEV1 o relaci&#243;n FEV1&#47;FVC&#46; Los autores sugieren que esta afectaci&#243;n es debida a la afectaci&#243;n de la membrana alveolocapilar m&#225;s que a la ocupaci&#243;n de volumen alveolar o afectaci&#243;n de v&#237;a a&#233;rea<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En nuestros datos tampoco encontramos afectaci&#243;n frecuente de la FVC o FEV1&#44; pero el porcentaje de afectaci&#243;n de la DLCO en nuestras exploraciones realizadas un mes tras el alta es mucho menor&#44; sugiriendo la posibilidad de una recuperaci&#243;n relativamente r&#225;pida&#46; Un 11&#37; de los pacientes presentan alteraci&#243;n obstructiva leve que en algunos casos podr&#237;a deberse a alteraci&#243;n funcional previa&#44; dado que desconocemos su exploraci&#243;n basal&#44; y el 66&#37; de ellos eran fumadores&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En conclusi&#243;n&#44; 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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DLCO<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>80&#37; te&#243;rico N<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DLCO<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>80&#37;N<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Edad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">62<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Sexo var&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">46 &#40;56&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;36&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">IMC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">28&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">28&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Tabaquismo activo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;23&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;36&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caracter&#237;sticas b&#225;sicas de los pacientes con DLCO pulmonar normal versus DLCO alterada</p>"
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Carta Científica
Alteración funcional pulmonar en el seguimiento precoz de pacientes con neumonía por COVID-19
Pulmonary Function in Early Follow-up of patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia
Eva Tabernero Huguet
Corresponding author
evataberna@yahoo.es

Autor para correspondencia.
, Amaya Urrutia Gajarte, Luis Alberto Ruiz Iturriaga, Leyre Serrano Fernandez, Nuria Marina Malanda, Milagros Iriberri Pascual, Rafael Zalacain Jorge
Neumología, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Baracaldo, Vizcaya, España
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ha presentado neumon&#237;a sin necesidad de ingreso en UCI&#44; una proporci&#243;n similar a la publicada en estudios a gran escala en China con un 80&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#44; y tambi&#233;n fuera de China&#44; con un porcentaje de pacientes que ingresan en el hospital pero no precisan UCI que oscila entre el 76&#37; en Nueva York<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> y el 84&#37; Italia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; El seguimiento de estos enfermos con neumon&#237;a que no precisa ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica invasiva supone una inc&#243;gnita y un gran volumen de trabajo por su elevado n&#250;mero&#46; Dado que los recursos son limitados es importante una planificaci&#243;n adecuada&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por ello&#44; con el objetivo de conocer la repercusi&#243;n funcional de la neumon&#237;a por COVID-19 en pacientes que no precisaron ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica invasiva ni UCI&#44; organizamos un seguimiento a las 4-6 semanas tras el alta hospitalaria de todos pacientes con SARS-CoV-2 diagnosticado por reacci&#243;n en cadena de la polimerasa &#40;PCR&#41; ingresados en nuestro servicio con neumon&#237;a confirmada en radiolog&#237;a simple&#46; El estudio fue aprobado por el CEIC de Euskadi&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Material y m&#233;todo</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estudio prospectivo&#46; Se incluyeron los primeros 104 pacientes consecutivos con neumon&#237;a por COVID-19 que no hab&#237;an precisado ingreso en UCI&#44; tras negativizaci&#243;n de PCR y previo consentimiento&#46; Se excluyeron de este estudio a las gestantes y a los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar previa y alteraci&#243;n funcional confirmada&#46; Se realiz&#243; exploraci&#243;n funcional y se analizaron datos demogr&#225;ficos&#44; resultados cl&#237;nicos y radiogr&#225;ficos al mes&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La exploraci&#243;n funcional se realiz&#243; siguiendo la normativa SEPAR por personal con experiencia con los equipos Masterlab&#44; Jaeger&#44; W&#252;rzburg&#44; Alemania&#46; La espirometr&#237;a forzada se realiz&#243; en situaci&#243;n basal&#46; La t&#233;cnica de medici&#243;n de la difusi&#243;n de mon&#243;xido de carbono &#40;DLCO&#41; se realiz&#243; mediante el m&#233;todo de respiraci&#243;n &#250;nica&#46; Se utilizaron valores de referencia para poblaci&#243;n mediterr&#225;nea y criterios de aceptabilidad en todas las variables funcionales seg&#250;n la normativa espa&#241;ola y europea<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Resultados</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De los 104 pacientes estudiados 82 de ellos&#44; el 78&#44;8&#37;&#44; presentaron una DLCO normal<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>80&#37; sobre el valor te&#243;rico&#46; Solo 7 pacientes presentaron una DLCO<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70&#37;&#44; y solo un paciente present&#243; afectaci&#243;n moderada con DLCO<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#37;&#46; La FVC fue normal en 100 pacientes &#40;96&#37;&#41; y la FEV1 en el 93&#37; de los pacientes&#46; Un 11&#37; present&#243; FEV1&#47;FVC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Al analizar los factores asociados a deterioro de la funci&#243;n pulmonar solo hubo diferencias significativas en la necesidad de ox&#237;geno de alto flujo en gafas nasales&#44; que podr&#237;a reflejar la gravedad de la neumon&#237;a&#44; aunque este dato debe ser interpretado con cautela&#44; pues se trata de solo 2 pacientes&#46; La persistencia de disnea o de alteraciones radiol&#243;gicas menores en la radiolog&#237;a simple de control al mes&#44; o el uso de reservorio no fueron estad&#237;sticamente diferentes&#46; Los datos se muestran en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estos resultados son mejores que lo publicado en estudios previos en la anterior epidemia por SARS&#44; que describen un deterioro de la funci&#243;n pulmonar entre el 25&#37; y 50&#37; de los pacientes entre 6 meses y 2 a&#241;os tras el alta<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a>&#44; probablemente por estar realizados en pacientes severos que han precisado ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica prolongada&#46; Algunos estudios radiol&#243;gicos del SARS encuentran hasta un 62&#37; de fibrosis en la TAC en relaci&#243;n con una mayor edad&#44; tiempo en UCI&#44; mayor afectaci&#243;n radiol&#243;gica durante ingreso y necesidad de corticoides<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respecto a la actual pandemia la evoluci&#243;n no est&#225; escrita&#44; aunque existen datos preliminares radiol&#243;gicos que muestran que hasta el 94&#37; de los pacientes tienen lesiones en la TAC al alta&#44; fundamentalmente vidrio deslustrado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Un estudio reciente en China realiza espirometr&#237;a y difusi&#243;n antes del alta en 110 pacientes ingresados por neumon&#237;a COVID-19 que no han precisado UCI&#44; y encuentra anomal&#237;as en DLCO en el 47&#37; de los pacientes&#44; sin encontrar otros defectos ventilatorios en FVC&#44; FEV1 o relaci&#243;n FEV1&#47;FVC&#46; Los autores sugieren que esta afectaci&#243;n es debida a la afectaci&#243;n de la membrana alveolocapilar m&#225;s que a la ocupaci&#243;n de volumen alveolar o afectaci&#243;n de v&#237;a a&#233;rea<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En nuestros datos tampoco encontramos afectaci&#243;n frecuente de la FVC o FEV1&#44; pero el porcentaje de afectaci&#243;n de la DLCO en nuestras exploraciones realizadas un mes tras el alta es mucho menor&#44; sugiriendo la posibilidad de una recuperaci&#243;n relativamente r&#225;pida&#46; Un 11&#37; de los pacientes presentan alteraci&#243;n obstructiva leve que en algunos casos podr&#237;a deberse a alteraci&#243;n funcional previa&#44; dado que desconocemos su exploraci&#243;n basal&#44; y el 66&#37; de ellos eran fumadores&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En conclusi&#243;n&#44; nuestros datos sugieren que en pacientes con neumon&#237;a por COVID-19 que no precisan ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica invasiva las secuelas funcionales pasado un mes no son frecuentes&#44; y en cualquier caso son leves&#46; La afectaci&#243;n funcional moderada en esta poblaci&#243;n ha sido excepcional y se ha relacionado con la gravedad de la neumon&#237;a&#46; Esta informaci&#243;n puede ser importante a la hora de plantear el seguimiento y los recursos a emplear en estos pacientes&#46; De la misma manera que no se realiza seguimiento funcional en las neumon&#237;as bacterianas&#44; nuestros datos sugieren que puede no ser necesario realizar exploraci&#243;n funcional de rutina en pacientes que no han precisado ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica invasiva&#46; Este subgrupo de pacientes m&#225;s severo que precisa ventilaci&#243;n invasiva necesitar&#225; una investigaci&#243;n futura&#46;</p></span></span>"
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ISSN: 03002896
Original language: Spanish
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