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El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar a los pacientes ingresados por TB con estancias medias hospitalarias superiores a 15 d&#237;as y evaluar los factores asociados&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo observacional donde se han analizado todos los pacientes ingresados por TB desde enero de 2005 hasta agosto de 2012 en el Hospital General Universitario Reina Sof&#237;a de Murcia&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La estancia media se consider&#243; que era prolongada si esta era superior a 15 d&#237;as en base a los datos publicados por Thomas et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el an&#225;lisis se incluyeron 165 pacientes&#46; La edad media de los pacientes fue de 37&#44;69 a&#241;os &#40;14&#44;42&#41;&#44; 68&#37; eran varones&#44; 66&#37; inmigrantes&#44; 78&#44;2&#37; pacientes ten&#237;an TB pulmonar&#44; el 21&#44;8&#37; de ellos TB extrapulmonar y 22&#44;4&#37; presentaron complicaciones durante el ingreso&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La estancia media de todos los pacientes con TB fue de 21&#44;94 &#40;29&#44;7&#41; d&#237;as&#44; mediana 15 &#40;RIC&#44; 11-24&#41; d&#237;as y superior a 15 d&#237;as en el 54&#44;5&#37; de los pacientes&#46; La estancia media de los pacientes solo con tuberculosis pulmonar fue de 18 &#40;12&#44;21&#41; d&#237;as&#44; mediana 14 &#40;RIC&#44; 11-22&#41; d&#237;as&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> se representa el an&#225;lisis univariante de los factores asociados con estancia media prolongada &#40;&#8805; 15 d&#237;as&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las variables que se asociaron de forma independiente con la estancia media prolongada en el an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica fueron el retraso en el diagn&#243;stico &#40;retraso debido al sistema sanitario&#41; m&#225;s all&#225; del cuarto d&#237;a &#40;OR 17&#44;94 IC95&#37; 3&#44;47-92&#44;79&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; la presencia de complicaciones durante el ingreso &#40;OR 7&#44;87&#59; IC95&#37; 2&#44;63-23&#44;8&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;005&#41;&#44; tener broncopat&#237;a previa &#40;OR 6&#44;21&#59; IC95&#37; 1&#44;17-33&#44;3&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;031&#41; y acudir con s&#237;ndrome constitucional &#40;OR 3&#44;89&#59; IC95&#37; 1&#44;83-8&#44;26&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;005&#41; o presentar afectaci&#243;n bilateral &#40;OR 2&#44;64&#59; IC95&#37; 1&#44;25-5&#44;58&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;011&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El factor m&#225;s importante relacionado con la prolongaci&#243;n de la estancia ha sido el retraso en el diagn&#243;stico&#44; de tal forma que una demora m&#225;s all&#225; del cuarto d&#237;a incrementaba en 18 veces la probabilidad de estancias superiores a 15 d&#237;as&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adem&#225;s el retraso diagn&#243;stico de estos pacientes contribuye al mantenimiento de la endemia tuberculosa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;7</span></a>&#44; adem&#225;s de poder agravar la morbimortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#44; y alargar la hospitalizaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;9</span></a>&#44; de ah&#237; la importancia del diagn&#243;stico precoz y la instauraci&#243;n de medidas para evitarlo&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los factores que influyen en este retraso son muy dispares&#44; pero como sucede en nuestro estudio&#44; la edad avanzada&#44; la afectaci&#243;n extrapulmonar&#44; tener una localizaci&#243;n diferente a los l&#243;bulos superiores y un Ziehl de esputo negativo al ingreso son factores determinantes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La presencia de complicaciones durante el ingreso ya ha sido descrito como un factor clave en la prolongaci&#243;n de la estancia media hospitalaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;10&#44;11</span></a>&#46; Las complicaciones que nosotros observamos con m&#225;s frecuencia fueron la toxicidad asociada a f&#225;rmacos antituberculosos &#40;principalmente la afectaci&#243;n hep&#225;tica&#41; y la necesidad de cirug&#237;a mayor en los pacientes con TB extrapulmonar&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Otros factores que se han asociado con una mayor estancia han sido la broncopat&#237;a previa &#40;factor de riesgo para desarrollar TB y complicaciones<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;8&#44;10</span></a>&#41;&#44; y la afectaci&#243;n bilateral y existencia de un cuadro constitucional&#44; los cuales se relacionan con mayor gravedad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#44; lo que justifica una estancia media m&#225;s prolongada&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Es interesante destacar que la estancia hospitalaria superior a 15 d&#237;as no es un problema aislado de nuestro hospital&#44; tambi&#233;n suele ocurrir en otros centros de nuestro pa&#237;s&#46; As&#237;&#44; seg&#250;n el an&#225;lisis del conjunto m&#237;nimo b&#225;sico de datos de las altas emitidas por los servicios de Medicina Interna del Sistema Nacional de Salud espa&#241;ol entre 2005-2010 la estancia media fue de 18&#44;7 d&#237;as &#40;rango 19-44&#41; con 17&#44;8 d&#237;as &#40;DE 19&#44;3&#41; para los pacientes con tuberculosis extrapulmonar&#44; 18 d&#237;as &#40;DE 22&#44;25&#41; para los pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar&#44; y 24&#44;7 d&#237;as &#40;DE 22&#41; para los que presentaban afectaci&#243;n diseminada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Uno de los principales motivos por los cuales se mantiene a los pacientes ingresados durante tanto tiempo es para evitar la propagaci&#243;n de la TB&#44; sin embargo el riesgo de propagaci&#243;n no se reduce con la hospitalizaci&#243;n&#44; puesto que la exposici&#243;n ha ocurrido antes del diagn&#243;stico y el riesgo de contagio se reduce dr&#225;sticamente con el inicio del tratamiento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#8211;14</span></a>&#46; En un estudio realizado en Nueva York&#44; se observ&#243; que hasta el 40&#37; de las hospitalizaciones fueron inapropiadas argumentando este motivo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La hospitalizaci&#243;n&#44; y menos a&#250;n hospitalizaciones tan largas&#44; no siempre son necesarias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;14</span></a>&#46; Generalmente representan un uso ineficiente de recursos y es probable que hasta un 20-40&#37; de los ingresos de pacientes con TB puedan evitarse<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En conclusi&#243;n&#44; la mayor&#237;a de los pacientes ingresados con TB presentan una estancia media prolongada &#40;&#8805;15 d&#237;as&#41; relacionada con el retraso en el diagn&#243;stico&#44; la presencia de cuadro constitucional&#44; broncopat&#237;a previa&#44; afectaci&#243;n bilateral y el desarrollo de complicaciones durante el ingreso&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Teniendo en cuenta que el factor m&#225;s importante que ha prolongado la estancia media de estos pacientes ha sido el retraso en el diagn&#243;stico&#44; es crucial que se apliquen medidas optimizadas para evitar esta demora&#44; como reforzar la formaci&#243;n de los m&#233;dicos y de la poblaci&#243;n general sobre esta enfermedad &#40;con el fin de incrementar la sospecha diagn&#243;stica&#41; o facilitar el acceso al sistema sanitario&#46; As&#237; mismo creemos que una gran parte de los pacientes con TB se podr&#237;an beneficiar de un tratamiento ambulatorio acortando los d&#237;as de hospitalizaci&#243;n&#44; incluso evitar el ingreso&#44; de ah&#237; la importancia del establecimiento de protocolos unificados&#44; fortalecer la educaci&#243;n sanitaria a pacientes y familiares sobre medidas de aislamiento en domicilio y cumplimiento del tratamiento&#44; o formar equipos multidisciplinares de terapia ambulatoria supervisada o tratamiento directamente observado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">&#60; 15 d&#237;as&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">&#8805; 15 d&#237;as&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Significaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Edad&#58; a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">34&#44;25 &#40;11&#44;82&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;007&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sexo var&#243;n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">59 &#40;65&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;484&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Inmigraci&#243;n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53 &#40;70&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56 &#40;62&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;254&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Factores predisponentes &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58 &#40;64&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;062&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Infecci&#243;n por VIH &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;7&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sin hogar &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13 &#40;14&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;207&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Alcoholismo &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">23 &#40;25&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;146&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;2&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;13&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hemoptisis &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cuadro constitucional &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54 &#40;60&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sepsis &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;16&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;096&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">APACHE <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;6 &#40;3&#44;09&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#44;05 &#40;3&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Afectaci&#243;n bilateral &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24 &#40;32&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46 &#40;51&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Afectaci&#243;n extrapulmonar &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 &#40;13&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26 &#40;28&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An&#225;lisis univariante de los factores asociados a pacientes con estancias hospitalarias &#8805; 15 d&#237;as</p>"
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                      "Revista" => array:5 [
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                      "titulo" => "Estudio del retraso diagn&#243;stico de la tuberculosis pulmonar sintom&#225;tica"
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                      "titulo" => "The impact of comorbidity on mortality following in-hospital diagnosis of tuberculosis"
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                            0 => "V&#46;K&#46; Rao"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Chest&#46;"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "How contagious is tuberculosis&#63;"
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "Kent A&#46; Sepkowitz"
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                        ]
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                    ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Clin Infect Dis&#46;"
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Carta científica
Factores asociados con estancia media prolongada en pacientes ingresados por tuberculosis
Factors Associated with a Long Mean Hospital Stay in Patients Hospitalized with Tuberculosis
María del Carmen Vera Sánchez-Rojasa,
Corresponding author
mcvsr75@hotmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, Emma Muñoz Péreza, Ángeles Muñoz Pérezb, Salvador Valero Cifuentesa, Eva García Villalbaa, María de la Paz Egea Campoya, Alfredo Cano Sánchezb, Enrique Bernal Morellb
a Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, Murcia, España
b Sección de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, Murcia, España
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La tuberculosis &#40;TB&#41; contin&#250;a siendo hoy d&#237;a un problema de salud p&#250;blica&#46; Afecta a un gran n&#250;mero de personas y ocasiona un elevado gasto sanitario<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s los pacientes con TB suelen tener estancias hospitalarias muy prolongadas&#44; superiores en la mayor&#237;a de los casos a 15 d&#237;as<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a>&#46; En Espa&#241;a durante los a&#241;os 1999-2009 la estancia media hospitalaria fue de 14 d&#237;as con una desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar de 12 d&#237;as<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la actualidad son escasos los estudios a nivel nacional que expliquen los motivos de dichas estancias medias prolongadas&#46; El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar a los pacientes ingresados por TB con estancias medias hospitalarias superiores a 15 d&#237;as y evaluar los factores asociados&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo observacional donde se han analizado todos los pacientes ingresados por TB desde enero de 2005 hasta agosto de 2012 en el Hospital General Universitario Reina Sof&#237;a de Murcia&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La estancia media se consider&#243; que era prolongada si esta era superior a 15 d&#237;as en base a los datos publicados por Thomas et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el an&#225;lisis se incluyeron 165 pacientes&#46; La edad media de los pacientes fue de 37&#44;69 a&#241;os &#40;14&#44;42&#41;&#44; 68&#37; eran varones&#44; 66&#37; inmigrantes&#44; 78&#44;2&#37; pacientes ten&#237;an TB pulmonar&#44; el 21&#44;8&#37; de ellos TB extrapulmonar y 22&#44;4&#37; presentaron complicaciones durante el ingreso&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La estancia media de todos los pacientes con TB fue de 21&#44;94 &#40;29&#44;7&#41; d&#237;as&#44; mediana 15 &#40;RIC&#44; 11-24&#41; d&#237;as y superior a 15 d&#237;as en el 54&#44;5&#37; de los pacientes&#46; La estancia media de los pacientes solo con tuberculosis pulmonar fue de 18 &#40;12&#44;21&#41; d&#237;as&#44; mediana 14 &#40;RIC&#44; 11-22&#41; d&#237;as&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> se representa el an&#225;lisis univariante de los factores asociados con estancia media prolongada &#40;&#8805; 15 d&#237;as&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las variables que se asociaron de forma independiente con la estancia media prolongada en el an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica fueron el retraso en el diagn&#243;stico &#40;retraso debido al sistema sanitario&#41; m&#225;s all&#225; del cuarto d&#237;a &#40;OR 17&#44;94 IC95&#37; 3&#44;47-92&#44;79&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; la presencia de complicaciones durante el ingreso &#40;OR 7&#44;87&#59; IC95&#37; 2&#44;63-23&#44;8&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;005&#41;&#44; tener broncopat&#237;a previa &#40;OR 6&#44;21&#59; IC95&#37; 1&#44;17-33&#44;3&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;031&#41; y acudir con s&#237;ndrome constitucional &#40;OR 3&#44;89&#59; IC95&#37; 1&#44;83-8&#44;26&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;005&#41; o presentar afectaci&#243;n bilateral &#40;OR 2&#44;64&#59; IC95&#37; 1&#44;25-5&#44;58&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;011&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El factor m&#225;s importante relacionado con la prolongaci&#243;n de la estancia ha sido el retraso en el diagn&#243;stico&#44; de tal forma que una demora m&#225;s all&#225; del cuarto d&#237;a incrementaba en 18 veces la probabilidad de estancias superiores a 15 d&#237;as&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adem&#225;s el retraso diagn&#243;stico de estos pacientes contribuye al mantenimiento de la endemia tuberculosa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;7</span></a>&#44; adem&#225;s de poder agravar la morbimortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#44; y alargar la hospitalizaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;9</span></a>&#44; de ah&#237; la importancia del diagn&#243;stico precoz y la instauraci&#243;n de medidas para evitarlo&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los factores que influyen en este retraso son muy dispares&#44; pero como sucede en nuestro estudio&#44; la edad avanzada&#44; la afectaci&#243;n extrapulmonar&#44; tener una localizaci&#243;n diferente a los l&#243;bulos superiores y un Ziehl de esputo negativo al ingreso son factores determinantes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La presencia de complicaciones durante el ingreso ya ha sido descrito como un factor clave en la prolongaci&#243;n de la estancia media hospitalaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;10&#44;11</span></a>&#46; Las complicaciones que nosotros observamos con m&#225;s frecuencia fueron la toxicidad asociada a f&#225;rmacos antituberculosos &#40;principalmente la afectaci&#243;n hep&#225;tica&#41; y la necesidad de cirug&#237;a mayor en los pacientes con TB extrapulmonar&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Otros factores que se han asociado con una mayor estancia han sido la broncopat&#237;a previa &#40;factor de riesgo para desarrollar TB y complicaciones<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;8&#44;10</span></a>&#41;&#44; y la afectaci&#243;n bilateral y existencia de un cuadro constitucional&#44; los cuales se relacionan con mayor gravedad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#44; lo que justifica una estancia media m&#225;s prolongada&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Es interesante destacar que la estancia hospitalaria superior a 15 d&#237;as no es un problema aislado de nuestro hospital&#44; tambi&#233;n suele ocurrir en otros centros de nuestro pa&#237;s&#46; As&#237;&#44; seg&#250;n el an&#225;lisis del conjunto m&#237;nimo b&#225;sico de datos de las altas emitidas por los servicios de Medicina Interna del Sistema Nacional de Salud espa&#241;ol entre 2005-2010 la estancia media fue de 18&#44;7 d&#237;as &#40;rango 19-44&#41; con 17&#44;8 d&#237;as &#40;DE 19&#44;3&#41; para los pacientes con tuberculosis extrapulmonar&#44; 18 d&#237;as &#40;DE 22&#44;25&#41; para los pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar&#44; y 24&#44;7 d&#237;as &#40;DE 22&#41; para los que presentaban afectaci&#243;n diseminada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Uno de los principales motivos por los cuales se mantiene a los pacientes ingresados durante tanto tiempo es para evitar la propagaci&#243;n de la TB&#44; sin embargo el riesgo de propagaci&#243;n no se reduce con la hospitalizaci&#243;n&#44; puesto que la exposici&#243;n ha ocurrido antes del diagn&#243;stico y el riesgo de contagio se reduce dr&#225;sticamente con el inicio del tratamiento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#8211;14</span></a>&#46; En un estudio realizado en Nueva York&#44; se observ&#243; que hasta el 40&#37; de las hospitalizaciones fueron inapropiadas argumentando este motivo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La hospitalizaci&#243;n&#44; y menos a&#250;n hospitalizaciones tan largas&#44; no siempre son necesarias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;14</span></a>&#46; Generalmente representan un uso ineficiente de recursos y es probable que hasta un 20-40&#37; de los ingresos de pacientes con TB puedan evitarse<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En conclusi&#243;n&#44; la mayor&#237;a de los pacientes ingresados con TB presentan una estancia media prolongada &#40;&#8805;15 d&#237;as&#41; relacionada con el retraso en el diagn&#243;stico&#44; la presencia de cuadro constitucional&#44; broncopat&#237;a previa&#44; afectaci&#243;n bilateral y el desarrollo de complicaciones durante el ingreso&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Teniendo en cuenta que el factor m&#225;s importante que ha prolongado la estancia media de estos pacientes ha sido el retraso en el diagn&#243;stico&#44; es crucial que se apliquen medidas optimizadas para evitar esta demora&#44; como reforzar la formaci&#243;n de los m&#233;dicos y de la poblaci&#243;n general sobre esta enfermedad &#40;con el fin de incrementar la sospecha diagn&#243;stica&#41; o facilitar el acceso al sistema sanitario&#46; As&#237; mismo creemos que una gran parte de los pacientes con TB se podr&#237;an beneficiar de un tratamiento ambulatorio acortando los d&#237;as de hospitalizaci&#243;n&#44; incluso evitar el ingreso&#44; de ah&#237; la importancia del establecimiento de protocolos unificados&#44; fortalecer la educaci&#243;n sanitaria a pacientes y familiares sobre medidas de aislamiento en domicilio y cumplimiento del tratamiento&#44; o formar equipos multidisciplinares de terapia ambulatoria supervisada o tratamiento directamente observado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;16&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;096&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;6 &#40;3&#44;09&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 &#40;13&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;10&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19 &#40;21&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40 &#40;52&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 &#40;19&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#40;6&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;2&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18 &#40;24&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54 &#40;91&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">49 &#40;74&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;9&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13 &#40;19&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;069&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;9&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;3&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  """
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An&#225;lisis univariante de los factores asociados a pacientes con estancias hospitalarias &#8805; 15 d&#237;as</p>"
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                            0 => "A&#46; Zumla"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1056/NEJMra1200894"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Epidemiolog&#237;a de las hospitalizaciones por tuberculosis en Espa&#241;a&#58; an&#225;lisis del conjunto m&#237;nimo b&#225;sico de datos 1999-2009"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "D&#46;R&#46; Culqui"
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                  "comentario" => "&#40;Espec Congr&#41;"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "An&#225;lisis de la Infecci&#243;n tuberculosa en los servicios de Medicina Interna espa&#241;oles&#46; Periodo 2005-2010"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
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                            1 => "J&#46; Vergas"
                            2 => "G&#46; Ropero"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                            0 => "J&#46;A&#46; Thomas"
                            1 => "F&#46; Laraque"
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                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
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                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21144247"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Trends in duration of hospitalization for patients with tuberculosis in Montreal&#44; Canada from 1993 to 2007"
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                          "etal" => false
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21608381"
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                0 => array:2 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Time delays in diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis&#58; a systematic review of literature"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "C&#46;T&#46; Sreeramareddy"
                            1 => "K&#46;V&#46; Panduru"
                            2 => "J&#46; Menten"
                            3 => "J&#46; van den Ende"
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                    ]
                  ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1186/1471-2334-9-91"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "BMC Infect Dis&#46;"
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                        "paginaInicial" => "91"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19519917"
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              "etiqueta" => "7"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factors associated with patient&#44; and diagnostic delays in Chinese TB patients&#58; a systematic review and meta-analysis"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "Y&#46; Li"
                            1 => "J&#46; Ehiri"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1186/1741-7015-11-156"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23819847"
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                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Zetola NM&#44; Macesic N&#44; Shin SS&#44; Peloso A&#44; Ncub R&#44; Klausner JD&#44; et al&#46; Longer hospital stay is associated with higher rates of tuberculosis-related morbidity and mortality within 12 months after discharge in a referral hospital in Sub-Saharan Africa&#46; BMC Infect Dis&#46; 2014&#59; 22&#59; 14&#58;409&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Estudio del retraso diagn&#243;stico de la tuberculosis pulmonar sintom&#225;tica"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46;N&#46; Altet G&#243;mez"
                            1 => "J&#46; Alcaide Meg&#237;as"
                            2 => "J&#46; Canela Soler"
                            3 => "C&#46; Mil&#225; Aug&#233;"
                            4 => "M&#46;A&#46; Jim&#233;nez Fuentes"
                            5 => "M&#46;L&#46; de Souza Galvao"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol"
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                        "volumen" => "39"
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                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12716554"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
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              "identificador" => "bib0125"
              "etiqueta" => "10"
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                0 => array:2 [
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Article information
ISSN: 03002896
Original language: Spanish
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