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a cabo un estudio comparativo de 208 historias cl&#237;nicas de pacientes sometidos a lobectom&#237;a en un hospital universitario terciario de referencia &#40;Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra&#41;&#46; Los pacientes del grupo de control fueron operados durante 2006-2007 y los del grupo experimental durante 2009-2010&#44; despu&#233;s de la implementaci&#243;n de un programa de fisioterapia postoperatoria hasta la fecha del alta&#46; No se tomaron en consideraci&#243;n los datos de los pacientes operados durante el a&#241;o 2008 debido a que el programa no se hab&#237;a establecido de manera sistem&#225;tica durante este per&#237;odo&#46; Ambas series fueron operadas por el mismo equipo y siguiendo criterios de selecci&#243;n operatorios&#44; de resecabilidad y de tratamiento anest&#233;sico similares&#46; Todos los pacientes fueron intervenidos mediante toracotom&#237;a abierta&#44; algunos con una t&#233;cnica con conservaci&#243;n muscular posterior o mediante peque&#241;a toracotom&#237;a axilar&#44; a criterio del cirujano&#46; Este estudio fue aprobado por el comit&#233; &#233;tico local&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Grupo de control</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A los pacientes del grupo de control se les coloc&#243; un espir&#243;metro volum&#233;trico incentivador en la sala preoperatoria y se les explic&#243; c&#243;mo efectuar maniobras respiratorias profundas de flujo moderado&#44; manteniendo una apnea inspiratoria de 3-5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#46; Se pidi&#243; a los pacientes que empezaran con los ejercicios de expansi&#243;n pulmonar aprendidos inmediatamente despu&#233;s de la intervenci&#243;n&#44; en la unidad de reanimaci&#243;n&#44; y que continuasen practic&#225;ndolos cada hora hasta el momento del alta hospitalaria&#46; Una vez en la sala de cirug&#237;a tor&#225;cica&#44; el personal de enfermer&#237;a se ocup&#243; de animar a los pacientes a ponerse de pie y pasear desde el primer d&#237;a del postoperatorio&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Grupo experimental</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El grupo experimental recibi&#243; los mismos cuidados habituales administrados a los pacientes anteriores m&#225;s sesiones individuales de fisioterapia respiratoria hasta la fecha del alta&#46; El dise&#241;o del tratamiento comprend&#237;a 2 objetivos principales&#58; que los pacientes lograsen dominar las t&#233;cnicas de reexpansi&#243;n pulmonar y que fueran aut&#243;nomos en las maniobras de limpieza de las v&#237;as respiratorias&#46; Las sesiones de fisioterapia duraban unos 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; y las principales t&#233;cnicas ejercitadas inclu&#237;an&#58; inspiraci&#243;n m&#225;xima sostenida&#44; ejercicios de d&#233;bito inspiratorio controlado &#40;EDIC&#41;&#44; drenaje aut&#243;geno&#44; entrenamiento en toser con efectividad y ejercicios de movilidad del hombro y de la caja tor&#225;cica sin peso&#46; Se animaba a los pacientes a practicar los ejercicios aprendidos de manera independiente durante las horas de paseo y al menos 3 veces al d&#237;a&#46; Durante las sesiones de tratamiento se enfatiz&#243; la importancia del papel activo del paciente en su recuperaci&#243;n durante el postoperatorio inmediato &#40;deambulaci&#243;n temprana&#44; higiene pulmonar&#44; ejercicios de expansi&#243;n pulmonar&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Variables y resultados</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La comparabilidad de ambas series se evalu&#243; a partir de las siguientes variables&#58; sexo&#44; edad&#44; volumen espiratorio forzado en 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s &#40;&#37; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41; predicho en el preoperatorio&#44; &#237;ndice de masa corporal &#40;IMC&#41;&#44; h&#225;bito de fumar en el momento de la operaci&#243;n &#40;fumador activo o no&#41;&#44; &#237;ndice de comorbilidad de Charlson<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#44; diagn&#243;stico y analgesia epidural controlada por el paciente &#40;AECP&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El criterio de valoraci&#243;n principal fue la incidencia de complicaciones pulmonares postoperatorias &#40;CPP&#41;&#44; reconocidas por la presencia de al menos un diagn&#243;stico de neumon&#237;a&#44; atelectasias o insuficiencia respiratoria aguda en la historia cl&#237;nica&#46; La documentaci&#243;n m&#233;dica de neumon&#237;a o de atelectasias se hicieron cuando los signos cl&#237;nicos &#40;temperatura ¿<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; producci&#243;n de esputos purulentos &#91;amarillo&#47;verde&#93; diferentes a los del preoperatorio&#44; ausencia de sonidos respiratorios en la auscultaci&#243;n&#44; etc&#46;&#41; iban acompa&#241;ados de confirmaci&#243;n radiol&#243;gica&#46; Se registr&#243; insuficiencia respiratoria aguda cuando los signos cl&#237;nicos se acompa&#241;aban de una PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ¿<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg en la gasometr&#237;a arterial&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; cabe se&#241;alar que&#44; durante el per&#237;odo estudiado&#44; el protocolo radiol&#243;gico postoperatorio consist&#237;a en 3 radiograf&#237;as tor&#225;cicas&#58; la primera al entrar en la unidad de reanimaci&#243;n&#44; la segunda el segundo d&#237;a del postoperatorio y la &#250;ltima tras la retirada de los tubos de drenaje&#46; No se efectu&#243; ninguna otra radiograf&#237;a&#44; a menos que un cambio cl&#237;nico lo hiciese necesario&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El criterio de valoraci&#243;n secundario fue la duraci&#243;n de la estancia hospitalaria &#40;DEH&#41;&#44; calculada como la diferencia entre la fecha del ingreso hospitalario y la fecha del alta&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las variables continuas se expresan con la media y desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar &#40;DE&#41; cuando su distribuci&#243;n es normal y con el rango intercuartil &#40;RIC&#41; cuando no lo es&#46; Las variables categ&#243;ricas se expresan mediante frecuencias y porcentajes&#46; Para los an&#225;lisis univariantes se emplearon las pruebas estad&#237;sticas apropiadas seg&#250;n el tipo y la distribuci&#243;n de los datos&#58; las pruebas de la t de Student o de la U de Mann-Whitney para las variables continuas y la prueba de Chi cuadrado para las categ&#243;ricas&#46; Para las variables continuas se calcul&#243; el estimador M de Huber&#46; Los valores de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05 se consideraron significativos&#46; Las variables que en el an&#225;lisis bivariante alcanzaron un valor de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;20 se consideraron elegibles para el an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica&#46; Asimismo&#44; hemos especificado los valores de los resultados de cada modelo de la prueba de la bondad ajuste de Hosmer-Lemershow&#44; la prueba de Omnibus y la prueba de la R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> de Nagerkelke&#46; Para los an&#225;lisis estad&#237;sticos se utiliz&#243; el programa estad&#237;stico SPSS v21&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Resultados</span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Participantes</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el per&#237;odo estudiado&#44; un total de 208<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pacientes se sometieron a lobectom&#237;a quir&#250;rgica mediante toracotom&#237;a abierta &#40;posterolateral o axilar&#41;&#46; Toda la informaci&#243;n se recab&#243; directamente de las historias cl&#237;nicas informatizadas&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 1</a> se muestran las caracter&#237;sticas iniciales de los participantes&#46; Los pacientes de ambas series fueron comparables respecto al sexo&#44; edad&#44; porcentaje del FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; IMC&#44; h&#225;bito tab&#225;quico en la fecha de la intervenci&#243;n&#44; &#237;ndice de comorbilidad de Charlson y diagn&#243;stico&#46; Se observaron diferencias significativas en el m&#233;todo analg&#233;sico postoperatorio &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;006&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Complicaciones pulmonares postoperatorias y duraci&#243;n de la estancia hospitalaria</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 2</a> se presentan la frecuencia y el tipo de CPP y las DEH registradas&#46; La incidencia de CPP &#40;reconocida por la presencia de al menos un diagn&#243;stico de neumon&#237;a&#44; atelectasias o insuficiencia respiratoria aguda en la historia cl&#237;nica&#41; se redujo significativamente en el grupo experimental &#40;20&#44;6&#37; en el grupo de control vs&#46; 6&#44;6&#37; en el grupo experimental&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;003&#41;&#46; Las incidencias de insuficiencia respiratoria&#44; atelectasias y neumon&#237;a tambi&#233;n fueron inferiores en el grupo experimental &#40;incidencia de insuficiencia respiratoria&#58; 8&#44;8&#37; en el grupo de control y 1&#44;9&#37; en el grupo experimental&#59; incidencia de atelectasias&#58; 11&#44;7&#37; en el grupo de control y 4&#44;7&#37; en el grupo experimental&#59; incidencia de neumon&#237;a&#58; 4&#44;9&#37; en el grupo de control y 2&#44;8&#37; en el grupo experimental&#41;&#44; pero solo la insuficiencia respiratoria alcanz&#243; significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;025&#41;&#46; La mediana de DEH tambi&#233;n fue significativamente m&#225;s baja en el grupo experimental&#58; 14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as &#40;RIC 7&#41; en el grupo de control y 12 d&#237;as &#40;RIC 6&#41; en el grupo experimental &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;017&#41;&#46; En cualquier caso&#44; de acuerdo con el estimador M de Huber&#44; la DEH no fue mayor de 12&#44;81<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as en el grupo experimental y de 14&#44;21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as en el grupo de control&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Factores de riesgo identificados de desarrollo de complicaciones pulmonares postoperatorias</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las variables que en el an&#225;lisis bivariante alcanzaron un valor de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;20 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabla 3</a>&#41; se consideraron elegibles para el an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica&#46; Los resultados del modelo de regresi&#243;n se presentan en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">tabla 4</a>&#46; El riesgo de desarrollar CPP alcanz&#243; la significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica con relaci&#243;n al programa de fisioterapia &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;017&#44; IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;081-0&#44;780&#41; y al &#37; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;042&#44; IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;941-0&#44;999&#41;&#59; sexo&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;557&#44; IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;121-3&#44;127&#59; edad&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;392&#44; IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;969-1&#44;084&#59; diagnostico &#40;tumor primario&#41;&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;999&#44; IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;000&#8212;&#59; diagn&#243;stico &#40;tumor metast&#225;sico&#41;&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;999&#44; IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;000&#8212;&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0035">tabla 5</a> se muestra un modelo de regresi&#243;n que incluye tambi&#233;n el cat&#233;ter epidural&#44; a pesar de que &#8212;debido a su reconocido papel de control del dolor postoperatorio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#8212; en el an&#225;lisis bivariante no demostr&#243; ninguna influencia&#59; no se demostr&#243; ninguna asociaci&#243;n entre la analgesia epidural y el desarrollo de CPP &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;153&#44; IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;706-9&#44;257&#41;&#46; En el <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0080">Ap&#233;ndice 1 a</a> se muestran los resultados del an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica considerando variables que en el an&#225;lisis bivariante mostraron valores de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabla 3</a>&#41;&#44; y en el <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0080">Ap&#233;ndice 1 b</a> se muestran los resultados del an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica considerando las variables que mostraron valores de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#44; incluido tambi&#233;n el cat&#233;ter epidural&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0035"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0165">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestros resultados indican que la implementaci&#243;n de un programa intensivo de fisioterapia postoperatoria basado en ejercicios respiratorios es efectivo para reducir el riesgo de CPP &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;017&#59; IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;081-0&#44;780&#41; y la DEH &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>¿<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;017&#59; mediana y RIC en el grupo de control de 14 y 7&#44; respectivamente&#44; y de 12 y 6 en el grupo experimental&#59; estimador M de Huber de 14&#44;21 en el grupo de control y de 12&#44;81 en el grupo experimental&#41; en pacientes sometidos a lobectom&#237;a&#46; A nuestro entender&#44; este es el primer estudio que muestra las ventajas derivadas de un programa de fisioterapia a&#241;adido a los cuidados de enfermer&#237;a habituales y a la espirometr&#237;a incentivada&#44; y que no est&#225; basado en ejercicios cardiopulmonares&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Es bien conocida la importancia de controlar los factores que podr&#237;an afectar a la validez interna&#44; en particular la influencia del tipo de incisi&#243;n&#46; Respecto a este punto&#44; se&#241;alamos que los criterios de selecci&#243;n permanecieron sin grandes cambios durante el per&#237;odo del estudio&#59; las 2 series fueron intervenidas quir&#250;rgicamente por el mismo equipo&#44; siguiendo criterios de selecci&#243;n operatorios&#44; de resecabilidad y de tratamiento anest&#233;sico similares&#46; Todos los pacientes fueron intervenidos mediante toracotom&#237;a abierta&#44; algunos con una t&#233;cnica con conservaci&#243;n muscular posterior o mediante peque&#241;a toracotom&#237;a axilar&#44; a criterio del cirujano&#44; pero no se recogi&#243; esta informaci&#243;n porque&#44; al igual que otros hab&#237;an hecho anteriormente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;14-16</span></a>&#44; se consider&#243; que ambos abordajes quir&#250;rgicos eran homog&#233;neos&#46; Asimismo&#44; anteriormente ya se hab&#237;a constatado que estos diferentes tipos de incisi&#243;n no muestran diferencias asociadas al tipo de toracotom&#237;a en cuanto a la funci&#243;n pulmonar postoperatoria&#44; las complicaciones o el dolor<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17-19</span></a>&#46; Sabiendo esto&#44; debemos considerar que se han incluido todas las estrategias cl&#237;nicas relevantes&#46; Asimismo&#44; somos conscientes de que las pr&#225;cticas quir&#250;rgicas est&#225;n cambiando en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os y que cada vez se practican m&#225;s resecciones pulmonares mediante un abordaje quir&#250;rgico toracosc&#243;pico asistido por video &#40;VATS&#41;&#44; mientras que todos los pacientes de este estudio fueron operados mediante toracotom&#237;a abierta&#46; A este respecto&#44; datos publicados por la Sociedad Europea de Cirujanos Tor&#225;cicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> informan de que la lobectom&#237;a abierta sigue siendo el tipo de abordaje quir&#250;rgico m&#225;s utilizado en las resecciones pulmonares&#44; por lo que los resultados de este estudio son completamente &#250;tiles para la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica actual y significativos para una amplia poblaci&#243;n&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tambi&#233;n hemos observado una presencia significativamente mayor de cat&#233;teres epidurales para la analgesia postoperatoria en el grupo experimental &#40;78&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#44; en comparaci&#243;n con el grupo de control &#40;60&#44;8&#37;&#41; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;006&#41;&#46; La analgesia postoperatoria a trav&#233;s de un cat&#233;ter epidural se efectu&#243; con infusi&#243;n de bupivaca&#237;na&#44; fentanilo y adrenalina&#44; mientras que para la v&#237;a intravenosa se emple&#243; morfina&#44; metamizol y droperidol&#59; en ambas se emplearon sistemas de analgesia controlada por el paciente&#46; La analgesia epidural tiene un papel reconocido en el control del dolor postoperatorio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#44; por lo que se podr&#237;a plantear la hip&#243;tesis de que estos pacientes pudieran experimentar diferente intensidad de dolor y esto pudiera influir en los resultados&#46; En el presente estudio&#44; sin embargo&#44; la analgesia AECP no fue significativa en los an&#225;lisis bivariante &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;818&#41; o multivariante &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;153&#44; IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;706-9&#44;257&#41; con relaci&#243;n a las CPP&#46; Estos resultados concuerdan con las &#250;ltimas revisiones sistem&#225;ticas efectuadas por Romero et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> y Joshi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> al concluir que&#44; aunque la analgesia epidural es m&#225;s efectiva que la intravenosa para reducir el dolor postoracotom&#237;a&#44; no ha probado ser eficaz para reducir la incidencia de CPP&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adem&#225;s&#44; al comparar nuestros resultados con los de investigaciones recientes de intervenciones fisioterap&#233;uticas&#44; &#250;nicamente durante el per&#237;odo postoperatorio inmediato nuestra frecuencia de CPP &#40;6&#44;6&#37; en el grupo experimental&#41; fue similar a las notificadas por Novoa et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> &#40;4&#44;7&#37;&#41; y Reeve et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> &#40;4&#44;8&#37;&#41;&#44; pero considerablemente m&#225;s baja que las comunicadas por Agostini et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> &#40;12&#37;&#41;&#44; Arbane et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> &#40;16&#37;&#41; o Ludwig et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> &#40;19&#37;&#41;&#46; La variabilidad entre estudios en la incidencia de CPP normalmente se ha explicado&#44; en parte&#44; por las diferencias en las definiciones de CPP&#46; As&#237;&#44; las CPP incluidas en este estudio se limitaron a aquellas complicaciones pulmonares m&#225;s susceptibles de precisar fisioterapia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24-26</span></a>&#59; es decir&#44; atelectasias&#44; neumon&#237;a e insuficiencia respiratoria&#46; Debemos se&#241;alar que&#44; en este estudio&#44; los informes m&#233;dicos de atelectasias y neumon&#237;a siempre se confirmaron con im&#225;genes radiol&#243;gicas y que la insuficiencia respiratoria se confirm&#243; por la gasometr&#237;a arterial&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Con respecto a la funci&#243;n pulmonar&#44; nuestros resultados indican que el &#37; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> influye en el desarrollo de CPP en la poblaci&#243;n estudiada &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;042&#59; IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;941-0&#44;999&#41;&#46; Esos resultados concuerdan con las recomendaciones publicadas en las orientaciones cl&#237;nicas de la Sociedad Europea Respiratoria y la Sociedad Europea de Cirujanos Tor&#225;cicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#44; que sugieren que el umbral de presentar un riesgo de morbimortalidad postoperatoria mayor de lo normal en pacientes sometidos a resecci&#243;n pulmonar se pod&#237;a establecer en una predicci&#243;n del FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> postoperatorio de un 30&#37;&#46; En nuestro estudio&#44; el &#37; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> preoperatorio fue de un 86&#44;9&#37; &#40;DE 19&#44;2&#41; en el grupo de control y de un 85&#44;4&#37; &#40;DE 20&#44;7&#41; en el grupo experimental&#46; Esto ayuda a entender que&#44; en el an&#225;lisis bivariante basado en las CPP&#44; esta variable estuvo cerca de alcanzar la significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;078&#41;&#46; As&#237;&#44; la influencia del &#37; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> sobre el riesgo de desarrollar CPP en nuestro estudio debe tomarse con alguna precauci&#243;n&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por otro lado&#44; en nuestro estudio&#44; la DEH &#40;mediana 14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as&#44; RIC 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as&#44; con estimador M de Huber 14&#44;21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as en el grupo de control&#44; y mediana 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as y RIC 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as&#44; con estimador M de Huber 12&#44;81 en el grupo experimental&#41; disminuy&#243; de manera significativa con la implementaci&#243;n del programa de fisioterapia &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;017&#41;&#46; Aunque se demostr&#243; una disminuci&#243;n de la DEH&#44; en nuestra investigaci&#243;n la hospitalizaci&#243;n fue m&#225;s prolongada que las DEH comunicadas en otros estudios recientes&#58; Reeve et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> notificaron una mediana de 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as&#44; Agostini et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> de 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as&#44; y Arbane et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> de 7&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as&#46; Es posible que esta diferencia en la DEH pueda ser explicada por la diversidad en la atenci&#243;n m&#233;dica y los criterios de alta hospitalaria&#46; Los criterios seguidos en nuestro estudio comprend&#237;an la retirada del drenaje tor&#225;cico si el volumen drenado era inferior a 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;d&#237;a&#44; y ning&#250;n paciente recibi&#243; el alta antes de la retirada de los drenajes&#46; Ser&#237;a interesante conocer c&#243;mo se retiraron los drenajes tor&#225;cicos en los estudios mencionados con anterioridad&#44; para intentar detectar alguna relaci&#243;n con la DEH&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; mientras que en los estudios de Agostini et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> y Reeve et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> se incluyeron diferentes procedimientos quir&#250;rgicos &#40;lobectom&#237;as&#44; neumonectom&#237;as&#44; resecciones en cu&#241;a&#44; resecciones verticales&#44; etc&#46;&#41; y el abordaje fue mediante toracotom&#237;a abierta en todos los pacientes&#44; en las series de Arbane et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> se incluyeron tanto lobectom&#237;as como neumonectom&#237;as&#44; y el abordaje utilizado fue la toracotom&#237;a abierta o la VATS&#46; Es posible que la heterogeneidad de la poblaci&#243;n estudiada que se ha mencionado anteriormente influyera sobre la DEH&#44; ya que los procedimientos de menor resecci&#243;n pulmonar y la t&#233;cnica de VATS han demostrado mejores resultados perioperatorios que los procedimientos menores o la toracotom&#237;a abierta<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#44; incluyendo la duraci&#243;n de la hospitalizaci&#243;n&#46; Tambi&#233;n ser&#237;a interesante estudiar la influencia de la DEH sobre los resultados posteriores a la hospitalizaci&#243;n&#44; como las visitas a servicios de urgencias y&#47;o la frecuencia de reingresos hospitalarios por causas relacionadas con la cirug&#237;a&#46; El tema lo estudiaron Varela et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> en el a&#241;o 2004&#44; que informaron de una tasa de reingresos de un 5&#37; durante los 30 primeros d&#237;as despu&#233;s del alta en pacientes lobectomizados&#59; los autores no observaron ninguna influencia de la DEH en ninguna de las variables extrahospitalarias &#40;mediana de DEH de 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as&#41;&#46; Al revisar de nuevo los informes m&#233;dicos de los pacientes incluidos&#44; encontramos un descenso en la incidencia de readmisiones por cualquier causa relacionada con la cirug&#237;a&#44; de un 5&#44;9&#37; &#40;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pacientes&#41; en el grupo de control a un 2&#44;8&#37; &#40;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pacientes&#41; en el grupo experimental&#44; aunque este descenso no alcanz&#243; la significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0268&#41;&#46; En nuestra opini&#243;n&#44; para evaluar las ventajas de las intervenciones fisioterap&#233;uticas desde una perspectiva m&#225;s amplia&#44; ser&#237;an necesarios estudios de coste-efectividad que tomaran en consideraci&#243;n los resultados extrahospitalarios&#59; este hecho tiene una gran relevancia cl&#237;nica y es esencial para poder tomar decisiones basadas en la evidencia&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adem&#225;s&#44; consideramos la posibilidad de introducir una metodolog&#237;a de ajuste a la predisposici&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#44; pero al final decidimos no hacerlo debido a la homogeneidad que mostraron los grupos de control y experimental en las caracter&#237;sticas iniciales y peroperatorias&#44; y por reducir la muestra final&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La mayor&#237;a de las limitaciones de nuestro estudio derivan de la dificultad para recuperar los datos&#44; debido al dise&#241;o&#46; El hecho de que todas las pr&#225;cticas perioperatorias permanecieran sin cambios durante el per&#237;odo estudiado podr&#237;a reducir al m&#237;nimo las deficiencias del dise&#241;o&#46; No se registraron variables como la capacidad de difusi&#243;n pulmonar de mon&#243;xido de carbono &#40;DL<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CO</span>&#41; o la capacidad de ejercicio&#44; por no haberse realizado en el momento de recabar los datos&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finalmente&#44; es necesario identificar qu&#233; papel juega la fisioterapia postoperatoria en la reducci&#243;n de las CPP de pacientes sometidos a una resecci&#243;n pulmonar&#44; ya que las CPP tienen un impacto cl&#237;nico y econ&#243;mico significativo&#44; relacionado con una mayor mortalidad y mayores costes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Las investigaciones futuras deber&#237;an explorar cu&#225;les son las intervenciones &#243;ptimas para diferentes subgrupos de pacientes&#44; no solo en el per&#237;odo peroperatorio inmediato&#44; sino tambi&#233;n antes y despu&#233;s de la cirug&#237;a tor&#225;cica&#46; Conocer esta informaci&#243;n contribuir&#237;a a desarrollar orientaciones para m&#233;dicos y responsables pol&#237;ticos que tambi&#233;n repercutir&#237;an en la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud de esta poblaci&#243;n de pacientes&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para concluir&#44; el programa intensivo de fisioterapia postoperatoria centrado en ejercicios respiratorios ha demostrado ser efectivo para reducir el riesgo de CPP y la DEH de pacientes sometidos a lobectom&#237;a&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0170">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0175">Agradecimientos</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores desean expresar su agradecimiento a M&#46; Jes&#250;s Cond&#243;n Huerta&#44; Jefe del Servicio de Medicina F&#237;sica y Rehabilitaci&#243;n del Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra &#40;Pamplona&#41; por su apoyo&#44; que posibilit&#243; la realizaci&#243;n de este estudio&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar los efectos de un programa intensivo de fisioterapia postoperatoria basado en ejercicios respiratorios dirigido a pacientes lobectomizados mediante toracotom&#237;a abierta&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Dise&#241;o</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio cuasiexperimental&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Emplazamiento</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hospital universitario terciario&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Participantes</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Doscientos ocho &#40;208&#41; pacientes lobectomizados mediante toracotom&#237;a abierta&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Intervenci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes del grupo control &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>102&#41; recibieron atenci&#243;n m&#233;dica&#47;de enfermer&#237;a est&#225;ndar y los pacientes del grupo experimental &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>106&#41;&#44; adem&#225;s de la atenci&#243;n cl&#237;nica est&#225;ndar&#44; se sometieron a un programa de fisioterapia diaria basada en ejercicios respiratorios hasta el momento del alta hospitalaria&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Variables de resultado</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las variables de resultado estudiadas incluyeron la frecuencia de complicaciones pulmonares postoperatorias &#40;CPP&#41; m&#225;s susceptibles de tratamiento fisioterap&#233;utico &#40;neumon&#237;a&#44; atelectasias e insuficiencia respiratoria&#41; y la duraci&#243;n de la estancia hospitalaria &#40;DEH&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las caracter&#237;sticas preoperatorias y quir&#250;rgicas de ambos grupos fueron comparables&#46; La incidencia de CPP registrada fue de un 20&#44;6&#37; en el grupo control y un 6&#44;6&#37; en el grupo experimental &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;003&#41;&#46; La mediana y el RIC de la DEH fue de 14 y 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as&#44; respectivamente &#40;estimador M de Huber 14&#44;21&#41; en el grupo control y de 12 y 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as &#40;estimador M de Huber 12&#44;81&#41; en el grupo experimental&#46; El modelo de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica creado identific&#243; al programa de fisioterapia evaluado &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;017&#59; EXP &#40;B&#41; &#91;IC 95&#37; 0&#44;081-0&#44;780&#93;&#41; y al porcentaje del FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;042&#59; EXP &#40;B&#41; &#91;IC 95&#37; 0&#44;941-0&#44;999&#93;&#41; como factores protectores frente al desarrollo de CPP en los pacientes intervenidos de lobectom&#237;a&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La implementaci&#243;n de un programa intensivo de fisioterapia postoperatoria basado en ejercicios respiratorios reduce el riesgo de desarrollar CPP y la DEH en pacientes lobectomizados&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Objective</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To evaluate the effects of an intensive postoperative physiotherapy program focused on respiratory exercises in patients undergoing lobectomy by open thoracotomy&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Design</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Quasi-experimental study&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Setting</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tertiary referral academic hospital&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Participants</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">208 patients undergoing lobectomy by open thoracotomy&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Interventions</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Control group patients &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>102&#41; received standard medical&#47;nursing care&#44; and experimental group patients &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>106&#41; added to the standard clinical pathway a daily physiotherapy program focused on respiratory exercises until discharge&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Outcomes</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analyzed outcomes were the frequency of postoperative pulmonary complications &#40;PPCs&#41; more amenable to physiotherapy &#40;pneumonia&#44; atelectasis and respiratory insufficiency&#41; and length of hospital stay &#40;LOS&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Results</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Both groups were comparable regarding preoperative and surgical characteristics&#46; Incidence of PPCs was 20&#46;6&#37; in control and 6&#46;6&#37; in experimental group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;003&#41;&#46; Median &#40;IQR&#41; LOS in control group was 14 &#40;7&#41; days &#40;Huber M estimator 14&#46;21&#41; and 12 &#40;6&#41; days &#40;Huber M estimator 12&#46;81&#41; in experimental&#46; Logistic regression model identified the evaluated physiotherapy program &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;017&#59; EXP &#91;B&#93; 95&#37; CI 0&#46;081-0&#46;780&#41; and &#37; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;042&#59; EXP &#91;B&#93; 95&#37; CI 0&#46;941-0&#46;999&#41; as protective factors for the development of PPCs in patients undergoing lobectomy&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Implementing a postoperative intensive physiotherapy program focused on respiratory exercises reduces the risk of PPCs and resultant LOS on patients undergoing lobectomy&#46;</p></span>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0125" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AECP&#58; analgesia epidural controlada por el paciente&#59; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#58; volumen espiratorio forzado en 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#59; IMC&#58; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#59; M&#58; mujer&#59; RIC&#58; rango intercuartil&#59; V&#58; var&#243;n&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;837&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1-2 comorbilidades&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3-4 comorbilidades&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5 comorbilidades&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diagn&#243;stico</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;594&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;177&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="3" align="char" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tumor metast&#225;sico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&#44;3&#37; &#40;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#44;1&#37; &#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Otros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;3&#37; &#40;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#37; &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Analgesia mediante AECP</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">70&#44;0&#37; &#40;126&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">67&#44;9&#37; &#40;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;818&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Programa de fisioterapia</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">55&#44;0&#37; &#40;99&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;&#46;0&#37; &#40;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;003<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0155" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#58; volumen espiratorio forzado en 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#46;</p><p id="spar0160" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prueba de la bondad de ajuste de Hosmer-Lemershow&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;088&#46;</p><p id="spar0165" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prueba de Omnibus&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;007&#46;</p><p id="spar0170" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prueba de la R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> de Nagerkelke&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;202&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;488&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;557&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">&#37; del FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;031&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Programa de fisioterapia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;1&#44;380&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;252 &#40;0&#44;081-0&#44;780&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;017<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Edad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;024&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;025 &#40;0&#44;969-1&#44;084&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;392&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Diagn&#243;stico &#40;tumor primario&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;19&#44;720&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;000 &#40;-&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;999&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;18&#44;547&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;000 &#40;-&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;999&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">EXP &#40;B&#41; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;597&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;551 &#40;0&#44;104-2&#44;909&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;482&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">&#37; de FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;033&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;968 &#40;0&#44;938-0&#44;998&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;036&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Programa de fisioterapia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;1&#44;650&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;192 &#40;0&#44;058-0&#44;639&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;007&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Edad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;020&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;020 &#40;0&#44;962-1&#44;081&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;512&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;19&#44;460&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;000 &#40;-&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;999&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Diagn&#243;stico &#40;tumor metast&#225;sico&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;17&#44;811&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;000 &#40;-&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;999&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#44;557 &#40;0&#44;706-9&#44;257&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;153&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#58; volumen espiratorio forzado en 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#46;</p><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prueba de la bondad de ajuste de Hosmer-Lemershow&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;254&#46;</p><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prueba de Omnibus&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;006&#46;</p><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prueba de la R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> de Nagerkelke&#58; 0&#44;138&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">EXP &#40;B&#41; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Los ejercicios respiratorios postoperatorios reducen el riesgo de complicaciones pulmonares en pacientes sometidos a lobectomía
Postoperative Respiratory Exercises Reduce the Risk of Developing Pulmonary Complications in Patients Undergoing Lobectomy
Ana Rodriguez-Larrada, Juan Manuel Vellosillo-Ortegab, Carlos Ruiz-Munetab, Luis Carlos Abecia-Inchaurreguic, Jesús Secod,e,
Corresponding author
dr.seco.jesus@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
a Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Vizcaya, España
b Servicio de Medicina Física, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, España
c Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del País Vasco, Vitoria-Gasteiz, España
d Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, España
e Investigador y profesor visitante, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Vizcaya, España
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y produc&#237;a ahorro econ&#243;mico por la menor duraci&#243;n de la estancia hospitalaria&#44; adem&#225;s de mejorar la espirometr&#237;a y los cuidados de enfermer&#237;a est&#225;ndar&#46; El programa evaluado empezaba el d&#237;a anterior a la cirug&#237;a y se centraba en el ejercicio aer&#243;bico hasta la fecha del alta hospitalaria&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sin embargo&#44; hasta la fecha&#44; ning&#250;n ensayo cl&#237;nico aleatorizado y con enmascaramiento simple que haya evaluado las ventajas de la fisioterapia respiratoria o una intervenci&#243;n especifica adicional solamente durante el per&#237;odo perioperatorio inmediato ha demostrado una diferencia significativa entre grupos respecto a la frecuencia de complicaciones pulmonares postoperatorias &#40;CPP&#41; o la duraci&#243;n de la estancia hospitalaria &#40;DEH&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6-10</span></a>&#46; Por lo tanto&#44; es necesario identificar con exactitud cu&#225;les son las intervenciones m&#225;s beneficiosas en el per&#237;odo perioperatorio inmediato en t&#233;rminos de reducci&#243;n de las CPP y en qu&#233; pacientes&#44; especialmente ahora que las pautas permiten cada vez m&#225;s considerar la posibilidad de cirug&#237;a en pacientes de alto riesgo&#46; Esto tiene una gran importancia cl&#237;nica y econ&#243;mica&#44; ya que las CPP est&#225;n directamente asociadas a unos mayores costes y mortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As&#237;&#44; el objetivo de este estudio es evaluar los efectos de un programa de fisioterapia postoperatoria centrado en ejercicios respiratorios con el fin de reducir las CPP y la DEH de pacientes sometidos a lobectom&#237;a&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">M&#233;todos</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Dise&#241;o</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estudio cuasiexperimental&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Participantes</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se llev&#243; a cabo un estudio comparativo de 208 historias cl&#237;nicas de pacientes sometidos a lobectom&#237;a en un hospital universitario terciario de referencia &#40;Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra&#41;&#46; Los pacientes del grupo de control fueron operados durante 2006-2007 y los del grupo experimental durante 2009-2010&#44; despu&#233;s de la implementaci&#243;n de un programa de fisioterapia postoperatoria hasta la fecha del alta&#46; No se tomaron en consideraci&#243;n los datos de los pacientes operados durante el a&#241;o 2008 debido a que el programa no se hab&#237;a establecido de manera sistem&#225;tica durante este per&#237;odo&#46; Ambas series fueron operadas por el mismo equipo y siguiendo criterios de selecci&#243;n operatorios&#44; de resecabilidad y de tratamiento anest&#233;sico similares&#46; Todos los pacientes fueron intervenidos mediante toracotom&#237;a abierta&#44; algunos con una t&#233;cnica con conservaci&#243;n muscular posterior o mediante peque&#241;a toracotom&#237;a axilar&#44; a criterio del cirujano&#46; Este estudio fue aprobado por el comit&#233; &#233;tico local&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Grupo de control</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A los pacientes del grupo de control se les coloc&#243; un espir&#243;metro volum&#233;trico incentivador en la sala preoperatoria y se les explic&#243; c&#243;mo efectuar maniobras respiratorias profundas de flujo moderado&#44; manteniendo una apnea inspiratoria de 3-5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#46; Se pidi&#243; a los pacientes que empezaran con los ejercicios de expansi&#243;n pulmonar aprendidos inmediatamente despu&#233;s de la intervenci&#243;n&#44; en la unidad de reanimaci&#243;n&#44; y que continuasen practic&#225;ndolos cada hora hasta el momento del alta hospitalaria&#46; Una vez en la sala de cirug&#237;a tor&#225;cica&#44; el personal de enfermer&#237;a se ocup&#243; de animar a los pacientes a ponerse de pie y pasear desde el primer d&#237;a del postoperatorio&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Grupo experimental</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El grupo experimental recibi&#243; los mismos cuidados habituales administrados a los pacientes anteriores m&#225;s sesiones individuales de fisioterapia respiratoria hasta la fecha del alta&#46; El dise&#241;o del tratamiento comprend&#237;a 2 objetivos principales&#58; que los pacientes lograsen dominar las t&#233;cnicas de reexpansi&#243;n pulmonar y que fueran aut&#243;nomos en las maniobras de limpieza de las v&#237;as respiratorias&#46; Las sesiones de fisioterapia duraban unos 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; y las principales t&#233;cnicas ejercitadas inclu&#237;an&#58; inspiraci&#243;n m&#225;xima sostenida&#44; ejercicios de d&#233;bito inspiratorio controlado &#40;EDIC&#41;&#44; drenaje aut&#243;geno&#44; entrenamiento en toser con efectividad y ejercicios de movilidad del hombro y de la caja tor&#225;cica sin peso&#46; Se animaba a los pacientes a practicar los ejercicios aprendidos de manera independiente durante las horas de paseo y al menos 3 veces al d&#237;a&#46; Durante las sesiones de tratamiento se enfatiz&#243; la importancia del papel activo del paciente en su recuperaci&#243;n durante el postoperatorio inmediato &#40;deambulaci&#243;n temprana&#44; higiene pulmonar&#44; ejercicios de expansi&#243;n pulmonar&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Variables y resultados</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La comparabilidad de ambas series se evalu&#243; a partir de las siguientes variables&#58; sexo&#44; edad&#44; volumen espiratorio forzado en 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s &#40;&#37; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41; predicho en el preoperatorio&#44; &#237;ndice de masa corporal &#40;IMC&#41;&#44; h&#225;bito de fumar en el momento de la operaci&#243;n &#40;fumador activo o no&#41;&#44; &#237;ndice de comorbilidad de Charlson<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#44; diagn&#243;stico y analgesia epidural controlada por el paciente &#40;AECP&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El criterio de valoraci&#243;n principal fue la incidencia de complicaciones pulmonares postoperatorias &#40;CPP&#41;&#44; reconocidas por la presencia de al menos un diagn&#243;stico de neumon&#237;a&#44; atelectasias o insuficiencia respiratoria aguda en la historia cl&#237;nica&#46; La documentaci&#243;n m&#233;dica de neumon&#237;a o de atelectasias se hicieron cuando los signos cl&#237;nicos &#40;temperatura ¿<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; producci&#243;n de esputos purulentos &#91;amarillo&#47;verde&#93; diferentes a los del preoperatorio&#44; ausencia de sonidos respiratorios en la auscultaci&#243;n&#44; etc&#46;&#41; iban acompa&#241;ados de confirmaci&#243;n radiol&#243;gica&#46; Se registr&#243; insuficiencia respiratoria aguda cuando los signos cl&#237;nicos se acompa&#241;aban de una PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ¿<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg en la gasometr&#237;a arterial&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; cabe se&#241;alar que&#44; durante el per&#237;odo estudiado&#44; el protocolo radiol&#243;gico postoperatorio consist&#237;a en 3 radiograf&#237;as tor&#225;cicas&#58; la primera al entrar en la unidad de reanimaci&#243;n&#44; la segunda el segundo d&#237;a del postoperatorio y la &#250;ltima tras la retirada de los tubos de drenaje&#46; No se efectu&#243; ninguna otra radiograf&#237;a&#44; a menos que un cambio cl&#237;nico lo hiciese necesario&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El criterio de valoraci&#243;n secundario fue la duraci&#243;n de la estancia hospitalaria &#40;DEH&#41;&#44; calculada como la diferencia entre la fecha del ingreso hospitalario y la fecha del alta&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las variables continuas se expresan con la media y desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar &#40;DE&#41; cuando su distribuci&#243;n es normal y con el rango intercuartil &#40;RIC&#41; cuando no lo es&#46; Las variables categ&#243;ricas se expresan mediante frecuencias y porcentajes&#46; Para los an&#225;lisis univariantes se emplearon las pruebas estad&#237;sticas apropiadas seg&#250;n el tipo y la distribuci&#243;n de los datos&#58; las pruebas de la t de Student o de la U de Mann-Whitney para las variables continuas y la prueba de Chi cuadrado para las categ&#243;ricas&#46; Para las variables continuas se calcul&#243; el estimador M de Huber&#46; Los valores de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05 se consideraron significativos&#46; Las variables que en el an&#225;lisis bivariante alcanzaron un valor de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;20 se consideraron elegibles para el an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica&#46; Asimismo&#44; hemos especificado los valores de los resultados de cada modelo de la prueba de la bondad ajuste de Hosmer-Lemershow&#44; la prueba de Omnibus y la prueba de la R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> de Nagerkelke&#46; Para los an&#225;lisis estad&#237;sticos se utiliz&#243; el programa estad&#237;stico SPSS v21&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Resultados</span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Participantes</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el per&#237;odo estudiado&#44; un total de 208<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pacientes se sometieron a lobectom&#237;a quir&#250;rgica mediante toracotom&#237;a abierta &#40;posterolateral o axilar&#41;&#46; Toda la informaci&#243;n se recab&#243; directamente de las historias cl&#237;nicas informatizadas&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 1</a> se muestran las caracter&#237;sticas iniciales de los participantes&#46; Los pacientes de ambas series fueron comparables respecto al sexo&#44; edad&#44; porcentaje del FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; IMC&#44; h&#225;bito tab&#225;quico en la fecha de la intervenci&#243;n&#44; &#237;ndice de comorbilidad de Charlson y diagn&#243;stico&#46; Se observaron diferencias significativas en el m&#233;todo analg&#233;sico postoperatorio &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;006&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Complicaciones pulmonares postoperatorias y duraci&#243;n de la estancia hospitalaria</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 2</a> se presentan la frecuencia y el tipo de CPP y las DEH registradas&#46; La incidencia de CPP &#40;reconocida por la presencia de al menos un diagn&#243;stico de neumon&#237;a&#44; atelectasias o insuficiencia respiratoria aguda en la historia cl&#237;nica&#41; se redujo significativamente en el grupo experimental &#40;20&#44;6&#37; en el grupo de control vs&#46; 6&#44;6&#37; en el grupo experimental&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;003&#41;&#46; Las incidencias de insuficiencia respiratoria&#44; atelectasias y neumon&#237;a tambi&#233;n fueron inferiores en el grupo experimental &#40;incidencia de insuficiencia respiratoria&#58; 8&#44;8&#37; en el grupo de control y 1&#44;9&#37; en el grupo experimental&#59; incidencia de atelectasias&#58; 11&#44;7&#37; en el grupo de control y 4&#44;7&#37; en el grupo experimental&#59; incidencia de neumon&#237;a&#58; 4&#44;9&#37; en el grupo de control y 2&#44;8&#37; en el grupo experimental&#41;&#44; pero solo la insuficiencia respiratoria alcanz&#243; significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;025&#41;&#46; La mediana de DEH tambi&#233;n fue significativamente m&#225;s baja en el grupo experimental&#58; 14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as &#40;RIC 7&#41; en el grupo de control y 12 d&#237;as &#40;RIC 6&#41; en el grupo experimental &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;017&#41;&#46; En cualquier caso&#44; de acuerdo con el estimador M de Huber&#44; la DEH no fue mayor de 12&#44;81<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as en el grupo experimental y de 14&#44;21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as en el grupo de control&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Factores de riesgo identificados de desarrollo de complicaciones pulmonares postoperatorias</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las variables que en el an&#225;lisis bivariante alcanzaron un valor de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;20 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabla 3</a>&#41; se consideraron elegibles para el an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica&#46; Los resultados del modelo de regresi&#243;n se presentan en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">tabla 4</a>&#46; El riesgo de desarrollar CPP alcanz&#243; la significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica con relaci&#243;n al programa de fisioterapia &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;017&#44; IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;081-0&#44;780&#41; y al &#37; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;042&#44; IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;941-0&#44;999&#41;&#59; sexo&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;557&#44; IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;121-3&#44;127&#59; edad&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;392&#44; IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;969-1&#44;084&#59; diagnostico &#40;tumor primario&#41;&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;999&#44; IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;000&#8212;&#59; diagn&#243;stico &#40;tumor metast&#225;sico&#41;&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;999&#44; IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;000&#8212;&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0035">tabla 5</a> se muestra un modelo de regresi&#243;n que incluye tambi&#233;n el cat&#233;ter epidural&#44; a pesar de que &#8212;debido a su reconocido papel de control del dolor postoperatorio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#8212; en el an&#225;lisis bivariante no demostr&#243; ninguna influencia&#59; no se demostr&#243; ninguna asociaci&#243;n entre la analgesia epidural y el desarrollo de CPP &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;153&#44; IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;706-9&#44;257&#41;&#46; En el <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0080">Ap&#233;ndice 1 a</a> se muestran los resultados del an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica considerando variables que en el an&#225;lisis bivariante mostraron valores de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabla 3</a>&#41;&#44; y en el <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0080">Ap&#233;ndice 1 b</a> se muestran los resultados del an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica considerando las variables que mostraron valores de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#44; incluido tambi&#233;n el cat&#233;ter epidural&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0035"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0165">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestros resultados indican que la implementaci&#243;n de un programa intensivo de fisioterapia postoperatoria basado en ejercicios respiratorios es efectivo para reducir el riesgo de CPP &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;017&#59; IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;081-0&#44;780&#41; y la DEH &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>¿<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;017&#59; mediana y RIC en el grupo de control de 14 y 7&#44; respectivamente&#44; y de 12 y 6 en el grupo experimental&#59; estimador M de Huber de 14&#44;21 en el grupo de control y de 12&#44;81 en el grupo experimental&#41; en pacientes sometidos a lobectom&#237;a&#46; A nuestro entender&#44; este es el primer estudio que muestra las ventajas derivadas de un programa de fisioterapia a&#241;adido a los cuidados de enfermer&#237;a habituales y a la espirometr&#237;a incentivada&#44; y que no est&#225; basado en ejercicios cardiopulmonares&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Es bien conocida la importancia de controlar los factores que podr&#237;an afectar a la validez interna&#44; en particular la influencia del tipo de incisi&#243;n&#46; Respecto a este punto&#44; se&#241;alamos que los criterios de selecci&#243;n permanecieron sin grandes cambios durante el per&#237;odo del estudio&#59; las 2 series fueron intervenidas quir&#250;rgicamente por el mismo equipo&#44; siguiendo criterios de selecci&#243;n operatorios&#44; de resecabilidad y de tratamiento anest&#233;sico similares&#46; Todos los pacientes fueron intervenidos mediante toracotom&#237;a abierta&#44; algunos con una t&#233;cnica con conservaci&#243;n muscular posterior o mediante peque&#241;a toracotom&#237;a axilar&#44; a criterio del cirujano&#44; pero no se recogi&#243; esta informaci&#243;n porque&#44; al igual que otros hab&#237;an hecho anteriormente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;14-16</span></a>&#44; se consider&#243; que ambos abordajes quir&#250;rgicos eran homog&#233;neos&#46; Asimismo&#44; anteriormente ya se hab&#237;a constatado que estos diferentes tipos de incisi&#243;n no muestran diferencias asociadas al tipo de toracotom&#237;a en cuanto a la funci&#243;n pulmonar postoperatoria&#44; las complicaciones o el dolor<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17-19</span></a>&#46; Sabiendo esto&#44; debemos considerar que se han incluido todas las estrategias cl&#237;nicas relevantes&#46; Asimismo&#44; somos conscientes de que las pr&#225;cticas quir&#250;rgicas est&#225;n cambiando en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os y que cada vez se practican m&#225;s resecciones pulmonares mediante un abordaje quir&#250;rgico toracosc&#243;pico asistido por video &#40;VATS&#41;&#44; mientras que todos los pacientes de este estudio fueron operados mediante toracotom&#237;a abierta&#46; A este respecto&#44; datos publicados por la Sociedad Europea de Cirujanos Tor&#225;cicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> informan de que la lobectom&#237;a abierta sigue siendo el tipo de abordaje quir&#250;rgico m&#225;s utilizado en las resecciones pulmonares&#44; por lo que los resultados de este estudio son completamente &#250;tiles para la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica actual y significativos para una amplia poblaci&#243;n&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tambi&#233;n hemos observado una presencia significativamente mayor de cat&#233;teres epidurales para la analgesia postoperatoria en el grupo experimental &#40;78&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#44; en comparaci&#243;n con el grupo de control &#40;60&#44;8&#37;&#41; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;006&#41;&#46; La analgesia postoperatoria a trav&#233;s de un cat&#233;ter epidural se efectu&#243; con infusi&#243;n de bupivaca&#237;na&#44; fentanilo y adrenalina&#44; mientras que para la v&#237;a intravenosa se emple&#243; morfina&#44; metamizol y droperidol&#59; en ambas se emplearon sistemas de analgesia controlada por el paciente&#46; La analgesia epidural tiene un papel reconocido en el control del dolor postoperatorio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#44; por lo que se podr&#237;a plantear la hip&#243;tesis de que estos pacientes pudieran experimentar diferente intensidad de dolor y esto pudiera influir en los resultados&#46; En el presente estudio&#44; sin embargo&#44; la analgesia AECP no fue significativa en los an&#225;lisis bivariante &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;818&#41; o multivariante &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;153&#44; IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;706-9&#44;257&#41; con relaci&#243;n a las CPP&#46; Estos resultados concuerdan con las &#250;ltimas revisiones sistem&#225;ticas efectuadas por Romero et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> y Joshi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> al concluir que&#44; aunque la analgesia epidural es m&#225;s efectiva que la intravenosa para reducir el dolor postoracotom&#237;a&#44; no ha probado ser eficaz para reducir la incidencia de CPP&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adem&#225;s&#44; al comparar nuestros resultados con los de investigaciones recientes de intervenciones fisioterap&#233;uticas&#44; &#250;nicamente durante el per&#237;odo postoperatorio inmediato nuestra frecuencia de CPP &#40;6&#44;6&#37; en el grupo experimental&#41; fue similar a las notificadas por Novoa et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> &#40;4&#44;7&#37;&#41; y Reeve et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> &#40;4&#44;8&#37;&#41;&#44; pero considerablemente m&#225;s baja que las comunicadas por Agostini et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> &#40;12&#37;&#41;&#44; Arbane et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> &#40;16&#37;&#41; o Ludwig et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> &#40;19&#37;&#41;&#46; La variabilidad entre estudios en la incidencia de CPP normalmente se ha explicado&#44; en parte&#44; por las diferencias en las definiciones de CPP&#46; As&#237;&#44; las CPP incluidas en este estudio se limitaron a aquellas complicaciones pulmonares m&#225;s susceptibles de precisar fisioterapia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24-26</span></a>&#59; es decir&#44; atelectasias&#44; neumon&#237;a e insuficiencia respiratoria&#46; Debemos se&#241;alar que&#44; en este estudio&#44; los informes m&#233;dicos de atelectasias y neumon&#237;a siempre se confirmaron con im&#225;genes radiol&#243;gicas y que la insuficiencia respiratoria se confirm&#243; por la gasometr&#237;a arterial&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Con respecto a la funci&#243;n pulmonar&#44; nuestros resultados indican que el &#37; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> influye en el desarrollo de CPP en la poblaci&#243;n estudiada &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;042&#59; IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;941-0&#44;999&#41;&#46; Esos resultados concuerdan con las recomendaciones publicadas en las orientaciones cl&#237;nicas de la Sociedad Europea Respiratoria y la Sociedad Europea de Cirujanos Tor&#225;cicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#44; que sugieren que el umbral de presentar un riesgo de morbimortalidad postoperatoria mayor de lo normal en pacientes sometidos a resecci&#243;n pulmonar se pod&#237;a establecer en una predicci&#243;n del FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> postoperatorio de un 30&#37;&#46; En nuestro estudio&#44; el &#37; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> preoperatorio fue de un 86&#44;9&#37; &#40;DE 19&#44;2&#41; en el grupo de control y de un 85&#44;4&#37; &#40;DE 20&#44;7&#41; en el grupo experimental&#46; Esto ayuda a entender que&#44; en el an&#225;lisis bivariante basado en las CPP&#44; esta variable estuvo cerca de alcanzar la significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;078&#41;&#46; As&#237;&#44; la influencia del &#37; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> sobre el riesgo de desarrollar CPP en nuestro estudio debe tomarse con alguna precauci&#243;n&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por otro lado&#44; en nuestro estudio&#44; la DEH &#40;mediana 14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as&#44; RIC 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as&#44; con estimador M de Huber 14&#44;21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as en el grupo de control&#44; y mediana 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as y RIC 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as&#44; con estimador M de Huber 12&#44;81 en el grupo experimental&#41; disminuy&#243; de manera significativa con la implementaci&#243;n del programa de fisioterapia &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;017&#41;&#46; Aunque se demostr&#243; una disminuci&#243;n de la DEH&#44; en nuestra investigaci&#243;n la hospitalizaci&#243;n fue m&#225;s prolongada que las DEH comunicadas en otros estudios recientes&#58; Reeve et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> notificaron una mediana de 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as&#44; Agostini et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> de 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as&#44; y Arbane et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> de 7&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as&#46; Es posible que esta diferencia en la DEH pueda ser explicada por la diversidad en la atenci&#243;n m&#233;dica y los criterios de alta hospitalaria&#46; Los criterios seguidos en nuestro estudio comprend&#237;an la retirada del drenaje tor&#225;cico si el volumen drenado era inferior a 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;d&#237;a&#44; y ning&#250;n paciente recibi&#243; el alta antes de la retirada de los drenajes&#46; Ser&#237;a interesante conocer c&#243;mo se retiraron los drenajes tor&#225;cicos en los estudios mencionados con anterioridad&#44; para intentar detectar alguna relaci&#243;n con la DEH&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; mientras que en los estudios de Agostini et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> y Reeve et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> se incluyeron diferentes procedimientos quir&#250;rgicos &#40;lobectom&#237;as&#44; neumonectom&#237;as&#44; resecciones en cu&#241;a&#44; resecciones verticales&#44; etc&#46;&#41; y el abordaje fue mediante toracotom&#237;a abierta en todos los pacientes&#44; en las series de Arbane et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> se incluyeron tanto lobectom&#237;as como neumonectom&#237;as&#44; y el abordaje utilizado fue la toracotom&#237;a abierta o la VATS&#46; Es posible que la heterogeneidad de la poblaci&#243;n estudiada que se ha mencionado anteriormente influyera sobre la DEH&#44; ya que los procedimientos de menor resecci&#243;n pulmonar y la t&#233;cnica de VATS han demostrado mejores resultados perioperatorios que los procedimientos menores o la toracotom&#237;a abierta<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#44; incluyendo la duraci&#243;n de la hospitalizaci&#243;n&#46; Tambi&#233;n ser&#237;a interesante estudiar la influencia de la DEH sobre los resultados posteriores a la hospitalizaci&#243;n&#44; como las visitas a servicios de urgencias y&#47;o la frecuencia de reingresos hospitalarios por causas relacionadas con la cirug&#237;a&#46; El tema lo estudiaron Varela et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> en el a&#241;o 2004&#44; que informaron de una tasa de reingresos de un 5&#37; durante los 30 primeros d&#237;as despu&#233;s del alta en pacientes lobectomizados&#59; los autores no observaron ninguna influencia de la DEH en ninguna de las variables extrahospitalarias &#40;mediana de DEH de 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as&#41;&#46; Al revisar de nuevo los informes m&#233;dicos de los pacientes incluidos&#44; encontramos un descenso en la incidencia de readmisiones por cualquier causa relacionada con la cirug&#237;a&#44; de un 5&#44;9&#37; &#40;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pacientes&#41; en el grupo de control a un 2&#44;8&#37; &#40;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pacientes&#41; en el grupo experimental&#44; aunque este descenso no alcanz&#243; la significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0268&#41;&#46; En nuestra opini&#243;n&#44; para evaluar las ventajas de las intervenciones fisioterap&#233;uticas desde una perspectiva m&#225;s amplia&#44; ser&#237;an necesarios estudios de coste-efectividad que tomaran en consideraci&#243;n los resultados extrahospitalarios&#59; este hecho tiene una gran relevancia cl&#237;nica y es esencial para poder tomar decisiones basadas en la evidencia&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adem&#225;s&#44; consideramos la posibilidad de introducir una metodolog&#237;a de ajuste a la predisposici&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#44; pero al final decidimos no hacerlo debido a la homogeneidad que mostraron los grupos de control y experimental en las caracter&#237;sticas iniciales y peroperatorias&#44; y por reducir la muestra final&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La mayor&#237;a de las limitaciones de nuestro estudio derivan de la dificultad para recuperar los datos&#44; debido al dise&#241;o&#46; El hecho de que todas las pr&#225;cticas perioperatorias permanecieran sin cambios durante el per&#237;odo estudiado podr&#237;a reducir al m&#237;nimo las deficiencias del dise&#241;o&#46; No se registraron variables como la capacidad de difusi&#243;n pulmonar de mon&#243;xido de carbono &#40;DL<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CO</span>&#41; o la capacidad de ejercicio&#44; por no haberse realizado en el momento de recabar los datos&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finalmente&#44; es necesario identificar qu&#233; papel juega la fisioterapia postoperatoria en la reducci&#243;n de las CPP de pacientes sometidos a una resecci&#243;n pulmonar&#44; ya que las CPP tienen un impacto cl&#237;nico y econ&#243;mico significativo&#44; relacionado con una mayor mortalidad y mayores costes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Las investigaciones futuras deber&#237;an explorar cu&#225;les son las intervenciones &#243;ptimas para diferentes subgrupos de pacientes&#44; no solo en el per&#237;odo peroperatorio inmediato&#44; sino tambi&#233;n antes y despu&#233;s de la cirug&#237;a tor&#225;cica&#46; Conocer esta informaci&#243;n contribuir&#237;a a desarrollar orientaciones para m&#233;dicos y responsables pol&#237;ticos que tambi&#233;n repercutir&#237;an en la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud de esta poblaci&#243;n de pacientes&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para concluir&#44; el programa intensivo de fisioterapia postoperatoria centrado en ejercicios respiratorios ha demostrado ser efectivo para reducir el riesgo de CPP y la DEH de pacientes sometidos a lobectom&#237;a&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0170">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0175">Agradecimientos</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores desean expresar su agradecimiento a M&#46; Jes&#250;s Cond&#243;n Huerta&#44; Jefe del Servicio de Medicina F&#237;sica y Rehabilitaci&#243;n del Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra &#40;Pamplona&#41; por su apoyo&#44; que posibilit&#243; la realizaci&#243;n de este estudio&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar los efectos de un programa intensivo de fisioterapia postoperatoria basado en ejercicios respiratorios dirigido a pacientes lobectomizados mediante toracotom&#237;a abierta&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Dise&#241;o</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio cuasiexperimental&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Emplazamiento</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hospital universitario terciario&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Participantes</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Doscientos ocho &#40;208&#41; pacientes lobectomizados mediante toracotom&#237;a abierta&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Intervenci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes del grupo control &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>102&#41; recibieron atenci&#243;n m&#233;dica&#47;de enfermer&#237;a est&#225;ndar y los pacientes del grupo experimental &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>106&#41;&#44; adem&#225;s de la atenci&#243;n cl&#237;nica est&#225;ndar&#44; se sometieron a un programa de fisioterapia diaria basada en ejercicios respiratorios hasta el momento del alta hospitalaria&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Variables de resultado</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las variables de resultado estudiadas incluyeron la frecuencia de complicaciones pulmonares postoperatorias &#40;CPP&#41; m&#225;s susceptibles de tratamiento fisioterap&#233;utico &#40;neumon&#237;a&#44; atelectasias e insuficiencia respiratoria&#41; y la duraci&#243;n de la estancia hospitalaria &#40;DEH&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las caracter&#237;sticas preoperatorias y quir&#250;rgicas de ambos grupos fueron comparables&#46; La incidencia de CPP registrada fue de un 20&#44;6&#37; en el grupo control y un 6&#44;6&#37; en el grupo experimental &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;003&#41;&#46; La mediana y el RIC de la DEH fue de 14 y 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as&#44; respectivamente &#40;estimador M de Huber 14&#44;21&#41; en el grupo control y de 12 y 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as &#40;estimador M de Huber 12&#44;81&#41; en el grupo experimental&#46; El modelo de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica creado identific&#243; al programa de fisioterapia evaluado &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;017&#59; EXP &#40;B&#41; &#91;IC 95&#37; 0&#44;081-0&#44;780&#93;&#41; y al porcentaje del FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;042&#59; EXP &#40;B&#41; &#91;IC 95&#37; 0&#44;941-0&#44;999&#93;&#41; como factores protectores frente al desarrollo de CPP en los pacientes intervenidos de lobectom&#237;a&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La implementaci&#243;n de un programa intensivo de fisioterapia postoperatoria basado en ejercicios respiratorios reduce el riesgo de desarrollar CPP y la DEH en pacientes lobectomizados&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Objective</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To evaluate the effects of an intensive postoperative physiotherapy program focused on respiratory exercises in patients undergoing lobectomy by open thoracotomy&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Design</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Quasi-experimental study&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Setting</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tertiary referral academic hospital&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Participants</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">208 patients undergoing lobectomy by open thoracotomy&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Interventions</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Control group patients &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>102&#41; received standard medical&#47;nursing care&#44; and experimental group patients &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>106&#41; added to the standard clinical pathway a daily physiotherapy program focused on respiratory exercises until discharge&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Outcomes</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analyzed outcomes were the frequency of postoperative pulmonary complications &#40;PPCs&#41; more amenable to physiotherapy &#40;pneumonia&#44; atelectasis and respiratory insufficiency&#41; and length of hospital stay &#40;LOS&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Results</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Both groups were comparable regarding preoperative and surgical characteristics&#46; Incidence of PPCs was 20&#46;6&#37; in control and 6&#46;6&#37; in experimental group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;003&#41;&#46; Median &#40;IQR&#41; LOS in control group was 14 &#40;7&#41; days &#40;Huber M estimator 14&#46;21&#41; and 12 &#40;6&#41; days &#40;Huber M estimator 12&#46;81&#41; in experimental&#46; Logistic regression model identified the evaluated physiotherapy program &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;017&#59; EXP &#91;B&#93; 95&#37; CI 0&#46;081-0&#46;780&#41; and &#37; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;042&#59; EXP &#91;B&#93; 95&#37; CI 0&#46;941-0&#46;999&#41; as protective factors for the development of PPCs in patients undergoing lobectomy&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Implementing a postoperative intensive physiotherapy program focused on respiratory exercises reduces the risk of PPCs and resultant LOS on patients undergoing lobectomy&#46;</p></span>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0125" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AECP&#58; analgesia epidural controlada por el paciente&#59; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#58; volumen espiratorio forzado en 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#59; IMC&#58; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#59; M&#58; mujer&#59; RIC&#58; rango intercuartil&#59; V&#58; var&#243;n&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;837&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1-2 comorbilidades&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3-4 comorbilidades&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5 comorbilidades&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diagn&#243;stico</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;594&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;177&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="3" align="char" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tumor metast&#225;sico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&#44;3&#37; &#40;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#44;1&#37; &#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Otros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;3&#37; &#40;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#37; &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Analgesia mediante AECP</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">70&#44;0&#37; &#40;126&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">67&#44;9&#37; &#40;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;818&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Programa de fisioterapia</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">55&#44;0&#37; &#40;99&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;&#46;0&#37; &#40;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;003<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0155" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#58; volumen espiratorio forzado en 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#46;</p><p id="spar0160" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prueba de la bondad de ajuste de Hosmer-Lemershow&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;088&#46;</p><p id="spar0165" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prueba de Omnibus&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;007&#46;</p><p id="spar0170" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prueba de la R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> de Nagerkelke&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;202&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;488&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;557&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">&#37; del FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;031&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Programa de fisioterapia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;1&#44;380&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;252 &#40;0&#44;081-0&#44;780&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;017<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Edad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;024&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;025 &#40;0&#44;969-1&#44;084&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;392&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Diagn&#243;stico &#40;tumor primario&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;19&#44;720&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;000 &#40;-&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;999&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;18&#44;547&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;000 &#40;-&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;999&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">EXP &#40;B&#41; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;597&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;551 &#40;0&#44;104-2&#44;909&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;482&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">&#37; de FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;033&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;968 &#40;0&#44;938-0&#44;998&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;036&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Programa de fisioterapia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;1&#44;650&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;192 &#40;0&#44;058-0&#44;639&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;007&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Edad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;020&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;020 &#40;0&#44;962-1&#44;081&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;512&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;19&#44;460&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;000 &#40;-&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;999&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Diagn&#243;stico &#40;tumor metast&#225;sico&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;17&#44;811&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;000 &#40;-&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;999&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#44;557 &#40;0&#44;706-9&#44;257&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;153&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#58; volumen espiratorio forzado en 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#46;</p><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prueba de la bondad de ajuste de Hosmer-Lemershow&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;254&#46;</p><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prueba de Omnibus&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;006&#46;</p><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prueba de la R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> de Nagerkelke&#58; 0&#44;138&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">EXP &#40;B&#41; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Article information
ISSN: 03002896
Original language: Spanish
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