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tanto en ensayos controlados aleatorizados &#40;ECA&#41; como en estudios observacionales a gran escala<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-7</span></a>&#46; Por ello&#44; los LAMA y los LABA se consideran en la actualidad medicamentos de primera l&#237;nea para la EPOC estable<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Por otra parte&#44; la eficacia de la teofilina se ha demostrado en muchos estudios observacionales y en ECA de un tama&#241;o relativamente peque&#241;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8-18</span></a>&#46; En general&#44; estos estudios han indicado que la teofilina mejora los resultados de las pruebas de funci&#243;n respiratoria y las gasometr&#237;as&#44; y que la teofilina puede afectar al riesgo de exacerbaciones y de efectos colaterales&#46; Aunque a los m&#233;dicos normalmente les interesa el pron&#243;stico vital del paciente&#44; la variable principal de resultado en los estudios no era la muerte&#44; sino otras variables alternativas como la oxigenaci&#243;n o la funci&#243;n respiratoria&#44; ya que no observamos un n&#250;mero suficiente de muertes durante el per&#237;odo de seguimiento&#46; Sin embargo&#44; estos marcadores indirectos no siempre reflejan la mortalidad de las enfermedades respiratorias con obstrucci&#243;n del flujo a&#233;reo&#46; Por ejemplo&#44; los beta-agonistas de acci&#243;n corta mejoran la obstrucci&#243;n del flujo a&#233;reo&#44; la disnea y la calidad de vida de los pacientes con asma bronquial&#44; pero el uso regular de beta-agonistas de acci&#243;n corta aumenta el n&#250;mero de muertes por asma bronquial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;20</span></a>&#46; Por lo tanto&#44; el impacto de la teofilina sobre la mortalidad de los pacientes con EPOC es todav&#237;a una cuesti&#243;n importante que se debe investigar&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Algunos estudios observacionales han explorado el impacto del tratamiento con teofilina sobre la tasa de muerte de pacientes con EPOC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21-26</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; existe una considerable variabilidad entre los resultados de estos estudios&#46; La asociaci&#243;n entre la teofilina y el riesgo de mortalidad sigue siendo una cuesti&#243;n importante para todos los cl&#237;nicos&#44; ya que la teofilina es un broncodilatador de uso habitual que se ha empleado durante d&#233;cadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;27</span></a>&#46; Por consiguiente&#44; el objetivo de la presente revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica y metaan&#225;lisis es evaluar el impacto de la teofilina sobre la mortalidad por todas las causas en pacientes con EPOC&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">M&#233;todos</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">B&#250;squeda del estudio</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dada la naturaleza del estudio y el anonimato de los pacientes&#44; no fue necesaria la aprobaci&#243;n del comit&#233; de revisi&#243;n institucional ni la obtenci&#243;n del consentimiento informado de los pacientes&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El criterio de selecci&#243;n para este metaan&#225;lisis fue que los trabajos fueran art&#237;culos de investigaci&#243;n original que proporcionasen el cociente de riesgos instant&#225;neos &#40;HR&#41; de mortalidad por cualquier causa en pacientes con EPOC tratados con teofilina&#46; Se admitieron tanto ensayos controlados aleatorizados &#40;ECA&#41; como estudios observacionales&#46; Para los estudios observacionales&#44; se prefiri&#243; el HR ajustado al no ajustado&#46; La duraci&#243;n del seguimiento deb&#237;a ser superior a 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meses&#46; Se eliminaron las duplicaciones de datos&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dos investigadores buscaron de forma independiente art&#237;culos elegibles en las bases de datos MEDLINE&#44; Web of Science&#44; EMBASE y Cochrane a partir de enero de 2014&#46; La f&#243;rmula de b&#250;squeda en MEDLINE fue &#40;&#40;&#171;COPD&#187;&#91;title&#93; OR &#171;chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#187;&#91;title&#93; OR &#171;chronic obstructive airway disease&#187;&#91;title&#93; OR &#171;emphysema&#187;&#91;title&#93; OR &#171;chronic bronchitis&#187;&#91;title&#93; OR &#171;chronic airflow obstruction&#187;&#91;title&#93;&#41; OR &#40;&#40;&#171;COPD&#187; OR &#171;chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#187; OR &#171;chronic obstructive airway disease&#187; OR &#171;emphysema&#187; OR &#171;chronic bronchitis&#187; OR &#171;chronic airflow obstruction&#187;&#41; AND &#40;&#171;theophylline&#187; OR &#171;xanthine&#187; OR &#171;theophyllines&#187; OR &#171;xanthines&#187; OR &#171;aminophylline&#187; OR &#171;diprophylline&#187; OR &#171;proxyphylline&#187; OR &#171;diprophylline&#187;&#41;&#41;&#41; AND &#40;&#171;mortality&#187; OR &#171;prognosis&#187; OR &#171;death&#187; OR &#171;mortalities&#187; OR &#171;prognoses&#187; OR &#171;deaths&#187;&#41; AND &#40;&#171;hazard ratio&#187; OR &#171;HR&#187; OR &#171;hazard ratios&#187;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La calidad de los estudios elegibles se evalu&#243; mediante una escala que comprend&#237;a 4 subescalas&#44; con un m&#225;ximo de 2 puntos para cada subescala<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46; Las subescalas fueron definici&#243;n de ingreso en la cohorte&#44; definici&#243;n de la exposici&#243;n&#44; resultados y evaluaci&#243;n de factores de confusi&#243;n&#46; Las puntuaciones oscilaron de 0 a 8&#44; donde la puntuaci&#243;n m&#225;s alta signific&#243; mejor calidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Estad&#237;stica</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se extrajeron los HR de la mortalidad por todas las causas de cada estudio&#46; El HR y su correspondiente intervalo de confianza del 95&#37; &#40;IC&#41; deb&#237;an estar claramente mostrados en el texto&#44; una tabla o una figura en cada uno de los art&#237;culos originales&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se extrajeron los datos relativos al n&#250;mero de pacientes&#44; la administraci&#243;n concomitante de beta-estimulantes y anticolin&#233;rgicos y las covariables ajustadas para el modelo de Cox&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el metaan&#225;lisis se emple&#243; un modelo fijo con el m&#233;todo de la varianza inversa gen&#233;rica para estimar el valor combinado&#44; despu&#233;s de confirmar que la heterogeneidad no era significativa &#40;I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29-31</span></a>&#46; La heterogeneidad de los estudios originales&#44; se evalu&#243; con&#58; a&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>la prueba de chi-cuadrado con una zona de rechazo de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;1&#44; y b&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>la prueba estad&#237;stica de I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; donde I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#37; indica ausencia de heterogeneidad&#44; I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; indica leve heterogeneidad&#44; I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#37; indica heterogeneidad moderada&#59; I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>75&#37; indica una fuerte heterogeneidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;31</span></a>&#46; El sesgo de publicaci&#243;n se evalu&#243; con un gr&#225;fico en embudo y con la prueba de Begg&#44; usando la prueba de correlaci&#243;n de rangos de Spearman con una zona de rechazo de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;1<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46; Todos los an&#225;lisis se realizaron utilizando los programas inform&#225;ticos Excel Toukei 2012 &#40;SSRI&#44; Tokio&#44; Jap&#243;n&#41; y Review Manager versi&#243;n 5&#46;3 &#40;Colaboraci&#243;n Cochrane&#44; Oxford&#44; Reino Unido&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Resultados</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">B&#250;squeda del estudio</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se seleccionaron 364 art&#237;culos potencialmente elegibles&#46; De los 364 art&#237;culos&#44; 259 fueron excluidos bas&#225;ndose en el t&#237;tulo y el resumen&#44; y 99 fueron excluidos despu&#233;s de considerar sus textos completos&#46; Lee hab&#237;a publicado 4 art&#237;culos que analizaban datos solapados que informaban del riesgo de muerte por r&#233;gimen de tratamiento mediante el HR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;33-35</span></a>&#46; De estos&#44; se incluy&#243; un art&#237;culo centrado en el impacto de la teofilina sobre la mortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#44; y los otros se excluyeron<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33-35</span></a> debido a duplicidades en los datos&#46; Finalmente&#44; nuestro an&#225;lisis incluy&#243; 6 estudios &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21-26</span></a>&#46; Los 6 hab&#237;an sido publicados entre 2003 y 2011&#46; Macie hab&#237;a dividido los casos de EPOC en 2 grupos&#58; un grupo de pacientes de menos de 65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os de edad y otro de pacientes de 65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os o mayores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#46; Lee hab&#237;a notificado algunos HR de muerte por cualquier causa en pacientes tratados con teofilina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46; Uno de los HR se hab&#237;a calculado mediante un an&#225;lisis de exposici&#243;n temporal variable&#44; en el que los pacientes hab&#237;an sido tratados con diferentes medicamentos&#46; Todos los dem&#225;s HR del estudio de Lee se hab&#237;an calculado con pautas terap&#233;uticas espec&#237;ficas&#46; Al considerar que esto supon&#237;a un uso duplicado de los datos en los c&#225;lculos&#44; adoptamos el HR del an&#225;lisis de exposici&#243;n temporal variable del estudio de Lee&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El metaan&#225;lisis principal incluy&#243; 7 cohortes&#46; El n&#250;mero de pacientes en cada cohorte oscil&#243; de 47 a 46&#46;403&#44; lo que nos llev&#243; a incluir a un total de 60&#46;692 pacientes con EPOC &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; El nivel de calidad de estudio de Lee fue de 6 sobre 8&#46; Las puntuaciones de calidad de los otros estudios incluidos fueron 7 sobre 8&#46; Estas puntuaciones indicaron que la calidad de estos estudios observacionales era&#44; en general&#44; buena &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; Las covariables ajustadas en el modelo de Cox se resumen tambi&#233;n en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#46; Ning&#250;n estudio proporcion&#243; datos sucintos relativos a dosis o concentraciones plasm&#225;ticas de teofilina&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los porcentajes de pacientes que recibieron otros broncodilatadores tales como beta-agonistas y anticolin&#233;rgicos se muestran en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#46; No se observ&#243; asociaci&#243;n espec&#237;fica entre el HR de muerte por cualquier causa de los estudios y la prescripci&#243;n de estos broncodilatadores &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Metaan&#225;lisis</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cada una de las 7 cohortes present&#243; un HR de 0&#44;79 a 1&#44;41&#44; lo que sugiere una d&#233;bil o moderada heterogeneidad intrascendente &#40;I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>42&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;11&#41;&#46; El modelo fijo de metaan&#225;lisis arroj&#243; un HR combinado de muerte por todas las causas con teofilina de 1&#44;07 &#40;IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;2-1&#44;13&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;003&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Ni el gr&#225;fico en embudo ni la prueba de Begg &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;21&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;662&#41; sugirieron la existencia de un sesgo de publicaci&#243;n &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; una revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica y un metaan&#225;lisis de estudios observacionales para evaluar el impacto de la teofilina sobre la mortalidad en los pacientes con EPOC&#46; El modelo fijo del metaan&#225;lisis arroj&#243; un HR combinado de muerte por todas las causas con teofilina de 1&#44;07 &#40;IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;02-1&#44;13&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;003&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#44; lo que sugiere que la teofilina podr&#237;a asociarse a un ligero aumento de la mortalidad por todas las causas en personas con EPOC&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la EPOC&#44; el tratamiento farmacol&#243;gico se utiliza para reducir los s&#237;ntomas&#44; la frecuencia de las exacerbaciones y los fallecimientos&#46; Hasta la fecha&#44; pocos f&#225;rmacos han demostrado de forma suficiente ser capaces de modificar el deterioro a largo plazo de la funci&#243;n pulmonar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Los broncodilatadores&#44; por lo general&#44; aumentan el volumen espiratorio forzado por segundo mediante la alteraci&#243;n del tono de la musculatura lisa de las v&#237;as a&#233;reas&#46; Entre los broncodilatadores&#44; la teofilina es menos eficaz y es peor tolerada que los LAMA y los LABA y no se recomienda como medicaci&#243;n de primera elecci&#243;n&#46; La toxicidad es dependiente de la dosis y el margen terap&#233;utico es bajo&#46; El mayor efecto terap&#233;utico se produce solo cuando se emplea a dosis pr&#243;ximas a dosis t&#243;xicas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; te&#243;ricamente&#44; la teofilina causa efectos sist&#233;micos con m&#225;s facilidad que los LAMA y los LABA&#44; si se administra sistem&#225;ticamente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los efectos terap&#233;uticos de la teofilina todav&#237;a son controvertidos&#46; Act&#250;a como un inhibidor no selectivo de la fosfodiesterasa&#44; pero tambi&#233;n tiene acciones no broncodilatadoras&#46; Es decir&#44; produce mejor&#237;a en la funci&#243;n de los m&#250;sculos inspiratorios y tiene efecto antiinflamatorio&#46; Zhou realiz&#243; un estudio aleatorizado&#44; doble ciego&#44; de grupos paralelos y controlado con placebo con 110 participantes&#46; Este estudio evalu&#243; el efecto terap&#233;utico del tratamiento a dosis bajas &#40;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>veces al d&#237;a&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#46; Esta dosis baja de teofilina no se consider&#243; una dosis broncodilatadora&#44; sino antiinflamatoria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46; En el estudio&#44; a pesar de que la teofilina a dosis bajas no mejor&#243; la funci&#243;n pulmonar post-broncodilatador&#44; los sujetos tratados con teofilina mostraron mejor calidad de vida y menor frecuencia de exacerbaciones y de hospitalizaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#46; Considerando el reciente consenso en cuanto a la relaci&#243;n entre las exacerbaciones y la mortalidad&#44; las dosis bajas de teofilina podr&#237;an contribuir a configurar una nueva estrategia de tratamiento&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se deben tener en cuenta las limitaciones del presente estudio&#46; Este metaan&#225;lisis incluy&#243; a un n&#250;mero reducido de cohortes&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; todos los estudios que contribuyeron al metaan&#225;lisis fueron estudios observacionales&#44; no ECA&#46; Sin embargo&#44; en los &#250;ltimos tiempos se ha generalizado la aceptaci&#243;n de los metaan&#225;lisis realizados a partir de estudios no ECA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#46; Otra limitaci&#243;n es que ning&#250;n art&#237;culo original proporcion&#243; datos suficientes sobre dosis y concentraciones plasm&#225;ticas de teofilina&#46; Pese a ello&#44; creemos que el resultado de este an&#225;lisis es digno de confianza&#44; dado que las cohortes observacionales incluidas no mostraron heterogeneidad ni sesgo de publicaci&#243;n&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para concluir&#44; las directrices actuales que dan apoyo al uso cr&#243;nico de la teofilina en los casos de EPOC se basan en unos pocos estudios centrados en las pruebas de funci&#243;n respiratoria y el an&#225;lisis de gases en sangre<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a>&#46; Ning&#250;n ECA ha evaluado el impacto de la teofilina sobre la mortalidad por todas las causas&#46; Este metaan&#225;lisis&#44; que incluye 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cohortes observacionales&#44; sugiere que la teofilina aumenta ligeramente la tasa de muerte por cualquier causa de los pacientes con EPOC&#44; con un HR combinado de muerte por cualquier causa en pacientes que reciben teofilina de 1&#44;07 &#40;IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;02-1&#44;13&#41;&#46; Estos resultados deber&#237;an tenerse en cuenta a la hora de decidir el uso de teofilina en algunos pacientes con EPOC&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El estudio no cont&#243; con apoyo alguno en forma de donaciones&#44; regalos&#44; equipo y&#47;o medicaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Conflicto de intereses"
        ]
        10 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2014-11-12"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2015-02-11"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec644305"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Enfisema"
            1 => "Muerte"
            2 => "Efectos adversos"
            3 => "Toxicidad de los f&#225;rmacos"
            4 => "Broncodilatador"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec644306"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Emphysema"
            1 => "Death"
            2 => "Adverse effect"
            3 => "Drug toxicity"
            4 => "Bronchodilator"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Antecedentes</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se ha demostrado que la teofilina mejora la funci&#243;n respiratoria y la oxigenaci&#243;n en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica &#40;EPOC&#41;&#46; Sin embargo&#44; no est&#225; suficientemente evaluado el impacto de la teofilina sobre la mortalidad de los pacientes con EPOC&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dos investigadores buscaron de forma independiente art&#237;culos elegibles en 4 bases de datos&#46; Los art&#237;culos seleccionados para el presente metaan&#225;lisis deb&#237;an ser art&#237;culos de investigaci&#243;n originales que proporcionaran el cociente de riesgos instant&#225;neos &#40;HR&#41; de la mortalidad por cualquier causa en pacientes con EPOC tratados con teofilina&#46; Se permiti&#243; incluir tanto ensayos controlados aleatorizados como estudios observacionales&#46; Despu&#233;s de confirmar que la heterogeneidad no era significativa &#40;I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#37;&#41;&#44; para estimar el cociente de riesgos instant&#225;neos del metaan&#225;lisis se emple&#243; un modelo fijo con un m&#233;todo de varianza inversa gen&#233;rica&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se seleccionaron 364 art&#237;culos potencialmente elegibles&#46; De los 364 art&#237;culos&#44; 259 fueron excluidos bas&#225;ndose en el t&#237;tulo y el resumen&#44; y 99 fueron excluidos despu&#233;s de considerar sus textos completos&#46; Finalmente&#44; nuestro an&#225;lisis incluy&#243; 6 estudios observacionales y ning&#250;n ensayo controlado aleatorizado&#46; Un estudio estaba realizado con 2 cohortes&#46; El n&#250;mero de pacientes en cada cohorte vari&#243; de 47 a 46&#46;403&#46; La heterogeneidad &#40;I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>42&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;11&#41; y el sesgo de publicaci&#243;n &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;21&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;662 en la prueba de Begg&#41; no fueron significativos&#46; El metaan&#225;lisis del modelo fijo arroj&#243; un cociente de riesgos instant&#225;neos combinado de mortalidad por cualquier causa con teofilina de 1&#44;07 &#40;intervalo de confianza del 95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;2-1&#44;13&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;003&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El presente metaan&#225;lisis de 7 cohortes observacionales sugiere que la teofilina aumenta ligeramente la mortalidad por cualquier causa de los pacientes con EPOC&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Antecedentes"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todo"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusi&#243;n"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Background</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Theophylline has been shown to improve respiratory function and oxygenation in patients with chronic obstruction pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41;&#46; However&#44; the impact of theophylline on mortality in COPD patients has not been not sufficiently evaluated&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Method</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Two investigators independently searched for eligible articles in 4 databases&#46; The eligibility criterion for this meta-analysis was an original research article that provided a hazard ratio for theophylline for all-cause mortality of COPD patients&#46; Both randomized controlled trials and observational studies were accepted&#46; After we confirmed no substantial heterogeneity &#40;I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#37;&#41;&#44; the fixed-model method with generic inverse variance was used for meta-analysis to estimate the pooled hazard ratio&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We screened 364 potentially eligible articles&#46; Of the 364 articles&#44; 259 were excluded on the basis of title and abstract&#44; and 99 were excluded after examination of the full text&#46; Our final analysis included 6 observational studies and no randomized controlled trials&#46; One study reported 2 cohorts&#46; The number of patients in each cohort ranged from 47 to 46&#44;403&#46; Heterogeneity &#40;I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>42&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;11&#41; and publication bias &#40;Begg&#39;s test r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;21&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;662&#41; were not substantial&#46; Fixed-model meta-analysis yielded a pooled hazard ratio for theophylline for all-cause death of 1&#46;07 &#40;95&#37; confidence interval&#58; 1&#46;02-1&#46;13&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;003&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This meta-analysis of 7 observational cohorts suggests that theophylline slightly increases all-cause death in COPD patients&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Background"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Method"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
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            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusion"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diagrama de flujo PRISMA del metaan&#225;lisis&#46;</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diagrama de Forrest que eval&#250;a el cociente de riesgos instant&#225;neos &#40;HR&#41; de muerte por todas las causas con teofilina &#40;Teo&#41;&#46; EE&#58; error est&#225;ndar&#46;</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diagrama de embudo para evaluar el sesgo de publicaci&#243;n&#46;</p>"
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ATS&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American Thoracic Society</span>&#59; CE&#58; calidad del estudio&#44; siendo 8 la mejor puntuaci&#243;n&#59; ICD-9&#58; Clasificaci&#243;n Internacional de las Enfermedades&#44; 9&#46;&#170; revisi&#243;n&#59; LABA&#58; beta-agonistas de acci&#243;n prolongada&#59; LAMA&#58; antagonistas muscar&#237;nicos de acci&#243;n prolongada&#59; Prospectivo&#58; estudio de cohortes prospectivo&#59; Retrospectivo&#58; estudio de cohortes retrospectivo&#59; SABA&#58; beta-agonistas de acci&#243;n corta&#59; SGRQ&#58; puntuaci&#243;n total del cuestionario respiratorio St&#46; George&#46;</p><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Macie dividi&#243; los casos en 2 grupos&#58; un grupo de pacientes de menos de 65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os y otro de pacientes de 65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os o mayores&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Estudio</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dise&#241;o</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CE</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pacientes</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Seguimiento</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Covariables ajustadas para el modelo de Cox</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cociente de riesgos instant&#225;neos &#40;IC 95&#37;&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Inclusi&#243;n&#44; definici&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Beta-agonistas inhalados&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Anticolin&#233;rgicos inhalados&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fan &#40;2003&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Prospectivo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ambulatorios con corticosteroides inhalados&#46; ICD-9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;052&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">88&#44;0&#37; &#40;SABA&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">72&#44;8&#37; &#40;no especificado&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">544 d&#237;as&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Medicaci&#243;n pulmonar&#44; edad&#44; hospitalizaci&#243;n&#44; visitas previas por EPOC&#44; comorbilidad&#44; distancia al hospital&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;00 &#40;0&#44;84-1&#44;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Nizet &#40;2005&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Prospectivo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Hiperc&#225;pnicos&#44; ATS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No disponible&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No disponible&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#44;8 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Edad&#44; sexo&#44; comorbilidad&#44; diur&#233;ticos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;10 &#40;0&#44;40-3&#44;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Gudmundsson &#40;2006&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Prospectivo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Postexacerbaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">416&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">39&#44;6&#37; &#40;LABA&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">35&#44;1&#37; &#40;ipratropio&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Edad&#44; sexo&#44; centro&#44; tabaquismo&#44; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; hospitalizaci&#243;n previa&#44; SGRQ&#44; comorbilidad&#44; medicaci&#243;n pulmonar&#44; oxigenoterapia de larga duraci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;9 &#40;0&#44;48-1&#44;30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Macie<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> &#40;2006&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Retrospectivo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Postingreso&#44; ICD-9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">365 d&#237;as&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Covariables seleccionadas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>65 a&#241;os&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">965&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">54&#44;9&#37; &#40;no especificado&#41;&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30&#44;6&#37; &#40;Ipratropio&#41;&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;41 &#40;0&#44;60-3&#44;34&#41;&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>65 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;022&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61&#44;2&#37; &#40;no especificado&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">44&#44;7&#37; &#40;ipratropio&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;40 &#40;1&#44;10-1&#46;79&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lee &#40;2009&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Retrospectivo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Veteranos&#44; ICD-9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;840&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">48&#44;2&#37; &#40;LABA&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">88&#44;2&#37; &#40;ipratropio&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#44;5 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Propensi&#243;n inicial a recibir teofilina&#44; exacerbaci&#243;n&#44; edad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Gershon &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Retrospectivo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Poblacional&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46&#46;403&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">38&#44;4&#37; &#40;LABA&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61&#44;6&#37; &#40;LAMA&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#44;5 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Edad&#44; sexo&#44; residente de un centro de pacientes cr&#243;nicos&#44; ingresos&#44; domicilio&#44; duraci&#243;n de la EPOC&#44; espirometr&#237;a previa&#44; visitas al m&#233;dico&#44; visitas al especialista&#44; vacunaci&#243;n antigripal&#44; cirug&#237;a de reducci&#243;n de volumen pulmonar&#44; medicamentos para la EPOC&#44; medicaci&#243;n coronaria&#44; enfermedades concomitantes&#44; hospitalizaci&#243;n&#47;visita a urgencias reciente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;01 &#40;0&#44;93-1&#44;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Resumen de los estudios originales incluidos en el metaan&#225;lisis</p>"
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Original
Uso crónico de teofilina y mortalidad en la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica: un metaanálisis
Chronic Use of Theophylline and Mortality in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Meta-analysis
Nobuyuki Horitaa,b,
Corresponding author
nobuyuki_horita@yahoo.co.jp

Autor para correspondencia.
, Naoki Miyazawaa,b, Ryota Kojimaa,b, Miyo Inouea,b, Yoshiaki Ishigatsuboa, Takeshi Kanekoa,c
a Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japón
b Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saiseikai Yokohamashi Nanbu Hospital, Yokohama, Japón
c Respiratory Disease Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japón
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diagrama de Forrest que eval&#250;a el cociente de riesgos instant&#225;neos &#40;HR&#41; de muerte por todas las causas con teofilina &#40;Teo&#41;&#46; EE&#58; error est&#225;ndar&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica &#40;EPOC&#41;&#44; actualmente la cuarta causa de muerte en todo el mundo&#44; es una enfermedad sist&#233;mica cuya principal caracter&#237;stica es la limitaci&#243;n cr&#243;nica del flujo a&#233;reo&#46; Por lo tanto&#44; es comprensible que los medicamentos broncodilatadores&#44; como la teofilina&#44; los antagonistas muscar&#237;nicos de acci&#243;n prolongada &#40;LAMA&#41; y los beta-agonistas de acci&#243;n prolongada &#40;LABA&#41; se utilicen como medicamentos esenciales para el tratamiento de enfermos con EPOC estable<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Entre estas 3 subclases de broncodilatadores&#44; los LAMA y los LABA han demostrado ser seguros y eficaces en repetidas ocasiones&#44; tanto en ensayos controlados aleatorizados &#40;ECA&#41; como en estudios observacionales a gran escala<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-7</span></a>&#46; Por ello&#44; los LAMA y los LABA se consideran en la actualidad medicamentos de primera l&#237;nea para la EPOC estable<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Por otra parte&#44; la eficacia de la teofilina se ha demostrado en muchos estudios observacionales y en ECA de un tama&#241;o relativamente peque&#241;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8-18</span></a>&#46; En general&#44; estos estudios han indicado que la teofilina mejora los resultados de las pruebas de funci&#243;n respiratoria y las gasometr&#237;as&#44; y que la teofilina puede afectar al riesgo de exacerbaciones y de efectos colaterales&#46; Aunque a los m&#233;dicos normalmente les interesa el pron&#243;stico vital del paciente&#44; la variable principal de resultado en los estudios no era la muerte&#44; sino otras variables alternativas como la oxigenaci&#243;n o la funci&#243;n respiratoria&#44; ya que no observamos un n&#250;mero suficiente de muertes durante el per&#237;odo de seguimiento&#46; Sin embargo&#44; estos marcadores indirectos no siempre reflejan la mortalidad de las enfermedades respiratorias con obstrucci&#243;n del flujo a&#233;reo&#46; Por ejemplo&#44; los beta-agonistas de acci&#243;n corta mejoran la obstrucci&#243;n del flujo a&#233;reo&#44; la disnea y la calidad de vida de los pacientes con asma bronquial&#44; pero el uso regular de beta-agonistas de acci&#243;n corta aumenta el n&#250;mero de muertes por asma bronquial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;20</span></a>&#46; Por lo tanto&#44; el impacto de la teofilina sobre la mortalidad de los pacientes con EPOC es todav&#237;a una cuesti&#243;n importante que se debe investigar&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Algunos estudios observacionales han explorado el impacto del tratamiento con teofilina sobre la tasa de muerte de pacientes con EPOC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21-26</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; existe una considerable variabilidad entre los resultados de estos estudios&#46; La asociaci&#243;n entre la teofilina y el riesgo de mortalidad sigue siendo una cuesti&#243;n importante para todos los cl&#237;nicos&#44; ya que la teofilina es un broncodilatador de uso habitual que se ha empleado durante d&#233;cadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;27</span></a>&#46; Por consiguiente&#44; el objetivo de la presente revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica y metaan&#225;lisis es evaluar el impacto de la teofilina sobre la mortalidad por todas las causas en pacientes con EPOC&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">M&#233;todos</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">B&#250;squeda del estudio</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dada la naturaleza del estudio y el anonimato de los pacientes&#44; no fue necesaria la aprobaci&#243;n del comit&#233; de revisi&#243;n institucional ni la obtenci&#243;n del consentimiento informado de los pacientes&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El criterio de selecci&#243;n para este metaan&#225;lisis fue que los trabajos fueran art&#237;culos de investigaci&#243;n original que proporcionasen el cociente de riesgos instant&#225;neos &#40;HR&#41; de mortalidad por cualquier causa en pacientes con EPOC tratados con teofilina&#46; Se admitieron tanto ensayos controlados aleatorizados &#40;ECA&#41; como estudios observacionales&#46; Para los estudios observacionales&#44; se prefiri&#243; el HR ajustado al no ajustado&#46; La duraci&#243;n del seguimiento deb&#237;a ser superior a 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meses&#46; Se eliminaron las duplicaciones de datos&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dos investigadores buscaron de forma independiente art&#237;culos elegibles en las bases de datos MEDLINE&#44; Web of Science&#44; EMBASE y Cochrane a partir de enero de 2014&#46; La f&#243;rmula de b&#250;squeda en MEDLINE fue &#40;&#40;&#171;COPD&#187;&#91;title&#93; OR &#171;chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#187;&#91;title&#93; OR &#171;chronic obstructive airway disease&#187;&#91;title&#93; OR &#171;emphysema&#187;&#91;title&#93; OR &#171;chronic bronchitis&#187;&#91;title&#93; OR &#171;chronic airflow obstruction&#187;&#91;title&#93;&#41; OR &#40;&#40;&#171;COPD&#187; OR &#171;chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#187; OR &#171;chronic obstructive airway disease&#187; OR &#171;emphysema&#187; OR &#171;chronic bronchitis&#187; OR &#171;chronic airflow obstruction&#187;&#41; AND &#40;&#171;theophylline&#187; OR &#171;xanthine&#187; OR &#171;theophyllines&#187; OR &#171;xanthines&#187; OR &#171;aminophylline&#187; OR &#171;diprophylline&#187; OR &#171;proxyphylline&#187; OR &#171;diprophylline&#187;&#41;&#41;&#41; AND &#40;&#171;mortality&#187; OR &#171;prognosis&#187; OR &#171;death&#187; OR &#171;mortalities&#187; OR &#171;prognoses&#187; OR &#171;deaths&#187;&#41; AND &#40;&#171;hazard ratio&#187; OR &#171;HR&#187; OR &#171;hazard ratios&#187;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La calidad de los estudios elegibles se evalu&#243; mediante una escala que comprend&#237;a 4 subescalas&#44; con un m&#225;ximo de 2 puntos para cada subescala<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46; Las subescalas fueron definici&#243;n de ingreso en la cohorte&#44; definici&#243;n de la exposici&#243;n&#44; resultados y evaluaci&#243;n de factores de confusi&#243;n&#46; Las puntuaciones oscilaron de 0 a 8&#44; donde la puntuaci&#243;n m&#225;s alta signific&#243; mejor calidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Estad&#237;stica</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se extrajeron los HR de la mortalidad por todas las causas de cada estudio&#46; El HR y su correspondiente intervalo de confianza del 95&#37; &#40;IC&#41; deb&#237;an estar claramente mostrados en el texto&#44; una tabla o una figura en cada uno de los art&#237;culos originales&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se extrajeron los datos relativos al n&#250;mero de pacientes&#44; la administraci&#243;n concomitante de beta-estimulantes y anticolin&#233;rgicos y las covariables ajustadas para el modelo de Cox&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el metaan&#225;lisis se emple&#243; un modelo fijo con el m&#233;todo de la varianza inversa gen&#233;rica para estimar el valor combinado&#44; despu&#233;s de confirmar que la heterogeneidad no era significativa &#40;I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29-31</span></a>&#46; La heterogeneidad de los estudios originales&#44; se evalu&#243; con&#58; a&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>la prueba de chi-cuadrado con una zona de rechazo de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;1&#44; y b&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>la prueba estad&#237;stica de I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; donde I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#37; indica ausencia de heterogeneidad&#44; I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; indica leve heterogeneidad&#44; I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#37; indica heterogeneidad moderada&#59; I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>75&#37; indica una fuerte heterogeneidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;31</span></a>&#46; El sesgo de publicaci&#243;n se evalu&#243; con un gr&#225;fico en embudo y con la prueba de Begg&#44; usando la prueba de correlaci&#243;n de rangos de Spearman con una zona de rechazo de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;1<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46; Todos los an&#225;lisis se realizaron utilizando los programas inform&#225;ticos Excel Toukei 2012 &#40;SSRI&#44; Tokio&#44; Jap&#243;n&#41; y Review Manager versi&#243;n 5&#46;3 &#40;Colaboraci&#243;n Cochrane&#44; Oxford&#44; Reino Unido&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Resultados</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">B&#250;squeda del estudio</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se seleccionaron 364 art&#237;culos potencialmente elegibles&#46; De los 364 art&#237;culos&#44; 259 fueron excluidos bas&#225;ndose en el t&#237;tulo y el resumen&#44; y 99 fueron excluidos despu&#233;s de considerar sus textos completos&#46; Lee hab&#237;a publicado 4 art&#237;culos que analizaban datos solapados que informaban del riesgo de muerte por r&#233;gimen de tratamiento mediante el HR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;33-35</span></a>&#46; De estos&#44; se incluy&#243; un art&#237;culo centrado en el impacto de la teofilina sobre la mortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#44; y los otros se excluyeron<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33-35</span></a> debido a duplicidades en los datos&#46; Finalmente&#44; nuestro an&#225;lisis incluy&#243; 6 estudios &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21-26</span></a>&#46; Los 6 hab&#237;an sido publicados entre 2003 y 2011&#46; Macie hab&#237;a dividido los casos de EPOC en 2 grupos&#58; un grupo de pacientes de menos de 65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os de edad y otro de pacientes de 65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os o mayores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#46; Lee hab&#237;a notificado algunos HR de muerte por cualquier causa en pacientes tratados con teofilina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46; Uno de los HR se hab&#237;a calculado mediante un an&#225;lisis de exposici&#243;n temporal variable&#44; en el que los pacientes hab&#237;an sido tratados con diferentes medicamentos&#46; Todos los dem&#225;s HR del estudio de Lee se hab&#237;an calculado con pautas terap&#233;uticas espec&#237;ficas&#46; Al considerar que esto supon&#237;a un uso duplicado de los datos en los c&#225;lculos&#44; adoptamos el HR del an&#225;lisis de exposici&#243;n temporal variable del estudio de Lee&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El metaan&#225;lisis principal incluy&#243; 7 cohortes&#46; El n&#250;mero de pacientes en cada cohorte oscil&#243; de 47 a 46&#46;403&#44; lo que nos llev&#243; a incluir a un total de 60&#46;692 pacientes con EPOC &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; El nivel de calidad de estudio de Lee fue de 6 sobre 8&#46; Las puntuaciones de calidad de los otros estudios incluidos fueron 7 sobre 8&#46; Estas puntuaciones indicaron que la calidad de estos estudios observacionales era&#44; en general&#44; buena &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; Las covariables ajustadas en el modelo de Cox se resumen tambi&#233;n en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#46; Ning&#250;n estudio proporcion&#243; datos sucintos relativos a dosis o concentraciones plasm&#225;ticas de teofilina&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los porcentajes de pacientes que recibieron otros broncodilatadores tales como beta-agonistas y anticolin&#233;rgicos se muestran en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#46; No se observ&#243; asociaci&#243;n espec&#237;fica entre el HR de muerte por cualquier causa de los estudios y la prescripci&#243;n de estos broncodilatadores &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Metaan&#225;lisis</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cada una de las 7 cohortes present&#243; un HR de 0&#44;79 a 1&#44;41&#44; lo que sugiere una d&#233;bil o moderada heterogeneidad intrascendente &#40;I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>42&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;11&#41;&#46; El modelo fijo de metaan&#225;lisis arroj&#243; un HR combinado de muerte por todas las causas con teofilina de 1&#44;07 &#40;IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;2-1&#44;13&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;003&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Ni el gr&#225;fico en embudo ni la prueba de Begg &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;21&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;662&#41; sugirieron la existencia de un sesgo de publicaci&#243;n &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; una revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica y un metaan&#225;lisis de estudios observacionales para evaluar el impacto de la teofilina sobre la mortalidad en los pacientes con EPOC&#46; El modelo fijo del metaan&#225;lisis arroj&#243; un HR combinado de muerte por todas las causas con teofilina de 1&#44;07 &#40;IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;02-1&#44;13&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;003&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#44; lo que sugiere que la teofilina podr&#237;a asociarse a un ligero aumento de la mortalidad por todas las causas en personas con EPOC&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la EPOC&#44; el tratamiento farmacol&#243;gico se utiliza para reducir los s&#237;ntomas&#44; la frecuencia de las exacerbaciones y los fallecimientos&#46; Hasta la fecha&#44; pocos f&#225;rmacos han demostrado de forma suficiente ser capaces de modificar el deterioro a largo plazo de la funci&#243;n pulmonar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Los broncodilatadores&#44; por lo general&#44; aumentan el volumen espiratorio forzado por segundo mediante la alteraci&#243;n del tono de la musculatura lisa de las v&#237;as a&#233;reas&#46; Entre los broncodilatadores&#44; la teofilina es menos eficaz y es peor tolerada que los LAMA y los LABA y no se recomienda como medicaci&#243;n de primera elecci&#243;n&#46; La toxicidad es dependiente de la dosis y el margen terap&#233;utico es bajo&#46; El mayor efecto terap&#233;utico se produce solo cuando se emplea a dosis pr&#243;ximas a dosis t&#243;xicas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; te&#243;ricamente&#44; la teofilina causa efectos sist&#233;micos con m&#225;s facilidad que los LAMA y los LABA&#44; si se administra sistem&#225;ticamente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los efectos terap&#233;uticos de la teofilina todav&#237;a son controvertidos&#46; Act&#250;a como un inhibidor no selectivo de la fosfodiesterasa&#44; pero tambi&#233;n tiene acciones no broncodilatadoras&#46; Es decir&#44; produce mejor&#237;a en la funci&#243;n de los m&#250;sculos inspiratorios y tiene efecto antiinflamatorio&#46; Zhou realiz&#243; un estudio aleatorizado&#44; doble ciego&#44; de grupos paralelos y controlado con placebo con 110 participantes&#46; Este estudio evalu&#243; el efecto terap&#233;utico del tratamiento a dosis bajas &#40;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>veces al d&#237;a&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#46; Esta dosis baja de teofilina no se consider&#243; una dosis broncodilatadora&#44; sino antiinflamatoria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46; En el estudio&#44; a pesar de que la teofilina a dosis bajas no mejor&#243; la funci&#243;n pulmonar post-broncodilatador&#44; los sujetos tratados con teofilina mostraron mejor calidad de vida y menor frecuencia de exacerbaciones y de hospitalizaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#46; Considerando el reciente consenso en cuanto a la relaci&#243;n entre las exacerbaciones y la mortalidad&#44; las dosis bajas de teofilina podr&#237;an contribuir a configurar una nueva estrategia de tratamiento&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se deben tener en cuenta las limitaciones del presente estudio&#46; Este metaan&#225;lisis incluy&#243; a un n&#250;mero reducido de cohortes&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; todos los estudios que contribuyeron al metaan&#225;lisis fueron estudios observacionales&#44; no ECA&#46; Sin embargo&#44; en los &#250;ltimos tiempos se ha generalizado la aceptaci&#243;n de los metaan&#225;lisis realizados a partir de estudios no ECA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#46; Otra limitaci&#243;n es que ning&#250;n art&#237;culo original proporcion&#243; datos suficientes sobre dosis y concentraciones plasm&#225;ticas de teofilina&#46; Pese a ello&#44; creemos que el resultado de este an&#225;lisis es digno de confianza&#44; dado que las cohortes observacionales incluidas no mostraron heterogeneidad ni sesgo de publicaci&#243;n&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para concluir&#44; las directrices actuales que dan apoyo al uso cr&#243;nico de la teofilina en los casos de EPOC se basan en unos pocos estudios centrados en las pruebas de funci&#243;n respiratoria y el an&#225;lisis de gases en sangre<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a>&#46; Ning&#250;n ECA ha evaluado el impacto de la teofilina sobre la mortalidad por todas las causas&#46; Este metaan&#225;lisis&#44; que incluye 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cohortes observacionales&#44; sugiere que la teofilina aumenta ligeramente la tasa de muerte por cualquier causa de los pacientes con EPOC&#44; con un HR combinado de muerte por cualquier causa en pacientes que reciben teofilina de 1&#44;07 &#40;IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;02-1&#44;13&#41;&#46; Estos resultados deber&#237;an tenerse en cuenta a la hora de decidir el uso de teofilina en algunos pacientes con EPOC&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El estudio no cont&#243; con apoyo alguno en forma de donaciones&#44; regalos&#44; equipo y&#47;o medicaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Antecedentes</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se ha demostrado que la teofilina mejora la funci&#243;n respiratoria y la oxigenaci&#243;n en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica &#40;EPOC&#41;&#46; Sin embargo&#44; no est&#225; suficientemente evaluado el impacto de la teofilina sobre la mortalidad de los pacientes con EPOC&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dos investigadores buscaron de forma independiente art&#237;culos elegibles en 4 bases de datos&#46; Los art&#237;culos seleccionados para el presente metaan&#225;lisis deb&#237;an ser art&#237;culos de investigaci&#243;n originales que proporcionaran el cociente de riesgos instant&#225;neos &#40;HR&#41; de la mortalidad por cualquier causa en pacientes con EPOC tratados con teofilina&#46; Se permiti&#243; incluir tanto ensayos controlados aleatorizados como estudios observacionales&#46; Despu&#233;s de confirmar que la heterogeneidad no era significativa &#40;I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#37;&#41;&#44; para estimar el cociente de riesgos instant&#225;neos del metaan&#225;lisis se emple&#243; un modelo fijo con un m&#233;todo de varianza inversa gen&#233;rica&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se seleccionaron 364 art&#237;culos potencialmente elegibles&#46; De los 364 art&#237;culos&#44; 259 fueron excluidos bas&#225;ndose en el t&#237;tulo y el resumen&#44; y 99 fueron excluidos despu&#233;s de considerar sus textos completos&#46; Finalmente&#44; nuestro an&#225;lisis incluy&#243; 6 estudios observacionales y ning&#250;n ensayo controlado aleatorizado&#46; Un estudio estaba realizado con 2 cohortes&#46; El n&#250;mero de pacientes en cada cohorte vari&#243; de 47 a 46&#46;403&#46; La heterogeneidad &#40;I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>42&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;11&#41; y el sesgo de publicaci&#243;n &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;21&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;662 en la prueba de Begg&#41; no fueron significativos&#46; El metaan&#225;lisis del modelo fijo arroj&#243; un cociente de riesgos instant&#225;neos combinado de mortalidad por cualquier causa con teofilina de 1&#44;07 &#40;intervalo de confianza del 95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;2-1&#44;13&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;003&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El presente metaan&#225;lisis de 7 cohortes observacionales sugiere que la teofilina aumenta ligeramente la mortalidad por cualquier causa de los pacientes con EPOC&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Background</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Theophylline has been shown to improve respiratory function and oxygenation in patients with chronic obstruction pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41;&#46; However&#44; the impact of theophylline on mortality in COPD patients has not been not sufficiently evaluated&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Method</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Two investigators independently searched for eligible articles in 4 databases&#46; The eligibility criterion for this meta-analysis was an original research article that provided a hazard ratio for theophylline for all-cause mortality of COPD patients&#46; Both randomized controlled trials and observational studies were accepted&#46; After we confirmed no substantial heterogeneity &#40;I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#37;&#41;&#44; the fixed-model method with generic inverse variance was used for meta-analysis to estimate the pooled hazard ratio&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We screened 364 potentially eligible articles&#46; Of the 364 articles&#44; 259 were excluded on the basis of title and abstract&#44; and 99 were excluded after examination of the full text&#46; Our final analysis included 6 observational studies and no randomized controlled trials&#46; One study reported 2 cohorts&#46; The number of patients in each cohort ranged from 47 to 46&#44;403&#46; Heterogeneity &#40;I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>42&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;11&#41; and publication bias &#40;Begg&#39;s test r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;21&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;662&#41; were not substantial&#46; Fixed-model meta-analysis yielded a pooled hazard ratio for theophylline for all-cause death of 1&#46;07 &#40;95&#37; confidence interval&#58; 1&#46;02-1&#46;13&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;003&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This meta-analysis of 7 observational cohorts suggests that theophylline slightly increases all-cause death in COPD patients&#46;</p></span>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ATS&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American Thoracic Society</span>&#59; CE&#58; calidad del estudio&#44; siendo 8 la mejor puntuaci&#243;n&#59; ICD-9&#58; Clasificaci&#243;n Internacional de las Enfermedades&#44; 9&#46;&#170; revisi&#243;n&#59; LABA&#58; beta-agonistas de acci&#243;n prolongada&#59; LAMA&#58; antagonistas muscar&#237;nicos de acci&#243;n prolongada&#59; Prospectivo&#58; estudio de cohortes prospectivo&#59; Retrospectivo&#58; estudio de cohortes retrospectivo&#59; SABA&#58; beta-agonistas de acci&#243;n corta&#59; SGRQ&#58; puntuaci&#243;n total del cuestionario respiratorio St&#46; George&#46;</p><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Macie dividi&#243; los casos en 2 grupos&#58; un grupo de pacientes de menos de 65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os y otro de pacientes de 65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os o mayores&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Estudio</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dise&#241;o</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CE</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pacientes</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Seguimiento</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Covariables ajustadas para el modelo de Cox</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cociente de riesgos instant&#225;neos &#40;IC 95&#37;&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Inclusi&#243;n&#44; definici&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Beta-agonistas inhalados&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Anticolin&#233;rgicos inhalados&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fan &#40;2003&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Prospectivo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ambulatorios con corticosteroides inhalados&#46; ICD-9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;052&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">88&#44;0&#37; &#40;SABA&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">72&#44;8&#37; &#40;no especificado&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">544 d&#237;as&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Medicaci&#243;n pulmonar&#44; edad&#44; hospitalizaci&#243;n&#44; visitas previas por EPOC&#44; comorbilidad&#44; distancia al hospital&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;00 &#40;0&#44;84-1&#44;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Nizet &#40;2005&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Prospectivo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Hiperc&#225;pnicos&#44; ATS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No disponible&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No disponible&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#44;8 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Edad&#44; sexo&#44; comorbilidad&#44; diur&#233;ticos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;10 &#40;0&#44;40-3&#44;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Gudmundsson &#40;2006&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Prospectivo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Postexacerbaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">416&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">39&#44;6&#37; &#40;LABA&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">35&#44;1&#37; &#40;ipratropio&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Edad&#44; sexo&#44; centro&#44; tabaquismo&#44; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; hospitalizaci&#243;n previa&#44; SGRQ&#44; comorbilidad&#44; medicaci&#243;n pulmonar&#44; oxigenoterapia de larga duraci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;9 &#40;0&#44;48-1&#44;30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Macie<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> &#40;2006&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Retrospectivo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Postingreso&#44; ICD-9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">365 d&#237;as&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Covariables seleccionadas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>65 a&#241;os&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">965&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">54&#44;9&#37; &#40;no especificado&#41;&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30&#44;6&#37; &#40;Ipratropio&#41;&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;41 &#40;0&#44;60-3&#44;34&#41;&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>65 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;022&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61&#44;2&#37; &#40;no especificado&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">44&#44;7&#37; &#40;ipratropio&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;40 &#40;1&#44;10-1&#46;79&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lee &#40;2009&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Retrospectivo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Veteranos&#44; ICD-9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;840&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">48&#44;2&#37; &#40;LABA&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">88&#44;2&#37; &#40;ipratropio&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#44;5 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Propensi&#243;n inicial a recibir teofilina&#44; exacerbaci&#243;n&#44; edad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;23 &#40;1&#44;09-1&#44;39&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Gershon &#40;2011&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Retrospectivo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Poblacional&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46&#46;403&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">38&#44;4&#37; &#40;LABA&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61&#44;6&#37; &#40;LAMA&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#44;5 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Edad&#44; sexo&#44; residente de un centro de pacientes cr&#243;nicos&#44; ingresos&#44; domicilio&#44; duraci&#243;n de la EPOC&#44; espirometr&#237;a previa&#44; visitas al m&#233;dico&#44; visitas al especialista&#44; vacunaci&#243;n antigripal&#44; cirug&#237;a de reducci&#243;n de volumen pulmonar&#44; medicamentos para la EPOC&#44; medicaci&#243;n coronaria&#44; enfermedades concomitantes&#44; hospitalizaci&#243;n&#47;visita a urgencias reciente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;01 &#40;0&#44;93-1&#44;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Resumen de los estudios originales incluidos en el metaan&#225;lisis</p>"
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            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0195"
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                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease &#40;GOLD&#41;&#46; Global Strategy for the Diagnosis&#44; Management and Prevention of COPD&#44; updated 2014 &#91;consultado 1 Nov 2014&#93;&#46; Disponible en&#58; <a id="intr0005" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.goldcopd.org/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;goldcopd&#46;org&#47;</a>"
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              "identificador" => "bib0200"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A 4-year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "D&#46;P&#46; Tashkin"
                            1 => "B&#46; Celli"
                            2 => "S&#46; Senn"
                            3 => "D&#46; Burkhart"
                            4 => "S&#46; Kesten"
                            5 => "S&#46; Menjoge"
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                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1056/NEJMoa0805800"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med&#46;"
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                        "volumen" => "359"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1543"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1554"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
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              "identificador" => "bib0205"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Tiotropium Respimat inhaler and the risk of death in COPD"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "R&#46;A&#46; Wise"
                            1 => "A&#46; Anzueto"
                            2 => "D&#46; Cotton"
                            3 => "R&#46; Dahl"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1056/NEJMoa1303342"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "369"
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                        "paginaFinal" => "1501"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Long-term efficacy of tiotropium in relation to smoking status in the UPLIFT trial"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "D&#46;P&#46; Tashkin"
                            1 => "B&#46; Celli"
                            2 => "S&#46; Kesten"
                            3 => "T&#46; Lystig"
                            4 => "S&#46; Mehra"
                            5 => "M&#46; Decramer"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1183/09031936.00082909"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "35"
                        "paginaInicial" => "287"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19717481"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Concurrent use of indacaterol plus tiotropium in patients with COPD provides superior bronchodilation compared with tiotropium alone&#58; A randomised&#44; double-blind comparison"
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                        0 => array:2 [
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                            1 => "A&#46; d&#8217;Urzo"
                            2 => "E&#46;D&#46; Bateman"
                            3 => "S&#46;A&#46; Ozkan"
                            4 => "T&#46; White"
                            5 => "C&#46; Peckitt"
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                      "doi" => "10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-201140"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Thorax&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "67"
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