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        "titulo" => "Creaci&#243;n del cuestionario SAQ-COPD &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Spanish Physical Activity Questionnaire in COPD</span>&#41; para la medida de la actividad f&#237;sica de pacientes con EPOC en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Stages in the process of drafting and validating the SAQ-COPD questionnaire&#46; The questionnaire was drafted in 3 phases&#58; &#40;1&#41; review of the literature and identification of unmet needs&#59; &#40;2&#41; selection of dimensions and items&#44; and &#40;3&#41; structure of the preliminary version of the questionnaire&#46; Cognitive validation is also included in this article&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Physical inactivity is the fourth most important risk factor for global mortality and is estimated to cause 5&#46;5&#37; of deaths worldwide&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Given its importance&#44; physical activity &#40;PA&#41; is actively encouraged by the World Health Organization&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> which considers it to be one of the most beneficial health measures&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> There is&#44; then&#44; a huge interest in the development of simple&#44; reliable&#44; and reproducible tools for the assessment&#44; control and monitoring of the level of PA in clinical practice&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41; limits PA in patients&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> even in early stages of the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> Physical inactivity is one of the most important predictors of mortality in COPD patients&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a> and is associated with a high risk of hospitalization and readmission&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Inactivity is not only a result of functional respiratory impairment&#44; but depends also on other factors&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> including dyspnea&#44; pulmonary hyperinflation&#44; age&#44; and peripheral muscle weakness&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Factors which have received less attention include comorbidities&#44; sociodemographic factors &#40;race&#44; socioeconomic status&#44; education level&#44; etc&#46;&#41; and lifestyle &#40;smoking&#44; use of alcohol&#44; day of the week&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; and even the patient&#39;s own engagement and expectations regarding their current disease status can have an impact on PA&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PA can be measured using motion sensors or questionnaires&#46; Motion sensors mainly include step counters &#40;pedometers&#41; or body acceleration monitors &#40;accelerometers&#41;&#46; These devices record the number of steps taken in a certain time period&#44; distance covered&#44; activity pattern&#44; estimation of energy expenditure or intensity&#44; and PA level&#46; Motion sensors are more precise&#44; but are less accessible for daily clinical practice&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a> Compared to these devices&#44; questionnaires are a simple&#44; inexpensive way of evaluating PA&#44; although they are subjective and vary widely with regard to data collected&#44; survey period&#44; communication of results&#44; and other aspects&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#8211;15</span></a> Many PA questionnaires are not specific for COPD patients&#44; or have a limited discriminatory capacity to detect changes or early alterations&#46; They do not distinguish between involuntary and voluntary or adaptive inactivity&#44; nor are other areas of PA considered&#44; such as social barriers and cultural or motivational factors&#44; so they do not provide a detailed profile of the inactive patient that would help lay the basis for a therapeutic intervention&#46; Moreover&#44; most available questionnaires are too long and complex to be administered in a busy health center&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study was to create a specific questionnaire for COPD patients that would be simple&#44; easy and relatively quick to administer&#44; and would detect physically inactive patients&#44; thus providing the doctor with additional information for distinguishing inactivity as a personal choice from voluntary-adaptive or functional incapacity-related inactivity&#44; while taking into account the different barriers&#46; Below&#44; we describe the working methodology and the first proposal for the SAQ-COPD &#40;Spanish Activity Questionnaire in COPD&#41; questionnaire&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Methodology</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To create this new physical activity questionnaire&#44; a working group was formed&#44; consisting of a multidisciplinary panel of experts in the management and treatment of COPD that included 7 respiratory medicine specialists&#44; a family medicine specialist&#44; and a specialist in physical medicine and rehabilitation&#46; The new questionnaire was developed in 3 phases &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The resulting questionnaire underwent cognitive validation&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Phase 1&#58; Review of the Literature and Identification of Unmet Needs</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This first phase had 2 objectives&#58; &#40;1&#41; to review the current thinking about PA and its determinants in clinical practice&#44; and to review the existing measurement methods and needs not met by previous questionnaires&#59; and &#40;2&#41; to agree on the methodology for selecting dimensions and items for the first draft of the tool&#46; A non-systematic literature search was performed in PubMed with the aim of identifying the determinants of PA and the most important questionnaires&#44; in the opinion of the panel members&#44; in order to select dimensions and items that could serve as the basis for the construction of a questionnaire&#46; Questionnaires were considered if they were brief and validated for use in COPD&#44; or had been used in international studies&#46; Consensus was reached among all members of the panel using a methodology of selection by rounds &#40;Delphi method&#41; followed by discussion of the result&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Phase 2&#58; Definition of Dimensions and Questionnaire Items</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this phase was to define the dimensions and to select the variables that would shape the preliminary version of the questionnaire&#44; and to precisely define which aspects should be measured &#40;amount of PA&#44; inactivity profile&#44; and impact&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Using the selected questionnaires&#44; a list of variables&#44; classified as quantitative or qualitative and according to the dimensions analyzed &#40;general activity&#44; domestic activities&#44; leisure&#44; care of others&#44; and self-care&#41;&#44; was drawn up&#46; The working group reviewed an initial selection of variables derived from these questionnaires&#46; To evaluate the degree of agreement among the panel members&#44; each item was rated on a 1&#8211;9 Likert scale&#44; in which scores were grouped as 1&#8211;3 &#40;&#8220;very strongly disagree&#8221;&#41;&#44; 4&#8211;6 &#40;&#8220;agree&#8221;&#41;&#44; and 7&#8211;9 &#40;&#8220;very much agree&#8221;&#41;&#46; Items were accepted as candidates for inclusion in the new tool if at least 60&#37; of panel members rated them as &#8220;very much agree&#8221;&#46; Items rated &#8220;agree&#8221; or &#8220;very much agree&#8221; by 50&#37;&#8211;60&#37; of panel members were submitted for another round and subsequent discussion&#46; All other items were discarded&#46; Arbitrary thresholds for selecting items were previously agreed upon by the Scientific Committee&#46; Panel members were also asked if the tool should be quantitative or qualitative&#44; and if a technological measurement should also be included&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Phase 3&#58; Structure of the SAQ-COPD Questionnaire</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The structure and presentation of the questionnaire in terms of its applicability in clinical practice were defined in the last phase&#44; and the preliminary version of the tool was drafted&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Cognitive Validation</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A linguistic comprehension analysis was performed to confirm that each item was comprehensible&#44; or if rewording was necessary&#46; The factors evaluated were&#58; words that might be unfamiliar or ambiguous&#44; the clarity of the item&#44; the time needed to complete the item&#44; and the time needed to complete the dimension&#46; It was determined that items that 30&#37; or more of patients found hard to understand would require modification and re-assessment&#46; Data were collected on age&#44; sex&#44; educational level&#44; employment status&#44; and severity of the disease for the characterization of the sample&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Results</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Phase 1&#58; Review of Previous Physical Activity Questionnaires and Identification of Unmet Needs</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following questionnaires were selected&#58; Baeck&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> LCADL &#40;London Chest Activity of Daily Living scale&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Yale&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Stanford Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> PASE &#40;Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> IPAQ &#40;Physical Activity Questionnaire Short-Form&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> and the questionnaire developed by the PROactive initiative<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Of these&#44; only the PROactive<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> and LCADL<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> were developed specifically for COPD&#44; although the Yale questionnaire<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> was also validated for these patients at a later date&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are many different methods of measuring the duration&#44; intensity and frequency of PA&#44; and not all specifically measure inactivity&#46; Mean duration for completion is over 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; which is excessively long&#46; It was agreed unanimously that none of the referenced questionnaires was routinely used in daily clinical practice&#46; The PA described in the items involved relatively demanding activities&#44; with very little discriminative capacity&#44; particularly among patients with COPD with less functional involvement&#46; The reviewed questionnaires do not assess inactivity or sensitivity to change&#44; nor do they study the factors determining low PA in any depth&#46; The conclusion was that a simple questionnaire that could be used in clinical practice was required&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Phase 2&#58; Identification of Dimensions and Questionnaire Items</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 148 items were reviewed&#44; of which 3 were rated &#8220;very much agree&#8221; by 83&#46;3&#37; of panel members and thus selected directly&#59; 2 of these were taken from the PROactive<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> instrument &#40;&#8220;How much walking did you do outside today&#63;&#8221; and &#8220;In the past 7 days&#44; how much walking did you do outside&#63;&#8221;&#41;&#44; and 1 from the PASE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> &#40;&#8220;On average&#44; how many hours per day did you spend walking&#63;&#8221;&#41;&#46; Another 45 criteria were selected after another round of opinion and discussion&#46; The remaining criteria were discarded&#44; and the first proposal for the questionnaire was drafted&#46; Taking into account the review undertaken and the situation of the COPD patient&#44; the questionnaire structure should include PA intensity &#40;low&#44; moderate&#44; and intense&#41;&#44; and inactivity or a sedentary lifestyle&#44; as this is considered to complement PA itself&#46; The amount and frequency of PA must also be measured&#46; The panel members suggested that the questionnaire should offer the physician additional information on the patient with low activity and the impact of their limitations&#46; Investigating the possible causes or motives of low PA could provide data that might form a useful basis for therapeutic intervention&#46; This way&#44; the impact would be defined as the patient&#39;s perception of their expectations of activity&#44; which would include their personal experience&#44; characteristics of their environment&#44; and their personality&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Phase 3&#58; Structure of the SAQ-COPD Questionnaire</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The new questionnaire is divided into 2 blocks&#46; The first is a tool aimed at quantifying PA and differentiating between active patients and those with low activity levels&#44; and the second&#44; which is informative in nature&#44; will be completed only by patients with low PA&#44; in order to define their profile and the impact of their limitations&#46;</p><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Block 1&#58; Quantification of Physical Activity</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With regard to structure&#44; 80&#37; of panel members agreed that the tool should consist of quantitative and qualitative questions&#46; However&#44; after taking into account the level of information and the need to limit the number of questions&#44; it was decided in subsequent discussion to include only quantitative questions&#46; The panel agreed to remove the questions on self-care and domestic activities&#44; as these were considered typical of more advanced disease&#44; or gender discriminatory&#44; respectively&#46; Items that would be easily interpreted by the patients were selected&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The previously mentioned questionnaires were used as a reference to define the level of PA&#44; along with the list of examples given by the World Health Organization to define the term PA&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> The use of examples of activities with a similar metabolic expenditure was proposed&#44; for which the commonly accepted MET &#40;metabolic equivalent&#41; intervals were used&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Low PA was represented by the &#8220;walking&#8221; item&#44; with examples such as regular&#44; gentle walking&#44; going out to work&#44; and going shopping&#46; Examples representing moderate PA included climbing stairs&#44; dancing&#44; doing gentle exercises or carrying&#47;moving weights of less than 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#44; while intense activity was represented with examples such as running&#44; doing sports&#44; hiking&#44; and carrying&#47;moving weights of more than 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#46; Finally&#44; it was agreed that inactivity would be described with examples that involve sitting down&#44; reading&#44; watching television&#44; using the computer&#44; or doing handicrafts &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The structure of the questionnaire was designed with the aim of achieving good applicability and ease of use&#46; The expert panel found in their standard clinical practice that the structure of the COPD Assessment Test<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> is particularly easy to use and applicable in a care setting&#44; so they agreed on the use of a similar structure with 6-point Likert scales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> for each of the blocks&#46; In order to make the questionnaire easier for the patient to complete&#44; a single question for each PA dimension was used&#44; with a time frame of the last 7 days&#44; and a question on frequency &#40;average number of days per week&#41; was added&#46; The low activity block uses the following categories&#58; 0&#61;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; 1&#8804;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; 2&#61;16&#8211;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; 3&#61;31&#8211;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; 4&#61;61&#8211;120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min and 5&#8805;120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; while for moderate or intense exercise the time interval was reduced&#44; as proposed in the Baecke questionnaire&#58; 0&#61;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; 1&#61;&#60;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; 2&#61;5&#8211;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; 3&#61;16&#8211;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; 4&#61;31&#8211;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min and 5&#61;46&#8211;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; In the dimension of inactivity&#44; the score is assigned in reverse&#58; 0&#8805;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#47;day&#44; 1&#61;7 to 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#47;day&#44; 2&#61;5&#8211;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#47;day&#44; 3&#61;3&#8211;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#47;day&#44; 4&#61;1&#8211;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#47;day and 5&#8804;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#47;day&#46; Completion of this first block of the SAQ-COPD will provide an overall score that will be used to classify the patient as active or low PA&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Block 2&#58; Profile and Impact</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This second questionnaire block will only be completed by patients with low PA according to the result obtained in Block 1&#46; Nine profile items were defined and divided into 4 patient profiles&#58; &#40;a&#41; low PA according to symptoms &#40;respiratory&#44; musculoskeletal&#44; and cardiocirculatory&#41;&#59; &#40;b&#41; mood&#59; &#40;c&#41; external conditions &#40;climate&#44; characteristics of the home&#44; and social burden&#41;&#59; and &#40;d&#41; engagement &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; to evaluate impact&#44; items were created for comparing the patient with other individuals of the same age in the same environment&#44; providing information about their expectations and whether their lack of PA made them more dependent&#46; Thus&#44; the first version of the SAQ-COPD questionnaire was drafted &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Linguistic Comprehension</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sixteen patients were included with a mean age of 64&#46;6 years&#59; 85&#37; men&#44; 12&#46;5&#37; with no education&#44; 56&#46;25&#37; with primary education&#44; 25&#37; with secondary education&#44; and 6&#46;25&#37; with university education&#59; 20&#37; unemployed and 80&#37; retired&#46; Diagnosis was severe COPD in 75&#37;&#44; moderate COPD in 18&#46;75&#37;&#44; and mild COPD in 6&#46;25&#37;&#46; Total mean time for questionnaire completion was 4&#46;53<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min &#40;63&#46;57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s for the activity dimension&#44; 142&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s for the patient profile&#44; and 66&#46;28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s for impact&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Results showed that over 30&#37; of the participants had difficulties understanding the word &#8220;mean&#8221; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">promedio</span> in Spanish&#41;&#44; so it was changed to &#8220;average&#8221; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">por termino medio</span> in Spanish&#41;&#46; Another 3 items were reworded&#58; &#8220;I do not do more physical activity principally because I have nowhere to do it in my neighborhood or because I have to make a major effort to get in or out of the house&#8221; was changed to &#8220;I do not do more physical activity mainly because I have nowhere to do it in my neighborhood or because I get too tired entering or leaving the building where I live&#8221;&#59; &#8220;I do not do more physical activity principally because I have to take care of a family member&#8221; was changed to &#8220;I do not do more physical activity mainly because I have to take care of a family member&#8221;&#59; and &#8220;I do not do physical activity principally because I am embarrassed&#8221; was changed to &#8220;I do not do physical activity mainly because I am embarrassed&#8221;&#46; These changes were verified in 14 patients with mean age of 65&#46;14 years&#59; 92&#46;8&#37; men&#59; 21&#46;4&#37; with no education&#44; 64&#46;2&#37; with primary education and 14&#46;2&#37; with secondary education&#59; 85&#46;7&#37; retirees&#59; 57&#46;1&#37; with moderate COPD and 42&#46;8&#37; with severe COPD&#46; The results confirmed perfect comprehension of the modified items&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Discussion</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The new physical activity questionnaire for COPD patients &#40;SAQ-COPD&#41; has several new features&#58; &#40;1&#41; it is a simple&#44; easy-to-complete questionnaire&#44; which in our opinion can be used in clinical practice&#59; &#40;2&#41; it is specifically designed for patients with COPD of any intensity&#59; and &#40;3&#41; it has the additional advantage of investigating the reasons or motives that induce physical inactivity &#40;low PA profile&#41; and the impact of inactivity on the patient&#46; All these potential benefits must be verified and validated in a future study that will refine this preliminary version&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While developing the questionnaire&#44; priority was given to ease of administration and the discriminatory capacity of the tool&#46; With regard to ease of administration&#44; the block design and the clarity of the questions should ensure that the instrument is quick to complete&#44; making it appropriate for administration by professionals in routine clinical practice&#46; The results of the cognitive validation have shown that the questionnaire is simple &#40;takes less than 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min to complete&#41; and easily understood by patients&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Information collected on the amount&#44; intensity&#44; and frequency of activity and inactivity&#44; along with a careful selection of items and examples&#44; must be evaluated to confirm the instrument&#39;s capacity to discriminate PA limitations even in the early stages of the disease&#44; or to analyze changes over time&#46; Other studies have attempted to compare PA evaluated in questionnaires with objective motion sensors&#44; but results have been varied&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;26</span></a> Recently&#44; the utility of 4 questionnaires has been compared with PA measured by accelerometers in COPD patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Unfortunately&#44; correlation between the objective measurement of PA and the questionnaire score was poor in all cases&#46; The authors recognize that this issue must be specifically addressed in the validation study&#44; and scoring thresholds will be set that will better distinguish between low and adequate PA at different levels of disease severity&#46; Sensitivity to change must also be an objective of the future validation&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As mentioned above&#44; COPD patients sometimes have sufficient functional capacity to perform certain activities&#44; but do not do so for different reasons &#40;concomitant diseases&#44; deliberate behavior&#44; physical or functional impediment&#41;&#46; However&#44; this issue is not addressed by current PA questionnaires&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#8211;22</span></a> Therefore&#44; the aim of this questionnaire is not only to detect a decrease in PA&#44; but also to define why the patient&#39;s PA level is reduced&#44; since there may be underlying reasons that could be susceptible to therapeutic intervention&#46; This approach is used in other aspects of the same disease&#44; such as the Test of Adherence to Inhalers&#44; which has the added value of classifying the causes of non-adherence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Similarly&#44; this questionnaire must be able to classify patients according to their low activity profile&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The panel also underlined the importance of the patient&#39;s own engagement and their expectations with regard to with their current PA status&#44; factors which should be assessed at the time of planning an intervention&#46; Thus&#44; the concept of impact was defined and included in the questionnaire&#46; This measurement is designed to show if the limitation is endured or accepted by the patient&#44; in which case he&#47;she may not be receptive to a therapeutic action&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; in this article we present to the scientific community the SAQ-COPD questionnaire&#44; a tool with high potential in terms of applicability and sensitivity&#46; However&#44; the subsequent validation procedure in COPD patient may generate changes in the form and content of the questionnaire&#46; The validation process began with the evaluation of the comprehension and cognitive validity of the tool in a small group of COPD patients&#44; and will later include the remaining psychometric properties &#40;feasibility analysis&#44; floor and ceiling effects&#44; concept validity&#44; criterion validity vs accelerometer&#44; construct validity&#44; internal consistency&#44; test-retest reliability&#44; and sensitivity to change&#41; in a wider analysis in the same type of patients&#46; The validation applies specifically to the first block of the questionnaire&#44; which discriminates if the patient is active or presents low PA&#46; Given the complexity of validating the causes that underlie the patient&#39;s profile&#44; this information will not undergo the validation process&#44; although it will be analyzed&#46; Finally&#44; the validation of the impact of a low PA compared to the COPD Assessment Test is planned&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Funding</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was funded by an unrestricted grant from AstraZeneca Farmaceutica Spain&#44; S&#46;A&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Juan Jos&#233; Soler Catalu&#241;a has received fees for scientific consultancy or for speaking engagements from AstraZeneca&#44; Boehringer Ingelheim&#44; Chiesi&#44; Ferrer&#44; GlaxoSmithKline&#44; Laboratorios Esteve&#44; Menarini&#44; Mundipharma&#44; Novartis&#44; Rovi and Teva&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Luis Puente Maestu has received payment for consultancy&#44; research grants and funds for courses from AstraZeneca&#44; Boehringer Ingelheim&#44; Boston Scientific&#44; Chiesi&#44; Esteve&#44; GSK&#44; Menarini&#44; Novartis&#44; Roche&#44; Vyasis and Zambon&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Miguel Rom&#225;n-Rodr&#237;guez has received fees for scientific consultancy or for speaking engagements from AstraZeneca&#44; Boehringer Ingelheim&#44; Chiesi&#44; GlaxoSmithKline&#44; Menarini&#44; Mundipharma&#44; Novartis&#44; Pfeizer&#44; Rovi and Teva&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Crist&#243;bal Esteban has no conflicto of interest with regard to this article&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Joaqu&#237;n Gea has no conflicto of interest with regard to this article&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Roberto Bernabeu Mora has received fees for scientific consultancy or for speaking engagements from AstraZeneca&#44; Menarini&#44; Boehringer Ingelheim&#44; Esteve&#44; Novartis&#44; Ferrer&#44; Rovi&#44; Pfizer&#44; Orion&#44; Chiesi&#44; Teva&#44; GlaxoSmithKline and Mundipharma&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eulogio Pleguezuelos Cobo has no conflicto of interest with regard to this article&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gema Montegaudo Ruiz is currently an employee of AstraZeneca S&#46;A&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Julio Ancochea has received fees for scientific consultancy or for speaking engagements from Actelion&#44; Air Liquide&#44; Almirall&#44; AstraZeneca&#44; Boehringer Ingelheim&#44; Carburos M&#233;dica&#44; Chiesi&#44; Faes Farma&#44; Ferrer&#44; GlaxoSmithKline&#44; InterMune&#44; Linde Healthcare&#44; Menarini&#44; MSD&#44; Mundipharma&#44; Novartis&#44; Pfizer&#44; Roche&#44; Rovi&#44; Sandoz&#44; Takeda and Teva&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Francisco Garc&#237;a Rio has received funding for research projects&#44; scientific consultancy and conferences from AstraZeneca&#44; Boehringer Ingelheim&#44; Chiesi&#44; GlaxoSmithKline&#44; Esteve&#44; Novartis and Teva&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2017-07-31"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2018-01-23"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Physical activity &#40;PA&#41; is a significant clinical dimension in COPD&#44; but no useful tools are available to determine this variable in routine clinical practice&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objective</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To create a simple&#44; easy-to-use&#44; specific questionnaire to detect PA deficits&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Method</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A multidisciplinary panel of COPD experts was formed to review PA&#44; its determinants&#44; and measuring methods&#46; The methodology for selecting specific dimensions and items was agreed in rounds&#44; and the aspects to be included in the preliminary version were determined&#46; The questionnaire structure was defined according to applicability of these aspects in clinical practice&#46; Agreements were reached by consensus of the members&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 148 items were reviewed&#44; of which only 3 were directly selected&#46; It was decided that the questionnaire should evaluate the intensity &#40;low&#44; moderate&#44; or intense&#41;&#44; amount&#44; and frequency of PA&#44; and inactivity or sedentary lifestyles&#46; It also gathers information on the profile of inactive patients&#44; and includes a measure of impact&#44; defined as the patient&#39;s perception of their expectations regarding activity&#44; their personal experience&#44; characteristics of their environment&#44; and their personality&#46; The questionnaire is divided into 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>blocks&#44; one aimed at quantifying PA&#44; and the other at collecting data for defining the profile and impact in patients with low PA only&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The SAQ-COPD is a simple&#44; short&#44; specific questionnaire&#44; designed to evaluate PA in COPD patients in clinical practice&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Aunque la actividad f&#237;sica &#40;AF&#41; es una dimensi&#243;n cl&#237;nica relevante en la EPOC&#44; no existen instrumentos &#250;tiles en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica habitual&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Crear un nuevo cuestionario espec&#237;fico&#44; sencillo y de f&#225;cil aplicaci&#243;n que detecte el d&#233;ficit de AF&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se cre&#243; un panel multidisciplinar de expertos en EPOC y se revis&#243; el estado de la cuesti&#243;n sobre AF&#44; sus determinantes y m&#233;todos de medida&#46; Se consensu&#243; la metodolog&#237;a de selecci&#243;n de dimensiones e &#237;tems espec&#237;ficos por rondas&#44; definiendo las dimensiones e &#237;tems sobre los que formar la versi&#243;n preliminar&#46; La estructura del cuestionario fue definida de acuerdo con su aplicabilidad en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica&#46; Los acuerdos se alcanzaron por consenso de los miembros&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se revisaron un total de 148 &#237;tems&#44; de los que solo fueron seleccionados directamente 3&#46; Se defini&#243; que el cuestionario deb&#237;a evaluar la intensidad &#40;baja&#44; moderada o intensa&#41;&#44; cantidad y frecuencia de AF&#44; as&#237; como la inactividad o sedentarismo&#46; Tambi&#233;n ofrece informaci&#243;n sobre el perfil del paciente con baja actividad e incluye una medida de impacto&#44; definido como la percepci&#243;n del paciente respecto a sus expectativas de actividad&#44; lo que abarca su experiencia personal&#44; caracter&#237;sticas de su entorno y personalidad&#46; El cuestionario queda dividido en 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bloques&#58; una herramienta destinada a cuantificar la AF y una parte informativa&#44; solo para los pacientes con baja AF&#44; destinada a definir su perfil e impacto&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El SAQ-COPD es un cuestionario espec&#237;fico&#44; breve y sencillo&#44; para evaluar la AF en pacientes con EPOC&#44; que se ha definido para que sea aplicable en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Soler-Catalu&#241;a JJ&#44; Maestu LP&#44; Rom&#225;n-Rodr&#237;guez M&#44; Esteban C&#44; Gea J&#44; Mora RB&#44; et al&#46; Creaci&#243;n del cuestionario SAQ-COPD &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Spanish Physical Activity Questionnaire in COPD</span>&#41; para la medida de la actividad f&#237;sica de pacientes con EPOC en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica&#46; Arch Bronconeumol&#46; 2018&#59;54&#58;467&#8211;475&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Stages in the process of drafting and validating the SAQ-COPD questionnaire&#46; The questionnaire was drafted in 3 phases&#58; &#40;1&#41; review of the literature and identification of unmet needs&#59; &#40;2&#41; selection of dimensions and items&#44; and &#40;3&#41; structure of the preliminary version of the questionnaire&#46; Cognitive validation is also included in this article&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SAQ-COPD questionnaire components&#46; Block 1&#58; quantification of the degree of physical activity&#46; Applicable to all patients&#46; Block 2&#58; evaluation of the low activity profile and the impact of limitation on the patient&#46; To be completed only in patients with a low activity profile&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Baecke<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LCADL<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Yale<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Standford<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PROACTIVE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PASE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">IPAQ<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Created for COPD</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Quantitative</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Qualitative</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Population</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Young adults&#44; individuals older than 60 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">COPD patients&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Older individuals&#44; older individuals with COPD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">General population&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">COPD patients&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Individuals &#8805;65 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">General population&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Personal interview or self-administered</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Self-administered&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Self-administered&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Personal interview and self-administered&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Personal interview and self-administered&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Self-administered&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Self-administered or personal interview&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Self-administered&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Validated in the Spanish population</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Maximum period considered</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 week&#47;1 year&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Last few days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">One week in the last month&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Diary&#47;7 days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Diary&#47;7 days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Diary&#47;7 days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Number of items</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;daily&#41;&#44; 14 &#40;weekly&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Duration of administration in minutes</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not described&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not described&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dimensions</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sport&#44; walking&#44; watching television&#44; riding a bike&#44; sweating&#44; leisure activities excluding sport&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Self-care&#44; domestic activities&#44; physical activities&#44; and leisure activities&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Total time of activities listed&#44; domestic work&#44; work&#44; work in the garden&#47;patio&#44; care&#44; family&#44; exercise&#44; leisure activities&#44; low activity&#44; moderate activity&#44; intense activity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Quantification of hours of sleep&#44; work&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Walking&#44; self-care&#44; dyspnea&#44; fatigue&#44; sleep&#44; and pedometer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sports activities&#44; work&#44; including walking outside the home&#59; mild&#44; moderate or vigorous leisure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Vigorous&#44; moderate and sedentary activities&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="8" align="left" valign="top" scope="col">SAQ-COPD Questionnaire &#40;Spanish Physical Activity Questionnaire in COPD&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="8" align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Please indicate the situation that best reflects your average level of physical activity in the last 7 days&#46;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Score</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Days in week&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">In the last 7 days&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16&#8211;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31&#8211;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61&#8211;120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">How many days did you walk outside&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">How long <span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">on average</span> have you walked outside every day&#63;<br>&#40;Walking regularly&#44; on the way to work&#44; going out shopping&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">In the last 7 days&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#8211;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16&#8211;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31&#8211;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;46<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">How many days did you do moderate activities&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">How long <span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">on average</span> have you spent every day doing moderate physical activities&#63;<br>&#40;Climbing stairs&#44; dancing&#44; doing gentle exercises&#44; moving&#47;carrying weights less than 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">In the last 7 days&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#8211;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16&#8211;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31&#8211;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;46<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">How many days did you do intense activities&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">How long <span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">on average</span> have you spent every day doing intense physical activities&#63; &#40;Running&#44; other sport&#44; hiking&#44; moving&#47;carrying weights greater than 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">In the last 7 days&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">More than 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#8211;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#8211;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h a day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#8211;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h a day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#8211;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h a day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Less than 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">How many days do you do activities that you do sitting down&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">How long <span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">on average</span> have you spent doing activities that you do sitting down &#40;including your usual work&#41;&#63;<br>&#40;Reading&#44; watching television&#44; using the computer&#44; crafts&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="8" align="left" valign="top">Only complete if the patient has been classified as low activity</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="8" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Profile</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="8" align="left" valign="top">Please rate the following statements according to their importance in your case&#58;</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab1838788.png"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">It doesn&#8217;t bother me at all&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">It completely inhibits me&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">I don&#8217;t do more physical activity mainly because I am short of breath &#40;or I get fatigued&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">I don&#8217;t do more physical activity mainly because my legs get tired&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">I don&#8217;t do more physical activity mainly because it hurts my back or my legs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">I don&#8217;t do more physical activity mainly because I feel discouraged or I am afraid&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">I don&#8217;t do more physical activity mainly because I have nowhere to do it in my neighborhood or because I get too tired entering or leaving the building where I live&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">I don&#8217;t do more physical activity mainly because I have to take care of a family member&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">I don&#8217;t do more physical activity because I am discouraged by the weather where I live&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">I don&#8217;t do physical activity mainly because I am embarrassed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">I don&#8217;t do physical activity because I don&#8217;t like exercising&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab1838790.png"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Impact&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">To what extent do you agree about the impact of physical activity on your health and disease&#63; Please rate the following statements according to your case&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab1838789.png"
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            3 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Not at all&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Totally&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">I believe that the lack of activity worsens my disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">The lack of activity prevents me from having more social life&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#9647;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Thank you very much for your collaboration&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">&#169; Copyright 2017 AstraZeneca Farmac&#233;utica Spain&#44; S&#46;A&#46; All rights reserved&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Reproduction or dissemination of any part of this document in any format without the express written permission from the copyright holder is strictly forbidden&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Journal Information
Vol. 54. Issue 9.
Pages 467-475 (September 2018)
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4794
Vol. 54. Issue 9.
Pages 467-475 (September 2018)
Special Article
Full text access
Creation of the SAQ-COPD Questionnaire to Determine Physical Activity in COPD Patients in Clinical Practice
Creación del cuestionario SAQ-COPD (Spanish Physical Activity Questionnaire in COPD) para la medida de la actividad física de pacientes con EPOC en la práctica clínica
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Juan José Soler-Cataluñaa,b,
Corresponding author
jjsoler@telefonica.net

Corresponding author.
, Luis Puente Maestuc, Miguel Román-Rodríguezd, Cristóbal Estebane, Joaquín Geab,f, Roberto Bernabeu Morag, Eulogio Pleguezuelos Coboh, Julio Ancocheai, Gema Monteagudo Ruizj, Francisco Garcia Riok
a Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Valencia, Spain
b CIBERES (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
c Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina UCM, Madrid, Spain
d Centro de Salud Son Pisa, Atención Primaria; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Baleares (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
e Hospital de Galdakao, Red de Investigación en Servicios Sanitarios y Enfermedades Crónicas (REDISSEC), Bilbao (Vizcaya), Spain
f Hospital del Mar, IMIM, DCEXS (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
g Hospital General Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain
h Hospital de Mataró, Mataró (Barcelona), Spain
i Hospital La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
j Astrazeneca S.A., Madrid, Spain
k Hospital La Paz, IdiPAZ y CIBERES (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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Table 1. Review of Physical Activity Questionnaires.
Table 2. SAQ-COPD Questionnaire (Spanish Physical Activity Questionnaire in COPD).
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Additional material (1)
Abstract
Introduction

Physical activity (PA) is a significant clinical dimension in COPD, but no useful tools are available to determine this variable in routine clinical practice.

Objective

To create a simple, easy-to-use, specific questionnaire to detect PA deficits.

Method

A multidisciplinary panel of COPD experts was formed to review PA, its determinants, and measuring methods. The methodology for selecting specific dimensions and items was agreed in rounds, and the aspects to be included in the preliminary version were determined. The questionnaire structure was defined according to applicability of these aspects in clinical practice. Agreements were reached by consensus of the members.

Results

A total of 148 items were reviewed, of which only 3 were directly selected. It was decided that the questionnaire should evaluate the intensity (low, moderate, or intense), amount, and frequency of PA, and inactivity or sedentary lifestyles. It also gathers information on the profile of inactive patients, and includes a measure of impact, defined as the patient's perception of their expectations regarding activity, their personal experience, characteristics of their environment, and their personality. The questionnaire is divided into 2blocks, one aimed at quantifying PA, and the other at collecting data for defining the profile and impact in patients with low PA only.

Conclusion

The SAQ-COPD is a simple, short, specific questionnaire, designed to evaluate PA in COPD patients in clinical practice.

Keywords:
Physical activity
COPD
Questionnaire
Resumen
Introducción

Aunque la actividad física (AF) es una dimensión clínica relevante en la EPOC, no existen instrumentos útiles en la práctica clínica habitual.

Objetivo

Crear un nuevo cuestionario específico, sencillo y de fácil aplicación que detecte el déficit de AF.

Método

Se creó un panel multidisciplinar de expertos en EPOC y se revisó el estado de la cuestión sobre AF, sus determinantes y métodos de medida. Se consensuó la metodología de selección de dimensiones e ítems específicos por rondas, definiendo las dimensiones e ítems sobre los que formar la versión preliminar. La estructura del cuestionario fue definida de acuerdo con su aplicabilidad en la práctica clínica. Los acuerdos se alcanzaron por consenso de los miembros.

Resultados

Se revisaron un total de 148 ítems, de los que solo fueron seleccionados directamente 3. Se definió que el cuestionario debía evaluar la intensidad (baja, moderada o intensa), cantidad y frecuencia de AF, así como la inactividad o sedentarismo. También ofrece información sobre el perfil del paciente con baja actividad e incluye una medida de impacto, definido como la percepción del paciente respecto a sus expectativas de actividad, lo que abarca su experiencia personal, características de su entorno y personalidad. El cuestionario queda dividido en 2bloques: una herramienta destinada a cuantificar la AF y una parte informativa, solo para los pacientes con baja AF, destinada a definir su perfil e impacto.

Conclusión

El SAQ-COPD es un cuestionario específico, breve y sencillo, para evaluar la AF en pacientes con EPOC, que se ha definido para que sea aplicable en la práctica clínica.

Palabras clave:
Actividad física
EPOC
Cuestionario
Full Text
Introduction

Physical inactivity is the fourth most important risk factor for global mortality and is estimated to cause 5.5% of deaths worldwide.1 Given its importance, physical activity (PA) is actively encouraged by the World Health Organization,2 which considers it to be one of the most beneficial health measures.3 There is, then, a huge interest in the development of simple, reliable, and reproducible tools for the assessment, control and monitoring of the level of PA in clinical practice.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) limits PA in patients,4,5 even in early stages of the disease.6,7 Physical inactivity is one of the most important predictors of mortality in COPD patients,8,9 and is associated with a high risk of hospitalization and readmission.10 Inactivity is not only a result of functional respiratory impairment, but depends also on other factors,11 including dyspnea, pulmonary hyperinflation, age, and peripheral muscle weakness.11 Factors which have received less attention include comorbidities, sociodemographic factors (race, socioeconomic status, education level, etc.) and lifestyle (smoking, use of alcohol, day of the week, etc.), and even the patient's own engagement and expectations regarding their current disease status can have an impact on PA.

PA can be measured using motion sensors or questionnaires. Motion sensors mainly include step counters (pedometers) or body acceleration monitors (accelerometers). These devices record the number of steps taken in a certain time period, distance covered, activity pattern, estimation of energy expenditure or intensity, and PA level. Motion sensors are more precise, but are less accessible for daily clinical practice.12,13 Compared to these devices, questionnaires are a simple, inexpensive way of evaluating PA, although they are subjective and vary widely with regard to data collected, survey period, communication of results, and other aspects.12–15 Many PA questionnaires are not specific for COPD patients, or have a limited discriminatory capacity to detect changes or early alterations. They do not distinguish between involuntary and voluntary or adaptive inactivity, nor are other areas of PA considered, such as social barriers and cultural or motivational factors, so they do not provide a detailed profile of the inactive patient that would help lay the basis for a therapeutic intervention. Moreover, most available questionnaires are too long and complex to be administered in a busy health center.

The aim of this study was to create a specific questionnaire for COPD patients that would be simple, easy and relatively quick to administer, and would detect physically inactive patients, thus providing the doctor with additional information for distinguishing inactivity as a personal choice from voluntary-adaptive or functional incapacity-related inactivity, while taking into account the different barriers. Below, we describe the working methodology and the first proposal for the SAQ-COPD (Spanish Activity Questionnaire in COPD) questionnaire.

Methodology

To create this new physical activity questionnaire, a working group was formed, consisting of a multidisciplinary panel of experts in the management and treatment of COPD that included 7 respiratory medicine specialists, a family medicine specialist, and a specialist in physical medicine and rehabilitation. The new questionnaire was developed in 3 phases (Fig. 1). The resulting questionnaire underwent cognitive validation.

Figure 1.

Stages in the process of drafting and validating the SAQ-COPD questionnaire. The questionnaire was drafted in 3 phases: (1) review of the literature and identification of unmet needs; (2) selection of dimensions and items, and (3) structure of the preliminary version of the questionnaire. Cognitive validation is also included in this article.

(0.3MB).
Phase 1: Review of the Literature and Identification of Unmet Needs

This first phase had 2 objectives: (1) to review the current thinking about PA and its determinants in clinical practice, and to review the existing measurement methods and needs not met by previous questionnaires; and (2) to agree on the methodology for selecting dimensions and items for the first draft of the tool. A non-systematic literature search was performed in PubMed with the aim of identifying the determinants of PA and the most important questionnaires, in the opinion of the panel members, in order to select dimensions and items that could serve as the basis for the construction of a questionnaire. Questionnaires were considered if they were brief and validated for use in COPD, or had been used in international studies. Consensus was reached among all members of the panel using a methodology of selection by rounds (Delphi method) followed by discussion of the result.

Phase 2: Definition of Dimensions and Questionnaire Items

The aim of this phase was to define the dimensions and to select the variables that would shape the preliminary version of the questionnaire, and to precisely define which aspects should be measured (amount of PA, inactivity profile, and impact).

Using the selected questionnaires, a list of variables, classified as quantitative or qualitative and according to the dimensions analyzed (general activity, domestic activities, leisure, care of others, and self-care), was drawn up. The working group reviewed an initial selection of variables derived from these questionnaires. To evaluate the degree of agreement among the panel members, each item was rated on a 1–9 Likert scale, in which scores were grouped as 1–3 (“very strongly disagree”), 4–6 (“agree”), and 7–9 (“very much agree”). Items were accepted as candidates for inclusion in the new tool if at least 60% of panel members rated them as “very much agree”. Items rated “agree” or “very much agree” by 50%–60% of panel members were submitted for another round and subsequent discussion. All other items were discarded. Arbitrary thresholds for selecting items were previously agreed upon by the Scientific Committee. Panel members were also asked if the tool should be quantitative or qualitative, and if a technological measurement should also be included.

Phase 3: Structure of the SAQ-COPD Questionnaire

The structure and presentation of the questionnaire in terms of its applicability in clinical practice were defined in the last phase, and the preliminary version of the tool was drafted.

Cognitive Validation

A linguistic comprehension analysis was performed to confirm that each item was comprehensible, or if rewording was necessary. The factors evaluated were: words that might be unfamiliar or ambiguous, the clarity of the item, the time needed to complete the item, and the time needed to complete the dimension. It was determined that items that 30% or more of patients found hard to understand would require modification and re-assessment. Data were collected on age, sex, educational level, employment status, and severity of the disease for the characterization of the sample.

ResultsPhase 1: Review of Previous Physical Activity Questionnaires and Identification of Unmet Needs

The following questionnaires were selected: Baeck,16 LCADL (London Chest Activity of Daily Living scale),17 Yale,18 Stanford Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall,19 PASE (Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly),20 IPAQ (Physical Activity Questionnaire Short-Form),21 and the questionnaire developed by the PROactive initiative22 (Table 1). Of these, only the PROactive22 and LCADL17 were developed specifically for COPD, although the Yale questionnaire18 was also validated for these patients at a later date.

Table 1.

Review of Physical Activity Questionnaires.

  Baecke16  LCADL17  Yale18  Standford19  PROACTIVE22  PASE19  IPAQ21 
Created for COPD  No  Yes  No  No  Yes  No  No 
Quantitative  No  No  Yes  Yes  Yes  Yes  Yes 
Qualitative  Yes  Yes  Yes  Yes  Yes  Yes  No 
Population  Young adults, individuals older than 60 years  COPD patients  Older individuals, older individuals with COPD  General population  COPD patients  Individuals ≥65 years  General population 
Personal interview or self-administered  Self-administered  Self-administered  Personal interview and self-administered  Personal interview and self-administered  Self-administered  Self-administered or personal interview  Self-administered 
Validated in the Spanish population  Yes  Yes  Yes  No  No  Yes  Yes 
Maximum period considered  1 week/1 year  Last few days  One week in the last month  7 days  Diary/7 days  Diary/7 days  Diary/7 days 
Number of items  14  16  32  9 (daily), 14 (weekly)  20 
Duration of administration in minutes  10  20  20  Not described  Not described 
Dimensions  Sport, walking, watching television, riding a bike, sweating, leisure activities excluding sport  Self-care, domestic activities, physical activities, and leisure activities  Total time of activities listed, domestic work, work, work in the garden/patio, care, family, exercise, leisure activities, low activity, moderate activity, intense activity  Quantification of hours of sleep, work  Walking, self-care, dyspnea, fatigue, sleep, and pedometer  Sports activities, work, including walking outside the home; mild, moderate or vigorous leisure  Vigorous, moderate and sedentary activities 

There are many different methods of measuring the duration, intensity and frequency of PA, and not all specifically measure inactivity. Mean duration for completion is over 10min, which is excessively long. It was agreed unanimously that none of the referenced questionnaires was routinely used in daily clinical practice. The PA described in the items involved relatively demanding activities, with very little discriminative capacity, particularly among patients with COPD with less functional involvement. The reviewed questionnaires do not assess inactivity or sensitivity to change, nor do they study the factors determining low PA in any depth. The conclusion was that a simple questionnaire that could be used in clinical practice was required.

Phase 2: Identification of Dimensions and Questionnaire Items

A total of 148 items were reviewed, of which 3 were rated “very much agree” by 83.3% of panel members and thus selected directly; 2 of these were taken from the PROactive22 instrument (“How much walking did you do outside today?” and “In the past 7 days, how much walking did you do outside?”), and 1 from the PASE20 (“On average, how many hours per day did you spend walking?”). Another 45 criteria were selected after another round of opinion and discussion. The remaining criteria were discarded, and the first proposal for the questionnaire was drafted. Taking into account the review undertaken and the situation of the COPD patient, the questionnaire structure should include PA intensity (low, moderate, and intense), and inactivity or a sedentary lifestyle, as this is considered to complement PA itself. The amount and frequency of PA must also be measured. The panel members suggested that the questionnaire should offer the physician additional information on the patient with low activity and the impact of their limitations. Investigating the possible causes or motives of low PA could provide data that might form a useful basis for therapeutic intervention. This way, the impact would be defined as the patient's perception of their expectations of activity, which would include their personal experience, characteristics of their environment, and their personality.

Phase 3: Structure of the SAQ-COPD Questionnaire

The new questionnaire is divided into 2 blocks. The first is a tool aimed at quantifying PA and differentiating between active patients and those with low activity levels, and the second, which is informative in nature, will be completed only by patients with low PA, in order to define their profile and the impact of their limitations.

Block 1: Quantification of Physical Activity

With regard to structure, 80% of panel members agreed that the tool should consist of quantitative and qualitative questions. However, after taking into account the level of information and the need to limit the number of questions, it was decided in subsequent discussion to include only quantitative questions. The panel agreed to remove the questions on self-care and domestic activities, as these were considered typical of more advanced disease, or gender discriminatory, respectively. Items that would be easily interpreted by the patients were selected.

The previously mentioned questionnaires were used as a reference to define the level of PA, along with the list of examples given by the World Health Organization to define the term PA.23 The use of examples of activities with a similar metabolic expenditure was proposed, for which the commonly accepted MET (metabolic equivalent) intervals were used.2 Low PA was represented by the “walking” item, with examples such as regular, gentle walking, going out to work, and going shopping. Examples representing moderate PA included climbing stairs, dancing, doing gentle exercises or carrying/moving weights of less than 20kg, while intense activity was represented with examples such as running, doing sports, hiking, and carrying/moving weights of more than 20kg. Finally, it was agreed that inactivity would be described with examples that involve sitting down, reading, watching television, using the computer, or doing handicrafts (Table 2).

Table 2.

SAQ-COPD Questionnaire (Spanish Physical Activity Questionnaire in COPD).

SAQ-COPD Questionnaire (Spanish Physical Activity Questionnaire in COPD)
Please indicate the situation that best reflects your average level of physical activity in the last 7 days.
  ScoreDays in week 
   
In the last 7 days:  0min  <15min  16–30min  31–60min  61–120min  <120min  How many days did you walk outside? 
How long on average have you walked outside every day?
(Walking regularly, on the way to work, going out shopping, etc.) 
▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯   
In the last 7 days:  0min  <5min  5–15min  16–30min  31–45min  <46min  How many days did you do moderate activities? 
How long on average have you spent every day doing moderate physical activities?
(Climbing stairs, dancing, doing gentle exercises, moving/carrying weights less than 20kg, etc.) 
▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯   
In the last 7 days:  0min  <5min  5–15min  16–30min  31–45min  >46min  How many days did you do intense activities? 
How long on average have you spent every day doing intense physical activities? (Running, other sport, hiking, moving/carrying weights greater than 20kg, etc.)  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯   
In the last 7 days:  More than 107–105–7h a day  3–5h a day  1–3h a day  Less than 1How many days do you do activities that you do sitting down? 
How long on average have you spent doing activities that you do sitting down (including your usual work)?
(Reading, watching television, using the computer, crafts, etc.) 
▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯   
Only complete if the patient has been classified as low activity
Profile
Please rate the following statements according to their importance in your case:
  It doesn’t bother me at all          It completely inhibits me 
 
I don’t do more physical activity mainly because I am short of breath (or I get fatigued)  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯ 
I don’t do more physical activity mainly because my legs get tired  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯ 
I don’t do more physical activity mainly because it hurts my back or my legs  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯ 
I don’t do more physical activity mainly because I feel discouraged or I am afraid  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯ 
I don’t do more physical activity mainly because I have nowhere to do it in my neighborhood or because I get too tired entering or leaving the building where I live  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯ 
I don’t do more physical activity mainly because I have to take care of a family member  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯ 
I don’t do more physical activity because I am discouraged by the weather where I live  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯ 
I don’t do physical activity mainly because I am embarrassed  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯ 
I don’t do physical activity because I don’t like exercising  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯ 
Impact 
To what extent do you agree about the impact of physical activity on your health and disease? Please rate the following statements according to your case: 
  Not at all          Totally 
 
I believe that the lack of activity worsens my disease  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯ 
The lack of activity prevents me from having more social life  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯ 
I think that the lack of activity makes me more dependent on other people  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯ 
I believe that if I did more activity I would be in a better mood/have more energy  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯ 
When I compare myself with other people my age, I think my physical activity is similar to that of others  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯  ▯ 
Thank you very much for your collaboration. 
© Copyright 2017 AstraZeneca Farmacéutica Spain, S.A. All rights reserved. 
Reproduction or dissemination of any part of this document in any format without the express written permission from the copyright holder is strictly forbidden. 

The structure of the questionnaire was designed with the aim of achieving good applicability and ease of use. The expert panel found in their standard clinical practice that the structure of the COPD Assessment Test24 is particularly easy to use and applicable in a care setting, so they agreed on the use of a similar structure with 6-point Likert scales25 for each of the blocks. In order to make the questionnaire easier for the patient to complete, a single question for each PA dimension was used, with a time frame of the last 7 days, and a question on frequency (average number of days per week) was added. The low activity block uses the following categories: 0=0min, 1≤15min, 2=16–30min, 3=31–60min, 4=61–120min and 5≥120min, while for moderate or intense exercise the time interval was reduced, as proposed in the Baecke questionnaire: 0=0min, 1=<5min, 2=5–15min, 3=16–30min, 4=31–45min and 5=46–60min. In the dimension of inactivity, the score is assigned in reverse: 0≥10h/day, 1=7 to 10h/day, 2=5–7h/day, 3=3–5h/day, 4=1–3h/day and 5≤1h/day. Completion of this first block of the SAQ-COPD will provide an overall score that will be used to classify the patient as active or low PA.

Block 2: Profile and Impact

This second questionnaire block will only be completed by patients with low PA according to the result obtained in Block 1. Nine profile items were defined and divided into 4 patient profiles: (a) low PA according to symptoms (respiratory, musculoskeletal, and cardiocirculatory); (b) mood; (c) external conditions (climate, characteristics of the home, and social burden); and (d) engagement (Fig. 2).

Figure 2.

SAQ-COPD questionnaire components. Block 1: quantification of the degree of physical activity. Applicable to all patients. Block 2: evaluation of the low activity profile and the impact of limitation on the patient. To be completed only in patients with a low activity profile.

(0.22MB).

Finally, to evaluate impact, items were created for comparing the patient with other individuals of the same age in the same environment, providing information about their expectations and whether their lack of PA made them more dependent. Thus, the first version of the SAQ-COPD questionnaire was drafted (Table 2).

Linguistic Comprehension

Sixteen patients were included with a mean age of 64.6 years; 85% men, 12.5% with no education, 56.25% with primary education, 25% with secondary education, and 6.25% with university education; 20% unemployed and 80% retired. Diagnosis was severe COPD in 75%, moderate COPD in 18.75%, and mild COPD in 6.25%. Total mean time for questionnaire completion was 4.53min (63.57s for the activity dimension, 142.3s for the patient profile, and 66.28s for impact).

Results showed that over 30% of the participants had difficulties understanding the word “mean” (promedio in Spanish), so it was changed to “average” (por termino medio in Spanish). Another 3 items were reworded: “I do not do more physical activity principally because I have nowhere to do it in my neighborhood or because I have to make a major effort to get in or out of the house” was changed to “I do not do more physical activity mainly because I have nowhere to do it in my neighborhood or because I get too tired entering or leaving the building where I live”; “I do not do more physical activity principally because I have to take care of a family member” was changed to “I do not do more physical activity mainly because I have to take care of a family member”; and “I do not do physical activity principally because I am embarrassed” was changed to “I do not do physical activity mainly because I am embarrassed”. These changes were verified in 14 patients with mean age of 65.14 years; 92.8% men; 21.4% with no education, 64.2% with primary education and 14.2% with secondary education; 85.7% retirees; 57.1% with moderate COPD and 42.8% with severe COPD. The results confirmed perfect comprehension of the modified items.

Discussion

The new physical activity questionnaire for COPD patients (SAQ-COPD) has several new features: (1) it is a simple, easy-to-complete questionnaire, which in our opinion can be used in clinical practice; (2) it is specifically designed for patients with COPD of any intensity; and (3) it has the additional advantage of investigating the reasons or motives that induce physical inactivity (low PA profile) and the impact of inactivity on the patient. All these potential benefits must be verified and validated in a future study that will refine this preliminary version.

While developing the questionnaire, priority was given to ease of administration and the discriminatory capacity of the tool. With regard to ease of administration, the block design and the clarity of the questions should ensure that the instrument is quick to complete, making it appropriate for administration by professionals in routine clinical practice. The results of the cognitive validation have shown that the questionnaire is simple (takes less than 5min to complete) and easily understood by patients.

Information collected on the amount, intensity, and frequency of activity and inactivity, along with a careful selection of items and examples, must be evaluated to confirm the instrument's capacity to discriminate PA limitations even in the early stages of the disease, or to analyze changes over time. Other studies have attempted to compare PA evaluated in questionnaires with objective motion sensors, but results have been varied.19,26 Recently, the utility of 4 questionnaires has been compared with PA measured by accelerometers in COPD patients.19 Unfortunately, correlation between the objective measurement of PA and the questionnaire score was poor in all cases. The authors recognize that this issue must be specifically addressed in the validation study, and scoring thresholds will be set that will better distinguish between low and adequate PA at different levels of disease severity. Sensitivity to change must also be an objective of the future validation.

As mentioned above, COPD patients sometimes have sufficient functional capacity to perform certain activities, but do not do so for different reasons (concomitant diseases, deliberate behavior, physical or functional impediment). However, this issue is not addressed by current PA questionnaires.16–22 Therefore, the aim of this questionnaire is not only to detect a decrease in PA, but also to define why the patient's PA level is reduced, since there may be underlying reasons that could be susceptible to therapeutic intervention. This approach is used in other aspects of the same disease, such as the Test of Adherence to Inhalers, which has the added value of classifying the causes of non-adherence.27 Similarly, this questionnaire must be able to classify patients according to their low activity profile.

The panel also underlined the importance of the patient's own engagement and their expectations with regard to with their current PA status, factors which should be assessed at the time of planning an intervention. Thus, the concept of impact was defined and included in the questionnaire. This measurement is designed to show if the limitation is endured or accepted by the patient, in which case he/she may not be receptive to a therapeutic action.

In conclusion, in this article we present to the scientific community the SAQ-COPD questionnaire, a tool with high potential in terms of applicability and sensitivity. However, the subsequent validation procedure in COPD patient may generate changes in the form and content of the questionnaire. The validation process began with the evaluation of the comprehension and cognitive validity of the tool in a small group of COPD patients, and will later include the remaining psychometric properties (feasibility analysis, floor and ceiling effects, concept validity, criterion validity vs accelerometer, construct validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and sensitivity to change) in a wider analysis in the same type of patients. The validation applies specifically to the first block of the questionnaire, which discriminates if the patient is active or presents low PA. Given the complexity of validating the causes that underlie the patient's profile, this information will not undergo the validation process, although it will be analyzed. Finally, the validation of the impact of a low PA compared to the COPD Assessment Test is planned.

Funding

This study was funded by an unrestricted grant from AstraZeneca Farmaceutica Spain, S.A.

Conflicts of Interest

Juan José Soler Cataluña has received fees for scientific consultancy or for speaking engagements from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Ferrer, GlaxoSmithKline, Laboratorios Esteve, Menarini, Mundipharma, Novartis, Rovi and Teva.

Luis Puente Maestu has received payment for consultancy, research grants and funds for courses from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Chiesi, Esteve, GSK, Menarini, Novartis, Roche, Vyasis and Zambon.

Miguel Román-Rodríguez has received fees for scientific consultancy or for speaking engagements from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, GlaxoSmithKline, Menarini, Mundipharma, Novartis, Pfeizer, Rovi and Teva.

Cristóbal Esteban has no conflicto of interest with regard to this article.

Joaquín Gea has no conflicto of interest with regard to this article.

Roberto Bernabeu Mora has received fees for scientific consultancy or for speaking engagements from AstraZeneca, Menarini, Boehringer Ingelheim, Esteve, Novartis, Ferrer, Rovi, Pfizer, Orion, Chiesi, Teva, GlaxoSmithKline and Mundipharma.

Eulogio Pleguezuelos Cobo has no conflicto of interest with regard to this article.

Gema Montegaudo Ruiz is currently an employee of AstraZeneca S.A.

Julio Ancochea has received fees for scientific consultancy or for speaking engagements from Actelion, Air Liquide, Almirall, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Carburos Médica, Chiesi, Faes Farma, Ferrer, GlaxoSmithKline, InterMune, Linde Healthcare, Menarini, MSD, Mundipharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Rovi, Sandoz, Takeda and Teva.

Francisco García Rio has received funding for research projects, scientific consultancy and conferences from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, GlaxoSmithKline, Esteve, Novartis and Teva.

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the editorial assistance of Antonio Torres-Ruiz (Dynamic Science S.L.). The opinions, interpretation of data, and conclusions contained in this article are the responsibility of the authors.

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Please cite this article as: Soler-Cataluña JJ, Maestu LP, Román-Rodríguez M, Esteban C, Gea J, Mora RB, et al. Creación del cuestionario SAQ-COPD (Spanish Physical Activity Questionnaire in COPD) para la medida de la actividad física de pacientes con EPOC en la práctica clínica. Arch Bronconeumol. 2018;54:467–475.

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