Journal Information
Vol. 42. Issue 9.
Pages 453-456 (September 2006)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 42. Issue 9.
Pages 453-456 (September 2006)
Review Article
Full text access
Assessing the Risk of Asthma in Infants and Pre-School Children
Visits
5339
José A. Castro-Rodríguez
Corresponding author
jacastro17@hotmail.com

Correspondence: Dr. J.A. Castro-Rodríguez. Avda. San Carlos de Apoquindo, 856. Las Condes. Santiago de Chile. Chile
Departamento de Medicina Respiratoria Infantil, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
This item has received
Article information

Childhood asthma is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease with several wheezing phenotypes (transient, atopic, nonatopic, and obese) and various clinical expressions of multifactorial origin. All forms, however, follow a similar course characterized by recurrent episodes of airway obstruction. Studies have shown that the onset of disease occurs early in life for the great majority of asthmatics, that airway inflammation and remodeling are present in schoolchildren with asthma, and that even infants with persistent wheezing present airway inflammation. The difficulty lies in the early identification of infants with recurrent wheezing who are at risk of suffering persistent asthma later in life. The Asthma Predictive Index, a simple tool validated in a longitudinal study, has been suggested for early identification of infants with recurrent wheezing who are at risk of developing asthma and whose lung function has undergone major irreversible damage during the first years of life.

Key words:
Wheezing
Phenotypes
Asthma
Asthma predictive index
Children

El asma infantil es una enfermedad inflamatoria heterogénea con diferentes fenotipos (con sibilancias transitorias, no atópicos, atópicos y obesos) y diferente expresión clínica y multifactorial, pero que siguen una vía común, caracterizada por cuadros recurrentes de obstrucción de la vía aérea. Se ha demostrado que la inmensa mayoría de asmáticos comienza su enfermedad en los primeros años de vida, que la inflama-ción y la remodelación de la vía aérea están ya presentes en escolares asmáticos e incluso que hay inflamación en lactantes con sibilancias persistentes. El problema consiste en iden-tificar tempranamente qué lactante con sibilancias recurrentes tiene riesgo de presentar posteriormente asma persistente. Se postula el uso del Algoritmo Predictor de Asma (Asthma Predictive Index), que es una herramienta simple, validada en estudios longitudinales y que nos permite identificar tempranamente ese fenotipo de lactantes sibilantes (cuya función pulmonar presenta su principal deterioro irreversible en los primeros años de vida) con riesgo de desarrollar asma.

Palabras clave:
Sibilancias
Fenotipos
Asma
Algoritmo predictor de asma
Niños
Full text is only aviable in PDF
References
[1]
Bel EH.
Clinical phenotypes of asthma.
Curr Opin Pulm Med., 10 (2004), pp. 44-50
[2]
Stevenson EC, Turner G, Heaney LG, et al.
Bronchoalveolar lavage findings suggest two different forms of childhood asthma.
Clin Exp Allergy, 27 (1997), pp. 1027-1035
[3]
Krawiec ME, Westcott JY, Chu HW, et al.
Persistent wheezing in very young children is associated with lower respiratory inflammation.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 163 (2001), pp. 1338-1343
[4]
Pohunek P, Roche WR, Turzikova J, Kudrmann J, Warner JO.
Eosinophilic inflammation in the bronchial mucosa of children with bronchial asthma.
Eur Resp J., 10 (1997), pp. 160
[5]
Payne DN, Rogers AV, Adelroth E, et al.
Early thickening of the reticular basement membrane in children with difficult asthma.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 167 (2003), pp. 78-82
[6]
Bisgaard H.
Use of inhaled corticosteroids in pediatric asthma.
Pediatr Pulmonol Suppl., 15 (1997), pp. 27-33
[7]
Pedersen S, Szefler S.
Pharmacological interventions.
Eur Respir J., 12 (1998), pp. 40S-45S
[8]
Haahtela T.
Early treatment of asthma.
Allergy, 54 (1999), pp. 74-81
[9]
Mallol J, Andrade R, Auger F, Rodríguez J, Alvarado R, Figueroa L.
Wheezing during the first year of life in infants from low-income population: a descriptive study.
Allergol Immunopathol (Madr), 33 (2005), pp. 257-263
[10]
Martinez FD, Wright AL, Taussig LM, Holberg CJ, Halonen M, Morgan WJ.
Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life. Group Health Medical Associates.
N Engl J Med., 332 (1995), pp. 133-138
[11]
Castro-Rodríguez JA, Holberg CJ, Morgan WJ, Wright AL, Martínez FD.
Increased incidence of asthmalike symptoms in girls who become overweight or obese during the school years.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 163 (2001), pp. 1344-1349
[12]
de Marco R, Locatelli F, Cerveri I, Bugiani M, Marinoni A, Giammanco G.
Italian Study on Asthma in Young Adults study group. Incidence and remission of asthma: a retrospective study on the natural history of asthma in Italy.
J Allergy Clin Immunol., 110 (2002), pp. 228-235
[13]
López IM, Sepúlveda H, Valdés I.
Risk factors in infants with lower respiratory tract diseases.
Rev Chil Pediatr, 65 (1994), pp. 154-157
[14]
Morgan WJ, Stern DA, Sherrill DL, Guerra S, Holberg CJ, Guilbert TW, et al.
Outcome of asthma and wheezing in the first 6 years of life: follow-up through adolescence.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 172 (2005), pp. 1253-1258
[15]
Stein RT, Holberg CJ, Morgan WJ, Wright AL, Lombardi E, Taussig L, et al.
Peak flow variability, methacholine responsiveness and atopy as markers for detecting different wheezing phenotypes in childhood.
Thorax, 52 (1997), pp. 946-952
[16]
Lau S, Illi S, Sommerfeld C, Niggemann B, Volkel K, Madloch C, Multicentre Allergy Study Group, et al.
Transient early wheeze is not associated with impaired lung function in 7-year-old children.
Eur Respir J., 21 (2003), pp. 834-841
[17]
Martínez FD.
Development of wheezing disorders and asthma in preschool children.
Pediatrics, 109 (2002), pp. 362-367
[18]
Brussee JE, Smit HA, Koopman LP, Wijga AH, Kerkhof M, Corver K, et al.
Interrupter resistance and wheezing phenotypes at 4 years of age.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 169 (2004), pp. 209-213
[19]
Speer CP, Silverman M.
Issues relating to children born prematurely.
Eur Respir J., 27 (1998), pp. 13S-16S
[20]
Ball TM, Castro-Rodríguez JA, Griffith KA, Holberg CJ, Martínez FD, Wright AL.
Siblings, day-care attendance, and the risk of asthma and wheezing during childhood.
N Engl J Med., 343 (2000), pp. 538-543
[21]
Stein RT, Holberg CJ, Sherrill D, et al.
Influence of parental smoking on respiratory symptoms during the first decade of life: the Tucson Children's Respiratory Study.
Am J Epidemiol., 149 (1999), pp. 1030-1037
[22]
Stein RT, Sherrill D, Morgan WJ, et al.
Respiratory syncytial virus in early life and risk of wheeze and allergy by age 13 years.
[23]
Penny ME, Murad S, Madrid SS, Herrera TS, Piñeiro A, Cáceres DE, et al.
Respiratory symptoms, asthma, exercise test, spirometry, and atopy in schoolchildren from a Lima shanty town.
Thorax, 56 (2001), pp. 607-612
[24]
Pearce N, Pekkanen J, Richard Beasley R.
How much asthma is really attributable to atopy?.
Thorax, 54 (1999), pp. 268-272
[25]
García-Marcos L, Castro-Rodríguez JA, Suárez-Varela MM, Garrido JB, Hernández GG, Gimeno AM, et al.
A different pattern of risk factors for atopic and non-atopic wheezing in 9-12-year-old children.
Pediatr Allergy Immunol., 16 (2005), pp. 471-477
[26]
Yunginger JW, Reed CE, O'Connell EJ, Melton LJ, O'Fallon WM, Silverstein MD.
A community-based study of the epidemiology of asthma. Incidence rates 1964: 1983.
Am Rev Resp Dis., 146 (1992), pp. 888-894
[27]
Sears MR, Greene JM, Willan AR, et al.
A longitudinal, population-based, cohort study of childhood asthma followed to adulthood.
N Engl J Med., 349 (2003), pp. 1414-1422
[28]
Jenkins MA, Hopper JL, Bowes G, Carlin JB, Flander LB, Giles GG.
Factors in childhood as predictors of asthma in adult life.
BMJ, 309 (1994), pp. 90-93
[29]
Phelan PD, Robertson CF, Olinsky A.
The Melbourne asthma study: 1964–1999.
J Allergy Clin Immunol., 109 (2002), pp. 189-194
[30]
Oswald H, Phelan PD, Lanigan A, Hibbert M, Bowers G, Olinsky A.
Outcome of childhood asthma in mid-adult life.
BMJ, 309 (1994), pp. 95-96
[31]
Lowe L, Murray CS, Custovic A, Simpson BM, Kissen PM, Woodcock A.
Specific airway resistance in 3-year-old children: a prospective cohort study.
Lancet, 359 (2002), pp. 1904-1908
[32]
Freidhoff LR, Marsh DG.
Relationship among asthma, serum IgE and skin test reactivity to inhaled allergens.
Int Arch Allergy Immunol., 100 (1993), pp. 355-361
[33]
Sears MR, Burrows B, Flawndry EM, Herbison GP, Hewitt CJ, Holdaway MD.
Relation between airway responsiveness and serum IgE in children with asthma and in apparently normal children.
N Engl J Med., 325 (1991), pp. 1067-1071
[34]
Burrows B, Martínez FD, Halonen M, Barbee RA, Cline G.
Association of asthma with serum IgE levels and skin test reactivity to allergens.
N Engl J Med., 320 (1989), pp. 271-277
[35]
Peat K, Salome CM, Woolcock AJ.
Longitudinal changes in atopy during a 4-year period, relation to bronchial hyperresponsiveness and respiratory symptoms in a population sample of Australian school children.
J Allergy Clin Immunol., 85 (1990), pp. 65-74
[36]
Illi S, von Mutius E, Lau S, et al.
The pattern of atopic sensitization is associated with the development of asthma in childhood.
J Allergy Clin Immunol., 108 (2001), pp. 709-714
[37]
Sherrill DL, Stein RT, Halonen M, Holberg CJ, Wright A, Martínez FD.
Total serum IgE and its association with asthma symptoms and allergic sensitization among children.
J Allergy Clin Immunol., 104 (1999), pp. 28-36
[38]
Belessis Y, Dixon S, Thomsen A, Duffy B, Rawlinson W, Henry R, et al.
Risk factors for an intensive care unit admission in children with asthma.
Pediatr Pulmonol., 37 (2004), pp. 201-209
[39]
Jorgensen IM, Jensen VB, Bulow S, Dahm TL, Prahl P, Juel K.
Asthma mortality in the Danish child population: risk factors and causes of asthma death.
Pediatr Pulmonol., 36 (2003), pp. 142-147
[40]
Guerra S, Wright AL, Morgan WJ, Sherrill DL, Holberg CJ, Martínez FD.
Persistence of asthma symptoms during adolescence: role of obesity and age at the onset of puberty.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 170 (2004), pp. 78-85
[41]
Kuehni CE, Frey U.
Age-related differences in perceived asthma control in childhood: guidelines and reality.
Eur Respir J., 20 (2002), pp. 880-889
[42]
Martínez FD.
Recognizing early asthma.
Allergy, 54 (1999), pp. 24-28
[43]
Castro-Rodríguez JA, Wright AL, Taussig LM, Martínez FD.
A clinical index to define risk of asthma in young children with recurrent wheezing.
Am J Resp Crit Care Med., 162 (2000), pp. 1403-1406
Copyright © 2006. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR)
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?