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Vol. 34. Issue 10.
Pages 479-483 (November 1998)
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Vol. 34. Issue 10.
Pages 479-483 (November 1998)
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Embolización bronquial en el tratamiento de la hemoptisis
Bronchial embolization to treat hemoptysis
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M. Bustamantea,*, R. García-Valtuillea, R. Agüerob, A. Jiménezb, F. Abascala, A. González-Tutora
a Servicios de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla. Santander
b Servicios de Neumología. Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla. Santander
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El propósito del estudio es evaluar retrospectivamente la eficacia de la embolización de las arterias bronquiales en el tratamiento de la hemoptisis.

Durante el período del estudio 865 pacientes ingresaron en nuestro centro por hemoptisis. A 48 de ellos, que presentaban hemoptisis amenazante sin respuesta al tratamiento médico, se les practicó arteriografía bronquial. En 37 se identificó el probable origen del sangrado, procediendo a su embolización con partículas de 250 a 1.000 micras de tamaño (Contour Emboli, Interventional Therapeutic Corporation, South San Francisco, California, Estados Unidos) en 35 casos y esponja hemostática de colágeno en dos. Las etíologías más frecuentes fueron: bronquiectasias (40%), tubercuiosis pulmonar (33%), aspergiloma pulmonar (8%), neopiasia maligna (8%), bronquitis crónica (6%) e idiopática (4%).

Se consiguió éxito técnico inmediato en 34 pacientes (92%), considerándose como tal la ausencia de hemorragia durante al menos 24 h. En todos los pacientes embolizados se realizó seguimiento clínico hasta el primer episodio de recidiva del sangrado o el alta definitiva. Se produjo recurrencia temprana de la hemoptisis (primer mes) en 5 pacientes (13,5%) y tardía (2-96 meses) en 9 casos (24%). La gravedad de la hemoptisis fue similar al episodio inicial tanto en las recidivas tempranas, como en la mayor parte de los casos de recurrencia tardía. En 6 ocasiones se realizó una segunda embolización, empleando tratamiento médico y/o quirúrgico en el resto de los pacientes. No se produjeron complicaciones importantes derivadas de la tecnica.

Los resultados obtenidos revelan que la embolización bronquial es una técnica válida en el control inmediato de la hemoptisis amenazante, con una baja tasa de complicaciones importantes, siendo relativamente frecuente la recurrencia del sangrado.

Palabras clave:
Hemoptisis
Arteriogrqfia bronquial
Embolización bronquial

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the efficacy of bronchial artery embolization to treat hemoptysis.

Eight hundred sixty-five patients were admitted to our hospital with hemoptysis during the study period. Bronchial arteriographs were obtained for 48, who suffered life-threatening hemoptysis refractory to medical treatment. The likely origin of bleeding was identified in 37: embolization was performed with particles measuring 250 to 1000 micra in size (Contour Emboli, Interventional Therapeutic Corporation, South San Francisco, California, USA) in 35 and with hemostatic Collagen sponges in 2. The most common causes of hemoptysis were bronchiectasis (40%), pulmonary tuberculosis (33%), pulmonary aspergilloma (8%) and malignant neopiasm (8%), chronic bronchitis (6%); 4% of the cases were idiopathic.

Immediate technical success was achieved in 34 patients (92%) as defined by the absence of hemorrhage for at least 24 hours. All embolized patients were followed until the first recurrence of bleeding or untii discharge. Recurrence of hemoptysis (in the first month) was early in 5 patients (13.5%) and late (2 to 96 months) in 9 (24%). The severity of the initial and later episodes of hemoptysis was similar in all early recurrences and most late recurrences. A second embolization was performed six times, and medical and/or surgical treatment was given in all other cases. No significant complications attributable to the technique were observed.

The results show that bronchial embolization is valid for the immediate control of life-threatening hemoptysis and has a low rate of severe complication; recurrence is relatively common.

Key words:
Hemoptysis
Bronchial arteriography
Bronchial embolization
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Copyright © 1998. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
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