Article information
Abstract
Management of snoring is part of the treatment offered to patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. In patients who do not have this syndrome, however, snoring should be treated according to the severity of the condition. General or specific therapeutic measures should be applied to snorers that have concomitant cardiovascular disease or unrefreshing sleep and in cases in which an individual's snoring disturbs his/her partner's sleep. The present review examines the treatments currently available for snorers and the current state of knowledge regarding each option. It will also focus on the possible indications of these treatments and evaluate their effectiveness.
Keywords:
Simple snoring
Treatment
General measures
Surgery
Resumen
En los pacientes afectados de síndrome de apneas obstructivas durante el sueño, el tratamiento del ronquido forma parte de las medidas terapéuticas que se han de aplicar para tratar el síndrome. Sin embargo, en los sujetos que roncan y no presentan dicho síndrome el tratamiento del ronquido debería ir en relación con su intensidad. Se recomienda iniciar las medidas terapéuticas generales y específicas en los pacientes roncadores cuyo sueño no sea reparador, impida el descanso de la pareja o bien se acompañe de otras enfermedades cardiovasculares. En la presente revisión se hace una relación de las diferentes opciones terapéuticas y del estado actual del conocimiento de cada una de ellas, incidiendo en sus posibles indicaciones y en el control de la eficacia de las mismas.
Palabras clave:
Ronquido simple
Tratamiento
Medidas generales
Cirugía
Full text is only aviable in PDF
References
[1.]
F. Dalmasso, R. Prota.
Snoring: analysis, measurement, clinical implications and applications.
Eur Respir J, 9 (1996), pp. 146-159
[2.]
M.J. Thorpy.
The international classification of sleep disorders: diagnostic and coding manual.
Allen Press Inc., (1990),
[3.]
H. Bearpark, L. Elliott, R. Grunstein, S. Cullen, H. Schneider, W. Althans, et al.
Snoring and sleep apnea. A population study in Australian men.
Am J Respir Crit, 151 (1995), pp. 1459-1465
[4.]
B.W. Lee, P.D. Hill, J. Osborne, E. Osman.
A simple audio data logger for objective assessment of snoring in the home.
Physiol Meas, 20 (1999), pp. 119-127
[5.]
E. Lugaresi, F. Cirignotta, P. Montagna.
Clinical approach to heavy snorers disease and other sleep-related respiratory disorders.
Sleep related disorders and internal diseases, pp. 201-210
[7.]
J. Duran, S. Esnaola, R. Rubio, A. Iztueta.
Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea and related clinical features in a population-based sample of subjects aged 30 to 70 yr.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 63 (2001), pp. 685-689
[8.]
J.M. Marin, J.M. Gascon, S. Carrizo, J. Gispert.
Prevalence of sleep apnoea syndrome in the Spanish adult population.
Int J Epidemiol, 26 (1997), pp. 381-386
[9.]
A. Sánchez, M.A. Fuentes, F. Capote, E. García, S. Cano, C. Carmona, et al.
Sleeprelated breathing disorders in adolescents aged 12 to 16 years.
Chest, 119 (2001), pp. 1393-1400
[10.]
N.J. Ali, D. Pitson, J.R. Stradling.
Natural history of snoring and related behaviour problems between the ages of 4 and 7 years.
Arch Dis Child, 71 (1994), pp. 74-76
[11.]
J.M. Marín, S.J. Carrizo, E. Vicente, A. Agusti.
Long term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: an observational study.
Lancet, 365 (2005), pp. 1046-1053
[12.]
F.J. Nieto, T.B. Young, B.K. Lind, E. Shahar, J.M. Samer, S. Redline, et al.
Association of sleep-disordered breathing, sleep apnea, and hypertension in a large communitybased study.
JAMA, 283 (2000), pp. 1829-1836
[13.]
P.E. Peepard, T. Young, M. Palta, J. Skatrud.
Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension.
N Engl J Med, 342 (2000), pp. 1378-1384
[14.]
E. Lindberg, C. Janson, K. Svärdsudd, T. Gislason, J. Hetta, G. Boman.
Increased mortality among sleepy snorers: a prospective population-based study.
Thorax, 53 (1998), pp. 631-637
[15.]
E. Lindberg, A. Taube, Ch. Janson, Th. Gislason, K. Svärdsudd, G.A. Boman.
A 10-year follow-up of snoring in men.
Chest, 114 (1998), pp. 1048-1055
[16.]
A.E. Honsberg, R.R. Dodge, M.G. Cline, S.F. Quan.
Incidence and remission of habitual snoring over a 5-to 6 year period.
Chest, 108 (1995), pp. 604-609
[17.]
D.L. Bliwise, G.E. Swan, D. Carmelli, A. La Rue.
Correlates of the “Don’t Know” response to questions about snoring.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 160 (1999), pp. 1812-1815
[18.]
P. Counter, J.A. Wilson.
The management of simple snoring.
Sleep Med Rev, 8 (2004), pp. 433-441
[19.]
J. Scrima, P.G. Hartmann, F.C. Hiller.
Effect of three alcohol doses on breathing during sleep in 30-49 year old non-obese snorers and nonsnorers.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 13 (1989), pp. 420-427
[20.]
R.W. Robinson, A. Jamieson, C. Guilleminault.
Long term outcome for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients.
Chest, 94 (1985), pp. 1200-1204
[21.]
M.M. Mitler, A. Dawson, S.J. Henriksen, M. Sohers, F.E. Bloom.
Bedtime ethanol increases resistance of upper airways and produces sleep apneas in asymptomatic snorers.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 12 (1988), pp. 801-805
[22.]
F.G. Issa, C.E. Sullivan.
Alcohol, snoring and sleep apnea.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 45 (1982), pp. 353-359
[23.]
M.D. Wu, A. Taguchi, M. Kimura, S. Inafuku.
Experimental study of contraction loss effects of mouth mucosa by ethanol injection.
Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho, 106 (2003), pp. 522-531
[24.]
V. Hoffstein.
Snoring and upper airway resistance.
Principles and practice of sleep medicine, 4th ed., pp. 1001-1053
[25.]
K.A. Franklin, T. Gíslason, E. Omenaas, R. Jõgi, E.J. Jensen, E. Lindberg, et al.
The influence of active and passive smoking on habitual snoring.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 170 (2004), pp. 799-803
[26.]
T. Bushnell, N.F. Watson, E. Fischer, J. Goldberg.
Smoking and snoring in twins.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 172 (2005), pp. 643
[27.]
D.W. Wetter, T.B. Young, T.R. Bidwell, M.S. Badr, M. Palta.
Smoking as a risk factor for sleep-disordered breathing.
Arch Intern Med, 154 (1994), pp. 2219-2224
[29.]
I. Baik, J. Kim, R.D. Abbott, S. Joo, K. Jung, S. L.ee, et al.
Association of snoring with chronic bronchitis.
Arch Intern Med, 28 (2008), pp. 167-173
[30.]
J.W. Bloom, W.T. Kaltenborn, S.F. Quan.
Risk factors in a general population for snoring. Importance of cigarette smoking and obesity.
Chest, 93 (1983), pp. 678-683
[31.]
F. Kauffman, J. Annesi, F. Neukirch, M.P. Oryszcezym, A. Alpezovitch.
The relation between snoring and smoking, body mass index, age, alcohol consumption and respiratory symptoms.
Eur Resp J, 2 (1989), pp. 599-603
[32.]
P.G. Norton, E.V. Dunn.
Snoring as a risk factor for disease: an epidemiological survey.
Br Med J, 291 (1985), pp. 630-632
[33.]
D. Teculescu, B. Hannhart, C. Aubry, B. Montaut-Verient, J.M. Virion, J.P. Michaely, et al.
Who are the “occasional” snorers?.
Chest, 122 (2002), pp. 562-568
[35.]
P.L. Smith, A.R. Gold, D.A. Meyers, E.F. Haponik, E.R. Bleecker.
Weight loss in midly to moderately obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea.
Ann Intern Med, 103 (1985), pp. 850-855
[36.]
A.B. Newman, G. Foster, R. Givelber, J. Nieto, S. Redline, T. Young.
Progression and regression of sleep-disordered breathing with changes in weight.
Arch Intern Med, 165 (2005), pp. 2408-2413
[37.]
H.M. Braver, A.J. Block.
Effect of nasal spray, positional therapy, and the combination thereof in the asymptomatic snorer.
Sleep, 17 (1994), pp. 516-521
[38.]
J.B. Dixon, L.M. Schachter, P.E. O’Brien.
Sleep disturbance and obesity changes following surgically induced weight loss.
Arch Intern Med, 161 (2001), pp. 102-106
[39.]
R.R. Grunstein, K. Stenlöf, J.A. Hedner, M. Peltonen, K. Karason, L. Sjötröm.
Two year reduction in sleep apnea symptoms and associated diabetes incidence after weight loss in severe obesity.
Sleep, 30 (2007), pp. 703-710
[40.]
T. Gislasson, M. Almqvist, G. Eriksson, A. Taube, G. Boman.
Prevalence of sleep apnea syndrome among Swedish men – an epidemiological study.
J Clin Epidemiol, 41 (1988), pp. 571-576
[41.]
J.M. Marin, S.J. Carrizo.
Mortality in obstructive sleep apnea.
Sleep Med Clin, 2 (2007), pp. 593-601
[42.]
S. Lee, J.L. Kuk, L.E. Davidson, R. Hudson, K. Kilpatrick, T.E. Graham, et al.
Exercise without weight loss is an effective strategy for obesity reduction in obese individuals with and without type 2 diabetes.
J Appl Physiol, 99 (2005), pp. 1220-1225
[43.]
J.F. Norman, S.G. Von Essen, R.H. Fuchs, M. McElligott.
Exercise training effect on obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
Sleep Res Online, 3 (2000), pp. 121-129
[44.]
C.L. Davis, T. Kacz, M. Gregoski, A. Boyle.
Aerobic exercise and snoring in overweight children: a randomized controlled trial.
Obesity, 14 (2006), pp. 1985-1991
[45.]
Y. Itasaka, S. Miyazaki, K. Ishikawa, K. Togawa.
Intensity of snoring in patients with sleep-related breathing disorders.
Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 53 (1999), pp. 299-300
[46.]
H. Nakano, T. Ikeda, M. Hayashi, E. Ohshima, A. Onizuka.
Effects of body position on snoring in apneic and nonapneic snorers.
Sleep, 15 (2003), pp. 169-172
[47.]
H. Pasterkamp, J. Schäfer, G.R. Wodicka.
Posture-dependent change of tracheal sounds at standardized flows in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.
Chest, 110 (1996), pp. 1493-1498
[48.]
H.M. Braver, A.J. Block, M.G. Perri.
Treatment for snoring. Combined weight loss, sleeping on side, and nasal spray.
Chest, 107 (1995), pp. 1283-1288
[49.]
A. Oksenberg, D.S. Silverberg.
The effect of body posture on sleep-related breathing disorders: facts and therapeutic implications.
Sleep Med Rev, 3 (1998), pp. 139-162
[50.]
A. Oksenberg, D. Silverberg, D. Offenbach, E. Arons.
Positional therapy for obstructive sleep apnea patients: a 6-month follow-up study.
The Laryngoscope, 116 (2006), pp. 1995-2000
[51.]
J.T. Maurer, B.A. Stuck, G. Hein, T. Verse, K. Hörmann.
Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea with a new vest preventing the supine position.
Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 128 (2003), pp. 71-75
[52.]
S. Wenzel, E. Smith, R. Leiacker, Y. Fisher.
Efficacy and longterm compliance of the vest preventing the supine position in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.
Laryngorhinootologie, 86 (2007), pp. 579-583
[53.]
V. Hoffstein, R. Chaban, P. Cole.
Snoring and upper airway properties.
Chest, 94 (1988), pp. 87-89
[54.]
T. Young, L. Finn, H. Kim.
Nasal obstruction as a risk factor for sleep-disordered breathing.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 99 (1997), pp. S757-S762
[55.]
W.T. McNicholas, S. Tarlo, P. Cole.
Obstructive apneas during sleep in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 126 (1982), pp. 625-628
[57.]
L. Peltonen, S.I. Vento, M. Simola, H. Malmberg.
Effect of the nasal strip and dilator on nasal breathing. A study with healthy subjects.
Rhinology, 42 (2004), pp. 122-125
[58.]
A.M. Lorino, F. Lofaso, I. Drogou, F. Abi-Nader, E. Dahan, A. Coste, et al.
Effects of different mechanical treatments on nasal resistance assessed by rhinometry.
Chest, 114 (1998), pp. 166-170
[59.]
G. O’Neill.
Theorical consideration of nasal airflow mechanics and surgical implications.
Clin Otolaryngol, 13 (1988), pp. 273-277
[60.]
W. Bachman, U. Legler.
Studies on the structure and function of the anterior section of the nose by means of luminal impression.
Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh), 73 (1972), pp. 433-442
[61.]
S. Loth, B. Petruson.
Improved nasal breathing reduces snoring and morning tiredness.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 122 (1996), pp. 1337-1340
[62.]
V. Hoffstein, S. Mateika, A. Metes.
Effect of nasal dilation on snoring and apneas during different stages of sleep.
Sleep, 16 (1993), pp. 360-365
[63.]
B. Petruson.
Snoring can be reduced when the nasal airflow is increased by the nasal dilator Nozovent.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 116 (1990), pp. 462-464
[64.]
G. Liistro, P. Rombaux, M. Dury, T. Pieters, G. Aubert, D.O. Rodenstein.
Effect of breath right on snoring: a polysomnographic study.
Respir Med, 92 (1998), pp. 1076-1078
[65.]
D. Pevernagie, E. Hamans, P.V. Cauwenberge, R. Pauwels.
External nasal dilation reduces snoring in chronic rhinitis patients: a randomized controlled trial.
Eur Respir J, 15 (2000), pp. 966-1000
[66.]
U. Hoijer, H. Ejnell, J. Hedner, B. Petruson, L.B. Eng.
The effects of nasal dilation on snoring and obstructive sleep apnea.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 118 (1992), pp. 281-284
[67.]
A. Metes, P. Cole, V. Hoffstein, H. Miljeteig.
Nasal airway dilation and obstructed breathing in sleep.
Laryngoscope, 102 (1992), pp. 1053-1055
[68.]
B. Petruson.
The importance of improved nasal breathing: a review of the Nozovent nostril dilator.
Acta Otolaryngol, 127 (2007), pp. 418-423
[69.]
B. Petruson, K. Theman.
Clinical evaluation of the nasal dilator Nozovent. The effect on snoring and dryness of the mouth.
Rhinology, 30 (1992), pp. 283-287
[70.]
D.J. Nepomuceno, L. Sullivan, D.M. Carlson.
The effect of an external nasal dilator on total inspiratory airway resistance.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 155 (1997), pp. A677
[71.]
L.S. Wong, A.T. Johnson.
Decrease of resistance to air flow with nasal strips as measured with the airflow perturbation device.
Biomedical Engineering Online, 3 (2004), pp. 38
[72.]
H. Yoshinami, H. Takegoshi, S. Kikuchi, T. Linuma.
Effect of the external nasal dilator breathe right and nasal cycle influence.
Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho, 108 (2005), pp. 1091-1100
[73.]
P.G. Djupesland, O. Skatvedt, A.K. Borgersen.
Dichotomous physiological effects of nocturnal external nasal dilation in heavy snorers: the answer to a rhinologic controversy?.
Am J Rhinol, 15 (2001), pp. 95-103
[74.]
A. Todorova, R. Schellenberg, H.C. Hofmann, W. Dimpfel.
Effect of the external nasal dilator Breathe Right on snoring.
Eur J Med Res, 18 (1998), pp. 367-379
[75.]
J. Ulfberg, G. Fenton.
Effect of breathe right nasal strip on snoring.
Rhinology, 35 (1997), pp. 50-52
[76.]
M.B. Scharf, D.E. Brannen, M. McDannold.
A. A subjective evaluation of a nasal dilator on sleep & snoring.
Ear Nose Throat J, 73 (1994), pp. 395-401
[77.]
H. Miki, W. Hida, Y. Kikuchi, T. Chonan, M. Satoh, N. Iwase, et al.
Effects of pharyngeal lubrication on the opening of obstructed upper airway.
J Appl Physiol, 72 (1995), pp. 2311-2316
[78.]
Pelka RB. Good night controlled ronchopathy study, unpublished data. 1996.
[79.]
V.H. Hoffstein, S. Mateiko, S. Halko, R. Taylor.
Reduction in snoring with phosphocholinamin, a long-acting tissue-lubricating agent.
Am J Otolaryngol, 8 (1987), pp. 236-240
[80.]
R. Jokic, A. Klimaszewski, J. Mink, M.F. Fitzpatrick.
Surface tension forces in sleep apnea: the role of a soft tissue lubricant.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 157 (1998), pp. 1522-1525
[81.]
R.C. Wijewickrama, D. Blalock, J.W. Mims.
Study of lubricant induced changes in chronic snorers (SLICCS).
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 131 (2004), pp. 606-609
[82.]
T.S. Kühnel, W. Schulte-Mattler, H. Bigalke, K. Wohlfarth.
Treatment of habitual snoring with botulinum toxin: a pilot study.
Sleep Breath, 12 (2008), pp. 63-68
[83.]
S.E. Penney, I.A. Bruce, S.R. Saeed.
Botulinum toxin is effective and safe for palatal tremor: a report of five cases and a review of the literature.
J Neurol, 253 (2006), pp. 857-860
[84.]
V. Hoffstein.
Review of oral appliances for treatment of sleep-disordered breathing.
Sleep Breath, 11 (2007), pp. 1-22
[85.]
C.F. Ryan, L.L. Love, J.A. Fleethman, A.A. Lowe.
Mandibular advancement oral appliance therapy for obstructive sleep apnea: effect on wake calibre of the velopharynx.
Thorax, 54 (1999), pp. 972-977
[86.]
J.M. Battagel, A. Johal, B.T. Kotecha.
Sleep nasendoscopy as a predictor of treatment success in snorers using mandibular advancement splints.
J Laryngol Otol, 119 (2005), pp. 106-112
[87.]
N. Mohsenin, M.T. Mostofi, V. Mohsenin.
The role of oral appliances in treating obstructive sleep apnea.
J Am Dent Assoc, 134 (2003), pp. 442-449
[88.]
C.D. Johnston, I.C. Gleadhill, M.J. Cinnamond, J. Gabbey, D.J. Burden.
Mandibular advancemente appliances and obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized clinical trial.
Eur J Orthod, 24 (2002), pp. 251-262
[89.]
C.D. Johnston, I.C. Gleadhill, M.J. Cinnamond, W.M. Peden.
Oral appliances for the management of severe snoring: a randomized controlled trial.
Eur J Orthod, 23 (2001), pp. 127-134
[90.]
A.M. Smith, J.M. Battagel.
Non-apneic snoring and the orthodontist: the effectiveness of mandibular advancement splints.
J Orthod, 31 (2004), pp. 115-123
[91.]
B. Fleury, D. Rakotonanahary, B. Petelle, G. Vincent, N. Fleury, B. Meyer.
Mandibular advancement titration for obstructive sleep apnea: optimization of the procedure by combining clinical and oximetric parameters.
Chest, 125 (2004), pp. 1761-1767
[92.]
J.M. Battagel, B. Kotecha.
Dental side-effects of mandibular advancement splint wear in patients who snore.
Clin Otolaryngol, 30 (2005), pp. 149-156
[93.]
R.J. Hammond, H. Gotsopoulos, G. Shen, P. Petocz, P.A. Cistulli, M.A. Darendeliler.
A Follow-up study of dental and skeletal changes associated with mandibular advancement splint use in obstructive sleep apnea.
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 132 (2007), pp. 806-814
[94.]
F.R. De Almeida, A.A. Lowe, S. Tsuiki, R. Otsuka, M. Wong, S. Fastlicht, et al.
Long term compliance and side effects of oral appliances used for the treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
J Clin Sleep Med, 1 (2005), pp. 143-152
[95.]
S. Jauhar, M.F. Lyons, S.W. Banham, D.A. Cameron, R. Orchardson.
Ten-year follow-up of mandibular advancement devices for the management of snoring and sleep apnea.
J Prosthet Dent, 99 (2008), pp. 314-321
[96.]
G.T. Clark, J.W. Sohn, C.N. Hong.
Treating obstructive sleep apnea and snoring: assessment of an anterior mandibular positioning device.
J Am Dent Assoc, 131 (2000), pp. 765-771
[97.]
S. Robertson, M. Murray, D. Young, R. Pilley, J. Dempster.
A randomized crossover trial of conservative snoring treatments: mandibular repositioning splint and nasal CPAP.
Otolaryngology Head Neck Surg, 138 (2008), pp. 283-288
[98.]
R.D. Cartwright, C.F. Samelson.
The effects of a nonsurgical treatment for obstructive sleep apnea. The tongue-retaining devide.
JAMA, 2248 (1982), pp. 705-709
[99.]
A. Padma, N. Ramakrishnan, V. Narayanan.
Management of obstructive sleep apnea: a dental perspective.
Indian J Dent Res, 18 (2007), pp. 201-209
[100.]
L. Dort, R. Brant.
A randomized, controlled, crossover study of a noncustomized tongue retaining device for sleep disordered breathing.
Sleep Breath, 12 (2008), pp. 369-373
[101.]
R.B. Berry, A.J. Block.
Positive nasal airway pressure eliminates snoring as well as obstructive sleep apnea.
Chest, 85 (1984), pp. 15-20
[102.]
E. Sforza, J. Krieger.
Daytime sleepiness after long-term continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
J Neurol Sci, 110 (1992), pp. 21-26
[103.]
K. Waschke, I. Fietze, R. Warmuth, C. Witt, G. Baumann.
Obstructive snoringdiagnosis and therapy.
Pneumologie, 49 (1995), pp. 148-151
[104.]
P.J. Strollo, M.H. Sanders.
Significance and treatment of nonapneic snoring.
Sleep, 16 (1993), pp. 403-408
[105.]
H. Rauscher, D. Formanek, H. Zwick.
Nasal continuous positive airway pressure for nonapneic snoring.
Chest, 107 (1995), pp. 58-61
[106.]
F. Sériès, I. Marc.
Changes in snoring characteristics after 30 days of nasal continuous positive airway pressure in patients with non-apnoeic snoring: a controlled trial.
Thorax, 49 (1994), pp. 562-566
[107.]
V. Hoffstein.
Clinical significance and management of snoring without obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
Breathing disorders in sleep, pp. 164-178
[108.]
V. Hoffstein, Z. Oliver.
Comparing pressures required to abolish snoring and sleep apnea.
Can Respir J, 8 (2001), pp. 427-430
[109.]
M. Trotter, D.W. Morgan.
Snoring: referral, investigation and treatment.
Br J Hosp Med, 68 (2007), pp. 95-99
[110.]
T. Ikematsu.
Study of snoring.
Ther J Jpn Otorhinolaryngol, 64 (1964), pp. 434-435
[111.]
S. Fujita, W. Conway, F. Zorick, T. Roth.
Surgical correction of anatomic abnormalities in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: uvulopalatopharyngoplasty.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 89 (1981), pp. 923-934
[112.]
S. Fujita, W.A. Conway, F.J. Zorick, J.M. Sicklesteel, T.A. Roehrs, R.M. Wittig.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty.
Laryngoscope, 108 (1985), pp. 70-74
[113.]
M.G. Tytherleigh, M.A. Thomas, A.A. Comnolly, M.W. Bridger.
Patients and partness perceptions of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for snoring.
J Otolaryngol, 28 (1999), pp. 73-75
[114.]
L.A. Hicklin, P. Tostevin, A. Dasan.
Retrospective survey of long term results and patient satisfaction with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for snoring.
J Laryngol Otol, 114 (2000), pp. 675-681
[115.]
C.B. Koay, A.P. Freeland, J.R. Stradling.
Short and long-term outcomes of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for snoring.
Clin Otolaryngol, 20 (1994), pp. 45-48
[116.]
N.S. Hessel, N. De Vries.
Results of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty after diagnostic workup with polysomnography and sleep endoscopy: a report of 136 patients.
Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 260 (2003), pp. 91-95
[117.]
R.S. Rosenbarg, G. Raviv, R. Elesh.
Preliminary validation of an acoustic analysis of respiration during sleep.
Actas de Associated Professional Sleep Societies Meeting,
[118.]
C.Z. Weingarten, G. Raviv.
Evaluation of criterio for uvulopalatoplasty (UPP). Patient selection using acoustic analysis of oronasal respiration (SNAP testing).
J Otolaryngol, 24 (1995), pp. 352-357
[119.]
T.M. Jones, A.C. Swiff, P.M.A. Calverley, M.S. Ho, J.E. Earis.
Acoustic analysis of snoring before and after palatal surgery.
Eur Respir J, 25 (2005), pp. 1044-1049
[120.]
R. Beck, M. Odeh, A. Oliven, N. Gavriely.
The acoustic properties of snores.
Eur Respir J, 8 (1995), pp. 2120-2128
[121.]
S.E. Britzke, E.A. Mair.
Acoustic analysis of snoring: can the probability of success be predicted?.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 136 (2006), pp. 417-420
[122.]
A.J. Smithson, J.E.S. White, C.J. Griffiths, A.J.N. Prichard, P.R. Close, M.J. Drinnan, et al.
Comparison of methods for assessing snoring.
Clin Otolaryngol, 20 (1995), pp. 443-447
[123.]
G. Bertino, E. Matti, S. Migliazzi, F. Pagella, C. Tinelli, M. Benazzo.
Acoustic changes in voice after surgery for snoring: preliminary results.
Acta Otorhinolaryngol, 26 (2006), pp. 110-114
[124.]
L. Haavisto, J. Suonpää.
Complications of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty.
Clin Otolaryngol, 19 (1994), pp. 243-247
[125.]
Y.V. Kamami.
Laser CO2 for snoring-preliminary results.
Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg, 44 (1990), pp. 451-456
[126.]
D. Fomin, E. Nicola, C. Oliver, M. Farci, R. Dibbern, M.C. Jamur, et al.
Collagen type analysis in the soft palate alter surgical intervention with CO(2) laser and radiofrequency ablation.
Photomed Laser Surg, 25 (2007), pp. 449-454
[127.]
R.P. Walker, C. Gopalsami.
Laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty postoperative complications.
Laryngoscope, 106 (1996), pp. 834-838
[129.]
L. Badia, N. Malik, V.J. Lund, B.T. Kotecha.
The effect of laser assisted uvulopalatoplasty on the sense of smell and taste.
Rhinology, 39 (2001), pp. 103-106
[130.]
M.J. Wareing, V.P. Callaan, D.B. Mitchell.
Laser assisted uvulopalatoplasty: six and eight month results.
J Laryngol Otol, 112 (1998), pp. 639-641
[131.]
T. Lyngkaran, J. Kanagalingam, R. Rajeswaran, C. Georgalas, B. Kotecha.
Long-term outcomes of laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty in 168 patients with snoring.
J laryngol Otol, 120 (2006), pp. 932-938
[132.]
G. Berger, Y. Finkelstein, G. Stein, D. Ophir.
Laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty for snoring: medium to long term subjective and objective analysis.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 127 (2001), pp. 412-417
[133.]
C. Neruntarac.
Laser assisted uvulopalatoplasty: short term and long term results.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 124 (2001), pp. 90-93
[134.]
M. Litner, C.A. Cusida, K. Hartse, W.M. Anderson, D. Davilla, S.F. Jonson, et al.
Practice parameters for the use of laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty: an update for 2000.
Sleep, 24 (2001), pp. 603-608
[135.]
M.R. El Badawey, M. Drinnan, J. Gibson, J.A. Wilson.
Can we improve patient selection for snoring surgery?.
Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 129 (2003), pp. 117
[136.]
E.Z. Osman, J. Osborne, P.D. Hill, B.W. Lee.
Snoring assessment: do home studies and hospital studies give different results?.
Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci, 23 (1998), pp. 524-527
[137.]
F. Larrosa, L. Hernandez, A. Morello, E. Ballester, L. Quinto, J.M. Montserrat.
Laserassited uvulopalatoplasty for snoring: does it meet the expectations?.
Eur Respir J, 24 (2004), pp. 66-70
[138.]
G. Namyslowski, W. Scierski.
Laser assisted uvulopalatoplasty (LAUP) in the treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
Otolaryngol Pol, 55 (2001), pp. 363-368
[139.]
A. Macdonald, M. Drinnan, A. Johnston, M. Reda, C. Griffiths, J. Wilson, et al.
Evaluation of potential predictors of outcome of laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty for snoring.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 134 (2006), pp. 197-203
[140.]
A.H. AL-Jassim, T.H. Lesser.
Single dose injection snorepasty: investigation or treatment?.
J Laryngol Otol, 9 (2008), pp. 1-4
[141.]
N.B. Powell, R.W. Riley, R.J. Troell, M.B. Blumen, C. Guilleminault.
Radiofrequency volumetric reduction of the tongue: a porcine pilot study for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
Chest, 111 (1997), pp. 1348-1355
[142.]
N.B. Powell, R.W. Riley, R.J. Troell, M.B. Blumen, C. Guilleminault.
Radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction of the palate in subjects with sleep-disordered breathing.
Chest, 113 (1998), pp. 1163-1174
[143.]
B.T. Woodson, D.L. Steward, E.M. Weaver, S. Javaheri.
A randomized trial of temperature-controlled radiofrequency, continuous positive airway pressure, and placebo for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 128 (2003), pp. 848-861
[144.]
K.K. Li, N.B. Powell, R.W. Riley, R.J. Troell.
Guilleminault C. Radiofrequency volumetric reduction of the palate: an extended follow-up study.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 122 (2000), pp. 410-414
[145.]
M. Mandani.
Snoring and obstructive sleep apnea.
Arch Iranian Med, 10 (2007), pp. 215-226
[146.]
W.K. Ho, W.I. Wei, K.F. Chung.
Managing disturbing snoring with palatal implants: a pilot study.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 130 (2004), pp. 753-758
[147.]
P. Catalano, Y.H. Goh, J. Romanow.
Additional palatal implants for refractory snoring.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 137 (2007), pp. 106-109
[148.]
C. O’Connor-Reina, M.T. Garcia-Iriarte, J.C. Casado-Morente, D. Gomez-Angel, A. Rodriguez-Diaz, G. Plaza-Mayor.
Snoring surgery with palatal implants after failed uvulopalatopharyngoplasty.
Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 265 (2008), pp. 687-693
[149.]
M. Friedman, P. Schalch, N.J. Joseph.
Palatal stiffening after failed uvulopalatopharyngoplasty with the pilar implant system.
Laryngoscope, 116 (2006), pp. 1956-1961
[150.]
S. Nordgård, B.K. Stene, K.W. Skj?stad, V. BUgten, K. Wormdal, N.V. Hansen, et al.
Palatal implants for the treatment of snoring: long-term results.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 134 (2006), pp. 558-564
[151.]
J.T. Maurer, G. Hein, T. Verse, K. Hörmann, B.A. Stuck.
Long-term results of palatal implants for primary snoring.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 133 (2005), pp. 573-578
[152.]
K.W. Skj?stad, B.K. Stene, S. Nordgård.
Consequences of increased rigidity in palatal implants for snoring: a randomized controlled study.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 134 (2006), pp. 63-66
[153.]
S. Brietzke, E. Mair.
Injection snoreplasty: how to treat snoring without all the pain and expense.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 124 (2001), pp. 503-510
[154.]
E. Poyrazoglu, S. Dogun, B. Snat, A. Göngör, E. Cekin, H. Cincik.
Histologic effects of injection snoreplasty and radiofrequency in the rat sofa palate.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 135 (2006), pp. 561-564
[155.]
M. Iseri, O. Balcioglu.
Radiofrequency versus injection snoreplasty in simple snoring.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 133 (2005), pp. 224-228
[156.]
S.E. Brietzke, F.A. Mair.
Injection snoreplasty: investigation of alternative sclerotherapy agents.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 130 (2004), pp. 47-57
[157.]
J. Hur.
A new Treatment for snoring: sling snoreplasty with a permanent thread.
Acta Otolaryngol, 2 (2008), pp. 1-4
Copyright © 2009. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
