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Vol. 44. Issue 7.
Pages 386-392 (January 2008)
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Vol. 44. Issue 7.
Pages 386-392 (January 2008)
Review Articles
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The Halo Sign in Computed Tomography Images: Differential Diagnosis and Correlation With Pathology Findings
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Manuel Parróna,
Corresponding author
mppajares@hotmail.com

Correspondence: Dr M. Parrón, Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital Universitario La Paz, P.° de la Castellana, 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
, Isabel Torresa, Mercedes Pardoa, Carmen Moralesb, Marta Navarrob, Marta Martínez-Schmizcraftb
a Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
b Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
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The halo sign is a circular area of ground-glass attenuation that is seen around pulmonary nodules at computed tomography (CT). Although the sign is most often an indication of pulmonary hemorrhage, it may also accompany other lesions associated with different disease processes. Examples are hemorrhagic nodules of infectious origin (mucormycosis, candidiasis, tuberculosis, viral pneumonia, and invasive aspergillosis—the last being the most common cause of the CT halo sign); hemorrhagic nodules of noninfectious origin (Wegener granulomatosis, Kaposi sarcoma, and hemorrhagic metastases); tumor cell infiltration (bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, lymphoma, and metastasis with intra-alveolar tumor growth); and nonhemorrhagic lesions (sarcoidosis and organizing pneumonia). Diagnosis must therefore be based on careful consideration of all the CT chest findings within the context of the patient's clinical state. The aim of this review was to describe and illustrate different disease processes that appear as a halo sign on CT scans, to analyze the value of this diagnostic tool, and to assess its correlation with pathology findings.

El signo del halo consiste en un área circular de atenuación en vidrio deslustrado que rodea un nodulo pulmonar. Aunque la causa mas frecuente es la hemorragia pulmonar, dicho signo se asocia a numerosas entidades, que corresponden a diferentes procesos anatomopatológicos: nódulos hemorrágicos de etiologia infecciosa (aspergilosis invasiva —la causa más frecuente de nódulos pulmonares con halo—, mucormicosis, candidiasis, tuberculosis, neumonías víricas), nódulos hemorragicos de etiologia no infecciosa (granulomatosis de Wegener, sarcoma de Kaposi, metástasis hemorrágicas), nódulos con halo debido a infiltración de células neoplásicas (carcinoma bronquioloalveolar, linfoma, metástasis con crecimiento tumoral intraalveolar) y nódulos con halo debido a lesiones inflamatorias no hemorrágicas (sarcoidosis, neumonía organizada). Por lo tanto, el diagnóstico debe realizarse integrando todos los hallazgos de la tomografía computarizada de tórax en el contexto clínico del paciente. El objetivo de la presente revisión es describir e ilustrar enfermedades que pueden manifestarse como nódulos pulmonares con el signo del halo, analizando su utilidad diagnóstica y discutiendo su correlación radiopatológica.

Key words:
Lung
Computed tomography
CT
Lung Infection
Lung tumors
Pulmonary nodule
Aspergillosis
Image findings
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