Journal Information
Vol. 43. Issue 12.
Pages 655-661 (January 2007)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 43. Issue 12.
Pages 655-661 (January 2007)
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Full text access
Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome in a Pediatric Population: Differences Between Children With Tonsillar Hypertrophy and Those With Concomitant Disease
Visits
4975
Mónica Llombart
Corresponding author
llombart_mon@gva.es

Correspondence: Dra. M. Llombart. Sección de Neumología. Hospital Universitari Sant Joan d'Alacant. Ctra. Alicante-Valencia, s/n. 03550 San Juan de Alicante. Alicante. Espa ña.
, Eusebi Chiner, Elia Gómez-Merino, Ada Andreu, Esther Pastor, Cristina Senent, Ana Camarasa, Jaime Signes-Costa
Unidad de Trastornos de Sueño, Sección de Neumología, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan d'Alacant, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante. Spain
This item has received
Article information
OBJECTIVE

Our aim was to compare clinical and polysomnographic variables in pediatric patients with sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) secondary to tonsillar hypertrophy with those in patients with concomitant disease.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We studied 42 children with SAHS (mean [SD] age, 8 [4] years; body mass index [BMI], 19.6 [5.2] kg/m2; neck circumference, 29 [4] cm; and BMI percentile, 67 [36]), 26 of whom were otherwise healthy (group A) and 16 of whom had concomitant disease (group B).

RESULTS

A comparison of groups A and B showed no significant differences in age (7.7 [3.9] years vs 8.4 [3.9] years; P=not significant [NS]); sex, BMI (17.6 [4] kg/m2 vs 20.4 [6] kg/m2; P=NS), neck circumference (29.3 [4.7] cm vs 30.7 [3.5] cm; P=NS), or BMI percentile (61 [37] vs 76 [34]; P=NS). Tonsillar hypertrophy was more frequent in group A (P=.02) and craniofacial abnormalities (P=.008), macroglossia (P=.04), and dolichocephalia (P=.04) were more frequent in group B. No significant differences were observed in neurophysiologic variables or in the respiratory disturbance index, although group A presented higher oxygen saturation levels (97 [1.7] vs 95 [2]; P<.007), lower oxygen desaturation index scores (7 [7] vs 15 [10]; P=.007), and a lower cumulative percentage of time with oxygen saturation lower than 90% (2.2 [4] vs 16.4 [4]; P=.01). Twenty-three patients (88.5%) in group A underwent tonsillectomies compared to 7 (44%) patients in group B (P=.003). Seven patients (44%) in group B were treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and 2 patients were treated with bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP), compared to 1 patient (3.8%) treated with CPAP in group A (P=.003). Three children in group B underwent maxillary surgery. The evolution of clinical and polygraphic variables was more favorable in group A (P=.04).

CONCLUSIONS

Children with SAHS suffer from repeated infections, delayed weight gain, hyperactivity, and neuropsychiatric manifestations. Obesity (associated with concomitant disease) and sleepiness are uncommon. Although most patients require surgery, as many as a third require treatment with CPAP or BiPAP. Furthermore, children with SAHS and concomitant disease show no specific clinical characteristics, although they tend to be more obese, have more craniofacial abnormalities, and greater nocturnal hypoventilation.

Key words:
Sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome
Children
SAHS
Diagnosis
Treatment
OBJETIVO

Comparar la expresión clínica y polisomnográfica del síndrome de apneas-hipopneas durante el sueño (SAHS) en niños con hipertrofia amigdalar y enfermedad concomitante.

PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS

Se estudió a 42 niños con SAHS -con una edad media (± desviación estándar) de 8 ± 4 años, índice de masa corporal (IMC) de 19,6 ± 5,2 kg/m2, cuello de 29 ± 4 cm y percentil de IMC de 67 ± 36-, 26 sanos (grupo A) y 16 con enfermedad concomitante (grupo B).

RESULTADOS

Al comparar los grupos A y B no se observa-ron diferencias en la edad (7,7 ± 3,9 frente a 8,4 ± 3,9 años; p = no significativa [NS]), el sexo, el IMC (17,6 ± 4 frente a 20,4 ± 6 kg/m2; p = NS), el perímetro del cuello (29,3 ± 4,7 frente a 30,7 ± 3,5 cm; p = NS) ni el percentil de IMC (61 ± 37 frente a 76 ± 34; p = NS). En el grupo A fue más frecuente la hipertrofia amigdalar (p = 0,02), y en B, las alteraciones del macizo facial (p = 0,008), macroglosia (p = 0,04) y dolico-cefalia (p = 0,04). No se observaron diferencias en las varia-bles neurofisiológicas ni en el índice de alteración respirato-ria, aunque el grupo A presentó mayor saturación de oxígeno basal (97 ± 1,7 frente a 95 ± 2%; p < 0,007), menor índice de desaturaciones/h (7 ± 7 frente a 15 ± 10; p = 0,007) y menor porcentaje de tiempo de sueño con saturación de oxihemoglobina inferior al 90% (2,2 ± 4 frente a 16,4 ± 4; p = 0,01). Fueron tratados con amigdalectomía 23 pacientes del grupo A (88,5%) frente a 7 (44%) del B (p = 0,003). En el grupo B, 7 pacientes recibieron tratamiento con presión posi-tiva continua de la vía aérea (44%) y 2 con BiPAP®, frente a uno (3,8%) en el grupo A (p = 0,003). Se realizó cirugía ma-xilar a 3 niños del grupo B. La evolución clínica y poligráfica fue más favorable en el grupo A (p = 0,04).

CONCLUSIONES

Los niños con SAHS cursan con infec-ciones de repetición, retraso ponderal, hiperactividad y manifestaciones neuropsíquicas, mientras que son poco fre-cuentes la somnolencia y la obesidad, la cual se asocia a en-fermedad concomitante. Aunque la mayoría necesitará ciru-gía, hasta un tercio precisará tratamiento con presión positiva continua de la vía aérea/BiPAP®. Además, los niños con SAHS y enfermedad concomitante no muestran caracte-rísticas especiales en su expresión clínica, aunque tienden a ser más obesos, con mayores alteraciones del macizo facial y mayor hipoventilación nocturna.

Palabras clave:
Síndrome de apneas-hipopneas durante el sueño
Niños
SAHS infantil
Diagnóstico
Tratamiento
Full text is only aviable in PDF
REFERENCES
[1]
T Young, M Palta, J Dempsey, J Skatrud, S Weber, S Badr.
The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults.
N Engl J Med, 328 (1993), pp. 1230-1235
[2]
AS Shamsuzzaman, BJ Gersh, VK Somers.
Obstructive sleep apnea: implications for cardiac and vascular disease.
JAMA, 290 (2003), pp. 1906-1914
[3]
J Terán Santos, ML Alonso Álvarez, J Cordero Guevara, JM Ayuela Azcárate, JM Montserrat Canal.
Síndrome de apnea del sueño y el corazón.
Rev Esp Cardiol, 59 (2006), pp. 718-724
[4]
J Terán-Santos, A Jiménez-Gómez, J Cordero-Guevara, the Cooperative Group Burgos-Santander.
The association between sleep apnea and the risk of traffic accidents.
N Engl J Med, 340 (1999), pp. 847-851
[5]
PM Suratt, M Peruggia, L D'Andrea, R Diamond, JT Barth, M Nikova, et al.
Cognitive function and behavior of children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy suspected of having obstructive sleep- disordered breathing.
Pediatrics, 118 (2006), pp. e771-e781
[6]
S Redline, PV Tishler, M Schluchter, J Aylor, K Clark, G Graham.
Risk factors for sleep-disordered breathing in children. Associations with obesity, race, and respiratory problems.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159 (1999), pp. 1527-1532
[7]
CL Ogden, MD Carroll, LR Curtin, MA McDowell, CJ Tabak, KM Flegal.
Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999-2004.
JAMA, 295 (2006), pp. 1549-1555
[8]
SY Lin, AC Halbower, DE Tunkel, C Vanderkolk.
Relief of upper airway obstruction with mandibular distraction surgery: long-term quantitative results in young children.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 132 (2006), pp. 437-441
[9]
Principles and practice of pediatric sleep medicine,
[10]
BC Galland, PJ Dawes, EG Tripp, BJ Taylor.
Changes in behavior and attentional capacity after adenotonsillectomy.
[11]
DK Ng, C Chan, AS Chow, P Chow, K Kwok.
Childhood sleep- disordered breathing and its implications for cardiac and vascular diseases.
J Paediatr Child Health, 41 (2005), pp. 640-646
[12]
Grupo Español de Sueño (GES).
Consenso Nacional sobre el síndrome de apneas-hipopneas durante el sueño.
Arch Bronconeumol, (2005), pp. 1-110
[13]
C Guilleminault, K Li, A Khramitsov, I Palombini, R Pelayo.
Breathing patterns in pre-pubertal children with sleep disordered breathing.
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 158 (2004), pp. 153-161
[14]
A Rechtschaffen, A Kales.
A manual of standardised terminology, techniques and scoring system for sleep stages of human subjects, National Institutes of Health, (1968),
[15]
E Chiner, J Signes-Costa, JM Arriero, E Gómez-Merino, AL Andreu, E Pastor, et al.
Validation of a portable sleep monitoring device (Stardust®) for home studies.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 167 (2003), pp. A403
[16]
E Chiner, J Signes-Costa, JM Arriero, J Marco, I Fuentes, A Sergado.
Nocturnal oximetry for the diagnosis of the sleep apnoea hypopnoea syndrome: a method to reduce the number of polysomnographies?.
Thorax, 54 (1999), pp. 968-971
[17]
GM Nixon, RT Brouillette.
Sleep. 8: paediatric obstructive sleep apnoea.
Thorax, 60 (2005), pp. 511-516
[18]
RT Brouillette, SK Fernbach, CE Hunt.
Obstructive sleep apnea in infants and children.
J Pediatr, 100 (1982), pp. 31-40
[19]
RD Chervin, RA Weatherly, DL Ruzicka, JW Burns, BJ Giordani, JE Dillon, et al.
Subjective sleepiness and polysomnographic correlates in children scheduled for adenotonsillectomy vs other surgical care.
Sleep, 29 (2006), pp. 495-503
[20]
LP Singer, P Saenger.
Complications of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea.
Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 23 (1990), pp. 665-676
[21]
H Reuveni, T Simon, A Tal, A Elhayany, A Tarasiuk.
Health care services utilization in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
Pediatrics, 110 (2002), pp. 68-72
[22]
American Thoracic Society.
Standards and indications for cardiopulmonary sleep studies in children.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 153 (1996), pp. 866-878
[23]
Section on Pediatric Pulmonology, Subcommittee on Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical practice guideline: diagnosis and management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
Pediatrics, 109 (2002), pp. 704-712
[24]
J Villa Asensi, J De Miguel Díez, F Romero Andújar, O Campelo Moreno, A Sequeiros González, R Muñoz Codoceo.
Utilidad del índice de Brouillette en el diagnóstico del síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño en niños.
An Esp Pediatr, 53 (2000), pp. 547-552
[25]
S Kotagal.
Childhood obstructive sleep apnoea.
[26]
R Broulliette, D Hanson, R David, L Klemka, A Szatkowski, S Fernbach, et al.
A diagnostic approach to suspected obstructive sleep apnea in children.
J Pediatr, 105 (1984), pp. 10-14
[27]
RT Brouillette, A Morielli, A Leimanis, KA Waters, R Luciano, FM Ducharme.
Nocturnal pulse oximetry as an abbreviated testing modality for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea.
Pediatrics, 105 (2000), pp. 405-412
[28]
VG Kirk, SG Bohn, WW Flemons, JE Remmers.
Comparison of home oximetry monitoring with laboratory polysomnography in children.
Chest, 124 (2003), pp. 1702-1708
[29]
JR Villa Asensi, J De Miguel Díez.
Síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño en la infancia.
An Esp Pediatr, 54 (2001), pp. 58-64
[30]
J Durán Cantolla, R Rubio Aramendi.
Síndrome de apnea-hipopnea del sueño en niños.
An Esp Pediatr, 54 (2001), pp. 4-6
[31]
JL Goodwin, KL Kaemingk, SA Mulvaney, WJ Morgan, SF Quan.
Clinical screening of school children for polysomnography to detect sleep-disordered breathing – the Tucson Children's Assessment of Sleep Apnea Study (TuCASA).
J Clin Sleep Med, 1 (2005), pp. 247-254
[32]
A Ekici, M Ekici, E Kurtipek, H Keles, T Kara, M Tunckol, et al.
Association of asthma-related symptoms with snoring and apnea and effect on health-related quality of life.
Chest, 128 (2005), pp. 3358-3363
[33]
LG Sulit, A Storfer-Isser, CL Rosen, HL Kirchner, S Redline.
Associations of obesity, sleep-disordered breathing, and wheezing in children.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 171 (2005), pp. 659-664
[34]
S Deane, A Thomson.
Obesity and the pulmonologist.
Arch Dis Child, 9 (2006), pp. 188-191
[35]
J de Miguel-Díez, JR Villa-Asensi, JL Álvarez-Sala.
Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in children with Down syndrome: polygraphic findings in 108 children.
Sleep, 26 (2003), pp. 1006-1009
[36]
SR Shott, R Amin, B Chini, C Heubi, S Hotze, R Akers.
Obstructive sleep apnea: should all children with Down syndrome be tested?.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 132 (2006), pp. 432-436
[37]
FJ O'Donoghue, D Camfferman, JD Kennedy, AJ Martin, T Couper, LD Lack, et al.
Sleep-disordered breathing in Prader-Willi syndrome and its association with neurobehavioral abnormalities.
J Pediatr, 147 (2005), pp. 823-829
[38]
F McNamara, CE Sullivan.
Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children.
Sleep, 23 (2000), pp. 142-146
[39]
A Sánchez Armengol, F Capote Gil, S Cano Gómez, C Carmona Bernal, E García Díaz, J Castillo Gómez.
Tratamiento quirúrgico de la hipertrofia adenoamigdalar en niños con trastornos respiratorios del sueño: cambios en los patrones polisomnográficos.
Arch Bronconeumol, 33 (1997), pp. 124-128
[40]
JN Roemmich, JE Barkley, L D'Andrea, M Nikova, AD Rogol, MA Carskadon, et al.
Increases in overweight after adenotonsillectomy in overweight children with obstructive sleep-disordered breathing are associated with decreases in motor activity and hyperactivity.
Pediatrics, 117 (2006), pp. 200-208
[41]
SE Brietzke, D Gallagher.
The effectiveness of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in the treatment of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome: a meta-analysis.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 134 (2006), pp. 979-984
[42]
GJ Wiet, C Bower, R Seibert, M Griebel.
Surgical correction of obstructive sleep apnea in the complicated pediatric patient documented by polysomnography.
Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 41 (1997), pp. 133-143
[43]
MM Statham, RG Elluru, R Buncher, M Kalra.
Adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in young children: prevalence of pulmonary complications.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 132 (2006), pp. 476-480
[44]
GM Nixon, AS Kermack, M Davis, J Manoukian, KA Brown, RT Brouillete.
Planning adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea: the role of overnight oximetry.
Pediatrics, 113 (2004), pp. 19-25
[45]
A Tarasiuk, T Simon, A Tal, H Reuveni.
Adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome reduces health care utilization.
Pediatrics, 113 (2004), pp. 351-356
[46]
F Firoozi, R Batniji, AR Aslan, PA Longhurst, BA Kogan.
Resolution of diurnal incontinence and nocturnal enuresis after adenotonsillectomy in children.
J Urol, 175 (2006), pp. 1885-1888
[47]
CL Marcus, G Rosen, SL Ward, AC Halbower, L Sterni, J Lutz, et al.
Adherence to and effectiveness of positive airway pressure therapy in children with obstructive sleep apnea.
Pediatrics, 117 (2006), pp. 442-451
[48]
KA Waters, FM Everett, JW Bruderer, CE Sullivan.
Obstructive sleep apnea: the use of nasal CPAP in 80 children.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 152 (1995), pp. 780-785
[49]
NA Goldstein, V Pugazhendhi, SM Rao, J Weedon, TF Campbell, AC Goldman, et al.
Clinical assessment of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea.
Pediatrics, 114 (2004), pp. 33-43
Copyright © 2007. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR)
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?