Journal Information
Vol. 41. Issue 4.
Pages 206-219 (April 2005)
Vol. 41. Issue 4.
Pages 206-219 (April 2005)
Review Article
Full text access
Respiratory Infections Caused by Environmental Mycobacteria
Visits
6943
J.M. García Garcíaa,
, J.J. Palacios Gutiérrezb, A.A. Sánchez Antuñaa
Corresponding author
josemaria.garciag@sespa.princast.es
Correspondence: Dr. J.M. García García. Sección de Neumología. Hospital San Agustín. Camino de Heros, 4. 33400 Avilés. Asturias. España
Correspondence: Dr. J.M. García García. Sección de Neumología. Hospital San Agustín. Camino de Heros, 4. 33400 Avilés. Asturias. España
This item has received
Article information
Full text is only aviable in PDF
REFERENCES
[1]
American Thoracic Society.
Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 156 (1997), pp. S1-S25
[2]
Subcommittee of the Joint Tuberculosis Committee of the British Thoracic Society.
Management of opportunist mycobacterial infections: Joint Tuberculosis Committee guidelines 1999.
Thorax, 55 (2000), pp. 210-218
[3]
J Ruiz Manzano, JM Manterola, V Ausina, J Sauret.
Recomendaciones SEPAR. Nomenclatura y clasificación de las micobacterias.
Arch Bronconeumol., 34 (1998), pp. 154-157
[4]
MV Medina Cruz, J Sauret Valet, JA Caminero Luna.
Enfermedades producidas por micobacterias ambientales.
Med Clin (Barc), 113 (1999), pp. 621-630
[5]
M Casal.
Cómo denominar a las micobacterias diferentes a Mycobacterium tuberculosis y a M. leprae..
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin., 21 (2003), pp. 296-298
[6]
E Tortoli.
Impact of genotypic studies on mycobacterial taxonomy: the new mycobacteria of the 1990s.
Clin Microbiol Rev., 16 (2003), pp. 319-354
[7]
DE Griffith, RJ Wallace.
Epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections.
UpToDate,
[8]
DE Griffith, RJ Wallace.
Pathogenesis of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections.
[9]
BA Brown-Elliott, DE Griffith, RJ Wallace Jr.
Newly described or emerging human species of nontuberculous mycobacteria.
Infect Dis Clin North Am., 16 (2002), pp. 187-220
[10]
CB Eckburg, EO Buadu, P Stark, PSA Sarinas, RK Chitkara, WG Kuschner.
Clinical and chest radiographic findings among persons with sputum culture positive for Mycobacterium gordonae. A review of 19 cases.
Chest, 117 (2000), pp. 96-102
[11]
M Casal, JR Calero.
Mycobacterium gadium sp. nov. A new species of rapid-growing scotochromogenic mycobacteria.
Tubercle., 55 (1974), pp. 299-308
[12]
V Ausina, M Luquin, M García Barceló, MA Lanéelle, V LévyFrébault, F Belda, et al.
Mycobacterium alvei sp. nov.
Int J Syst Bacteriol., 42 (1992), pp. 529-535
[13]
M Luquín, V Ausina, V Vincent-Lévy-Frébault, MA Lanéelle, F Belda, M García Barceló, et al.
Mycobacterium brumae sp. nov, a rapidly growing, nonphotochromogenic mycobacterium.
Int J Syst Bacteriol., 43 (1993), pp. 405-413
[14]
P Domènech, MS Jiménez, MC Menéndez, TJ Bull, S Samper, A Manrique, et al.
Mycobacterium mageritense sp. nov.
Int J Syst Bacteriol., 47 (1997), pp. 535-540
[15]
N Martín Casabona, J Rosselló Urgell.
Micobacterias ambientales en España: aislamientos en el período 1976-1996.
Med Clin (Barc), 115 (2000), pp. 663-670
[16]
E Martínez-Moragón, R Menéndez, P Palasí, M Santos, J López Aldeguer.
Enfermedades por micobacterias ambientales en pacientes con y sin infección por el VIH: características epidemiológicas, clínicas y curso evolutivo.
Arch Bronconeumol., 37 (2001), pp. 281-286
[17]
MT Henry, L Inamdar, D O'Riordain, M Schweiger, JP Watson.
Nontuberculous mycobacteria in non-HIV patients: epidemiology, treatment and response.
Eur Respir J., 23 (2004), pp. 741-746
[18]
JJ Palacios, J Ferro, N Ruiz Palma, JM García, H Villar, J Rodríguez, et al.
Fully automated liquid culture system compared with Löwenstein-Jensen solid medium for rapid recovery of mycobacteria from clinical samples.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis., 18 (1999), pp. 265-273
[19]
B Springer, L Stockman, K Teschner, GD Roberts, E Böttger.
Two-laboratory collaborative study on identification of mycobacteria: molecular versus phenotypic methods.
J Clin Microbiol., 34 (1996), pp. 296-303
[20]
E Tortoli, A Mariottini, G Mazzarelli.
Evaluation of INNO-LIPA mycobacteria V2: improved reverse hybridization multiple DNA probe assay for mycobacterial identification.
J Clin Microbiol., 41 (2003), pp. 4418-4420
[21]
A Telenti, F Marchesi, M Balz, F Bally, EC Böttger, T Bodmer.
Rapid identification of mycobacteria to the species level by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme analysis.
J Clin Microbiol., 31 (1993), pp. 175-178
[22]
D Harmsen, J Rothgänger, C Singer, J Albert, M Frosch.
Intuitive hypertext-based molecular identification of microorganisms.
Lancet, 353 (1999), pp. 291
[23]
A Roth, U Reischl, A Streubel, L Naumann, RM Kroppenstedt, M Habicht, et al.
Novel diagnostic algorithm for identification of mycobacteria using genus-specific amplification of the 16S-23S rRNA gene spacer and restriction endonucleases.
J Clin Microbiol., 38 (2000), pp. 1094-1104
[24]
RIDOM Mycobacteria project [consulted 12 June 2004].
[25]
PRASITE.
Identification of Mycobacteria [consulted 19 June 2004].
[26]
DE Griffith.
Management of disease due to Mycobacterium kansasii..
Clin Chest Med., 23 (2002), pp. 613-622
[27]
J Garrós Garay, F García Cebrián, G Martín Saco, JJ Lorza Blasco, E Ruiz de Gordejuela.
Enfermedad pulmonar por Mycobacterium kansasii. Análisis de 39 casos.
Arch Bronconeumol., 37 (2001), pp. 27-34
[28]
SA Evans, A Colville, AJ Evans, AJ Crisp, ID Johnston.
Pulmonary Mycobacterium kansasii infection: comparison of the clinical features, treatment and outcome with pulmonary tuberculosis.
Thorax, 51 (1996), pp. 1248-1252
[29]
AJ Evans, AJ Crisp, RB Hubbard, A Colville, SA Evans, ID Johnston.
Pulmonary Mycobacterium kansasii infection: comparison of radiological appearances with pulmonary tuberculosis.
Thorax, 51 (1996), pp. 1243-1247
[30]
KC Bloch, L Zwerling, MJ Pletcher, JA Hahn, JL Gerberding, SM Ostroff, et al.
Incidence and clinical implications of isolation of Mycobacterium kansasii: results of a 5-year, population-based study.
Ann Intern Med., 129 (1998), pp. 698-704
[31]
EL Corbett, GJ Churchyard, M Hay, P Herselman, T Clayton, B Williams, et al.
The impact of HIV infection on Mycobacterium kansasii disease in South African gold miners.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 160 (1999), pp. 10-14
[32]
EL Corbett, GJ Churchyard, T Clayton, P Herselman, B Williams, R Hayes, et al.
Risk factors for pulmonary mycobacterial disease in South African gold miners. A case-control study.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 159 (1999), pp. 94-99
[33]
DE Griffith, RJ Wallace.
Clinical manifestations of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in HIV-negative patients.
UpToDate,
[34]
DS Prince, DD Peterson, RM Steiner, JE Gottlieb, R Scott, HL Israel, et al.
Infection with Mycobacterium avium complex in patients without predisposing conditions.
N Engl J Med., 321 (1989), pp. 863-868
[35]
JH Huang, PN Kao, V Adi, SJ Ruoss.
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare pulmonary infection in HIV-negative patients without pre-existing lung disease.
Chest, 115 (1999), pp. 1033-1040
[36]
SJ Swensen, TE Hartman, DE Williams.
Computed tomographic diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex in patients with bronchiectasis.
Chest, 105 (1994), pp. 49-52
[37]
C Wittram, GL Weisbrod.
Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease in immunocompetent patients: radiography-CT correlation.
Br J Radiol., 75 (2002), pp. 340-344
[38]
K Kubo, Y Yamazaki, T Masubuchi, A Takamizawa, T Yamamoto, T Koizumi, et al.
Pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare leads to air trapping distal to small airways.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 158 (1998), pp. 979-984
[39]
MD Iseman, DL Bushman, LM Ackerson.
Pectus excavatum and scoliosis. Thoracic anomalies associated with pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium avium complex.
Am Rev Respir Dis., 144 (1991), pp. 914-916
[40]
JM Reich, RE Johnson.
Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease presenting as an isolated lingular or middle lobe pattern: the Lady Windermere syndrome.
Chest, 101 (1992), pp. 1605-1609
[41]
RV Pham, KH Vydareny, AA Gal.
High-resolution computed tomography appearance of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex infection after exposure to hot tub: case of hot-tub lung.
J Thorac Imaging, 18 (2003), pp. 48-52
[42]
EJ Mangione, G Huitt, D Lenaway, J Beebe, A Bailey, M Figoski, et al.
Nontuberculous mycobacterial disease following hot tub exposure.
Emerg Infect Dis., 7 (2001), pp. 1039-1042
[43]
DE Griffith, WM Girard, RJ Wallace Jr.
Clinical features of pulmonary disease caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria. An analysis of 154 patients.
Am Rev Respir Dis., 147 (1993), pp. 1271-1278
[44]
CL Daley, DE Griffith.
Pulmonary disease caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria.
Clin Chest Med., 23 (2002), pp. 623-632
[45]
TR Hazelton, JD Newell Jr, JL Cook, GA Huitt, DA Lynch.
CT findings in 14 patients with Mycobacterium chelonae pulmonary infection.
AJR Am J Roentgenol., 175 (2000), pp. 413-416
[46]
C Martín Serrano, MJ Soler Sempere, L Hernández Blasco, S Romero Candeira.
Nódulo pulmonar solitario por M. fortuitum..
Arch Bronconeumol., 38 (2002), pp. 194-196
[47]
DS Smith, P Lindholm-Levy, GA Huitt, LB Heifets, JL Cook.
Mycobacterium terrae: case reports, literature review, and in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing.
Clin Infect Dis., 30 (2000), pp. 444-453
[48]
N Díaz Ricomá, F González Vargas, I Casado Moreno, L Galán Antoñanza, M Rojas Sierra, JC Alado Arboleda.
Infección pulmonar por Mycobacterium terrae..
Arch Bronconeumol., 37 (2001), pp. 96-98
[49]
AM Costrini, DA Mahler, WM Gross, JE Hawkins, R Yesner, ND D'Esopo.
Clinical and roentgenographic features of nosocomial pulmonary disease due to Mycobacterium xenopi..
Am Rev Respir Dis., 123 (1981), pp. 104-109
[50]
British Thoracic Society.
Pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium xenopi in HIV negative patients: five year follow-up of patients receiving standardised treatment.
Respir Med., 97 (2003), pp. 439-444
[51]
V Donnabella, J Salazar-Schicchi, S Bonk, B Hanna, WN Rom.
Increasing incidence of Mycobacterium xenopi at Bellevue Hospital. An emerging pathogen or a product of improved laboratory methods?.
Chest, 118 (2000), pp. 1365-1370
[52]
AA El-Solh, J Nopper, MR Abul-Khoudoud, SM Sherif, AT Aquilina, BJB Grant.
Clinical and radiographic manifestations of uncommon pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in AIDS Patients.
Chest, 114 (1998), pp. 138-145
[53]
J Moraza, C Esteban, A Capelastegui.
Mycobacterium xenopi:¿una micobacteria poco frecuente?.
Arch Bronconeumol., 38 (2002), pp. 401-402
[54]
J Esteban, A Molleja, M de Górgolas, R Fernández Roblas.
Significado clínico del aislamiento de Mycobacterium xenopi..
Med Clin (Barc), 113 (1999), pp. 36
[55]
The Research Committee of the British Thoracic Society.
Pulmonary disease caused by M. malmoense in HIV negative patients: 5-yr follow-up of patients receiving standardised treatment.
Eur Respir J., 21 (2003), pp. 478-482
[56]
AJ France, DT McLeod, MA Calder, A Seaton.
Mycobacterium malmoense infections in Scotland: an increasing problem.
Thorax, 42 (1987), pp. 593-595
[57]
B Henriques, SE Hoffner, B Petrini, I Juhlin, P Wahlen, G Kallenius.
Infection with Mycobacterium malmoense in Sweden: report of 221 cases.
Clin Infect Dis., 18 (1994), pp. 596-600
[58]
UT Buchholz, MM McNeil, LE Keyes, RC Good.
Mycobacterium malmoense infections in the United States, January 1993 through June 1995.
Clin Infect Dis., 27 (1998), pp. 551-558
[59]
WM Alberts, KW Chandler, DA Solomon, AL Goldman.
Pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium malmoense..
Am Rev Respir Dis., 135 (1987), pp. 1375-1378
[60]
AJ Evans, AJ Crisp, A Colville, SA Evans, ID Johnston.
Pulmonary infections caused by Mycobacterium malmoense and Mycobacterium tuberculosis: comparison of radiographic features.
AJR Am J Roentgenol., 161 (1993), pp. 733-777
[61]
JS Currier.
Mycobacterium avium complex (M avium complex) infections in HIV-infected patients.
UpToDate,
[62]
D Jones, DV Havlir.
Nontuberculous mycobacteria in the HIV infected patient.
Clin Chest Med., 23 (2002), pp. 665-674
[63]
O Kirk, JM Gatell, A Mocroft, C Pedersen, R Proenca, RP Brettle, et al.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium among HIV-infected patients after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 162 (2000), pp. 865-872
[64]
DL Erbert, KN Olivier.
Nontuberculous mycobacteria in the setting of cystic fibrosis.
Clin Chest Med., 23 (2002), pp. 655-664
[65]
KN Olivier, DJ Weber, RJ Wallace Jr, AR Faiz, J Lee, Y Zhang, et al.
Nontuberculous mycobacteria I: multicenter prevalence study in cystic fibrosis.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 167 (2003), pp. 828-834
[66]
DE Griffith, BA Brown-Elliot, RJ Wallace.
Diagnosing nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease. A process in evolution.
Infect Dis Clin North Am., 16 (2002), pp. 235-249
[67]
A Catanzaro.
Diagnosis, differentiating colonization, infection, and disease.
Clin Chest Med., 23 (2002), pp. 599-601
[68]
J Fujita, Y Ohtsuki, I Suemitsu, E Shigeto, I Yamadori, Y Obayashi, et al.
Pathological and radiological changes in resected lung specimens in Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex disease.
Eur Respir J., 13 (1999), pp. 535-540
[69]
MD Rossman.
Colonization with Mycobacterium avium complex. An outdated concept.
Eur Respir J., 13 (1999), pp. 535-540
[70]
R Vidal, R Rey, A Espinar, P De March, C Melero, JM Pina, Grupo de trabajo de la SEPAR (Área TIR), et al.
Normativa sobre tratamiento y retratamiento de la tuberculosis,
[71]
LB Heifets.
Susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium avium isolates.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 40 (1996), pp. 1759-1767
[72]
J Banks, PA Jenkins.
Combined versus single antituberculosis drugs on the in vitro sensitivity patterns of nontuberculous mycobacteria.
Thorax, 42 (1987), pp. 838-842
[73]
LB Heifets.
Synergistic effect of rifampin, streptomycin, ethionamide and ethambutol on Mycobacterium intracellulare..
Am Rev Respir Dis., 125 (1982), pp. 43-48
[74]
Research Committee of the British Thoracic Society.
First randomised trial of treatments for pulmonary disease caused by M. avium intracellulare, M. malmoense, and M. xenopi in HIV negative patients: rifampicin, ethambutol and isoniazid versus rifampicin and ethambutol.
Thorax, 56 (2001), pp. 167-172
[75]
LB Heifets.
Quantitative cultures and drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium avium clinical isolates before and during the antimicrobial therapy.
Res Microbiol., 145 (1994), pp. 188-196
[76]
JR Wallace Jr, D Dunbar, BA Brown, G Onyi, R Dunlap, CH Ahn, et al.
Rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium kansasii..
Clin Infect Dis., 18 (1994), pp. 736-743
[77]
CH Ahn, RJ Wallace Jr, LC Steele, DT Murphy.
Sulfonamide containing regimens for disease caused by rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium kansasii..
Am Rev Respir Dis., 135 (1987), pp. 10-16
[78]
W Pezzia, JW Raleigh, MC Bailey, EA Toth, J Silverblatt.
Treatment of pulmonary disease due to Mycobacterium kansasii: recent experience with rifampin.
Rev Infect Dis., 3 (1981), pp. 1035-1039
[79]
CH Ahn, JR Lowell, SS Ahn, GA Hurst.
Short-course chemotherapy for pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium kansasii..
Am Rev Respir Dis., 128 (1983), pp. 1048-1050
[80]
JD Gay, DR de Young, DG Roberts.
In vitro activities of norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. avium complex, M. chelonei, M. fortuitum and M. kansasii..
Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 26 (1984), pp. 94-96
[81]
PA Jenkins, J Banks, IA Campbell, NP Smith.
Mycobacterium kansasii pulmonary infection: a prospective study of the results of nine months of treatment with rifampicin and ethambutol.
Thorax, 49 (1994), pp. 442-445
[82]
J Sauret, S Hernández Flix, E Castro, L Hernández, V Ausina, P Coll.
Treatment of pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium kansasii: results of 18 vs 12 months chemotherapy.
Tuber Lung Dis., 76 (1995), pp. 104-108
[83]
DE Griffith, BA Brown-Elliott, RJ Wallace Jr.
Thrice-weekly clarithromycin-containing regimen for treatment of Mycobacterium kansasii lung disease: results of a preliminary study.
Clin Infect Dis., 37 (2003), pp. 1178-1182
[84]
JA Caminero Luna, MV Medina Cruz.
Novedades terapéuticas en las micobacterias ambientales.
Arch Bronconeumol., 35 (1999), pp. 5-8
[85]
WJ Burman, EJ Brenda.
Treatment of HIV-related tuberculosis in the era of effective antiretroviral therapy.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 164 (2001), pp. 7-12
[86]
W Burman, P Spradling, P Weidle, J Kaplan, A Pau, A Vernon, et al.
CDC. Division of Tuberculosis Elimination. Updated guidelines for the use of rifamycins for the treatment of tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients taking protease inhibitors or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. [consulted 20 January 2004].
[87]
DHHS. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1 infected adults and adolescents. [consulted 23 March 2004].
[88]
PB Fernandes, DJ Hardy, D McDaniel, CW Hanson, RN Swanson.
In vitro and in vitro activities of clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium..
Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 33 (1989), pp. 1531-1534
[89]
LS Young, L Wiviott, M Wu, P Kolonosky, R Bolan, CB Inderlied.
Azithromycin for treatment of Mycobacterium intracellulare complex infection in patients with AIDS.
Lancet, 338 (1991), pp. 1107-1109
[90]
B Dautzenberg, T Saint Marc, MC Meyohas, M Eliaszewitch, F Haniez, MA Rogues, et al.
Clarithromycin and other antimicrobial agents in the treatment of disseminated Mycobacterium avium infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Arch Intern Med., 153 (1993), pp. 368-372
[91]
RJ Wallace Jr, BA Brown, DE Griffith, WM Girard, DT Murphy, GO Onyi, et al.
Initial clarithromycin monotherapy for Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex lung disease.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 149 (1994), pp. 1335-1341
[92]
TT Ward, D Rimland, C Kauffman, M Huycke, TG Evans, L Heifets.
Randomized, open-label trial of azithromycin plus ethambutol vs. clarithromycin plus ethambutol as therapy for Mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Veterans Affairs HIV Research Consortium.
Clin Infect Dis., 27 (1998), pp. 1278-1285
[93]
L Heifets, N Mor, J Vanderkolk.
Mycobacterium avium strains resistant to clarithromycin and azithromycin.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 37 (1993), pp. 2364-2370
[94]
B Dautzenberg, D Piperno, P Diot, C Truffot-Pernot, JP Chauvin.
Clarithromycin in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium lung infections in patients without AIDS. Clarithromycin Study Group of France.
Chest, 107 (1995), pp. 1035-1040
[95]
RJ Wallace Jr, BA Brown, DE Griffith, WM Girard, DT Murphy.
Clarithromycin regimens for pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex. The first 50 patients.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 153 (1996), pp. 1766-1772
[96]
E Tanaka, T Kimoto, K Tsuyuguchi, I Watanabe, H Matsumoto, A Niimi, et al.
Effect of clarithromycin regimen for Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 160 (1999), pp. 866-872
[97]
DE Griffith, BA Brown, P Cegielski, DT Murphy, RJ Wallace Jr.
Initial (six months) results of intermittent clarithromycin-containing regimens for Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease.
Clin Infect Dis., 30 (2000), pp. 288-292
[98]
DE Griffith, BA Brown, WM Girard, BE Griffith, LA Couch, RJ Wallace Jr.
Azithromycin-containing regimens for treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease.
Clin Infect Dis., 32 (2001), pp. 1547-1553
[99]
SK Field, RL Cowie.
Treatment of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex lung disease with a macrolide, ethambutol, and clofazimine.
Chest, 124 (2003), pp. 1482-1486
[100]
SD Shafran, J Singer, DP Zarowny, P Philips, I Salit, SL Walmsley, et al.
A comparison of two regimens for the treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia in AIDS: rifabutin, ethambutol, and clarithromycin versus rifampin, ethambutol, clofazimine and ciprofloxacin.
N Engl J Med., 335 (1996), pp. 377-383
[101]
RE Chaisson, CA Benson, NP Dube, LB Heifets, JS Korvick, S Elkin, et al.
Clarithromycin therapy for bacteraemic Mycobacterium avium complex disease: a randomised double-blind dose-ranging study in patients with AIDS.
Ann Intern Med., 121 (1994), pp. 905-911
[102]
RJ Wallace Jr, BA Brown, DE Griffith.
Drug intolerance to high-dose clarithromycin among elderly patients.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis., 16 (1993), pp. 215-221
[103]
CL Woodley, JO Kilburn.
In vitro susceptibility of Mycobacterium avium complex and Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains to a spiropiperidyl rifamycin.
Am Rev Respir Dis., 126 (1982), pp. 586-587
[104]
CM Kunin.
Antimicrobial activity of rifabutin.
Clin Infect Dis., 22 (1996), pp. 3-13
[105]
RJ Wallace Jr, BA Brown, DE Griffith, W Girard, K Tanaka.
Reduced serum levels of clarithromycin in patients treated with multidrug regimens including rifampin or rifabutin for Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare infection.
J Infect Dis., 171 (1995), pp. 747-750
[106]
SD Shafran, J Deschenes, M Miller, P Phillips, E Toma.
Uveitis and pseudojaundice during a regimen of clarithromycin, rifabutin, and ethambutol. M avium complex Study Group of the Canadian HIV Trials Network.
N Engl J Med., 330 (1994), pp. 438-439
[107]
DE Griffith, BA Brown, WM Girard, RJ Wallace Jr.
Adverse events associated with high-dose rifabutin in macrolide containing regimens for the treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease.
Clin Infect Dis., 21 (1995), pp. 594-598
[108]
MD Iseman.
Medical management of pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium avium complex.
Clin Chest Med., 23 (2002), pp. 633-641
[109]
DE Griffith, BA Brown, DT Murphy, WM Girard, L Couch, RJ Wallace Jr.
Initial (6-month) results of three-times-weekly azithromycin in treatment regimens for Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients.
J Infect Dis., 178 (1998), pp. 121-126
[110]
American Thoracic Society.
Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria.
Am Rev Respir Dis., 142 (1990), pp. 940-953
[111]
GJ Alangaden, SA Lerner.
The clinical use of fluoroquinolones for the treatment of mycobacterial diseases.
Clin Infect Dis., 25 (1997), pp. 1213-1221
[112]
SH Gillespie, O Billington.
Activity of moxifloxacin against mycobacteria.
J Antimicrob Chemother., 44 (1999), pp. 393-395
[113]
LE Bermudez, CB Inderlied, P Kolonoski, M Petrofsky, P Aralar, M Wu, et al.
Activity of moxifloxacin by itself and in combination with ethambutol, rifabutin, and azithromycin in vitro and in vivo against Mycobacterium avium..
Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 45 (2001), pp. 217-222
[114]
M Pomerantz, L Madsen, M Goble, MD Iseman.
Surgical management of resistant mycobacterial tuberculosis and other mycobacterial pulmonary infections.
Ann Thorac Surg., 52 (1991), pp. 1108-1112
[115]
Y Shiraishi, Y Nakajima, K Takasuna, T Hanaoka, N Katsuragi, H Konno.
Surgery for Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease in the clarithromycin era.
Eur J Cardiothorac Surg., 21 (2002), pp. 314-318
[116]
DP Chi, AL Reingold, EN Stone, E Vittinghoff, CR Horsburgh, EM Simon, et al.
The impact of Mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia and its treatment on survival of AIDS patients-a prospective study.
J Infect Dis., 170 (1994), pp. 578-584
[117]
RE Chaisson, JE Gallant, JC Keruly, RD Moore.
Impact of opportunistic disease on survival in patients with HIV infection.
AIDS, 12 (1998), pp. 29-33
[118]
FJ Palella Jr, KM Delaney, AC Moorman, MO Loveless, J Fuhrer, GA Satten, et al.
Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators.
N Engl J Med., 338 (1998), pp. 853-860
[119]
RE Chaisson, P Keiser, M Pierce, WJ Fessel, J Ruskin, C Lahart, et al.
Clarithromycin and ethambutol with or without clofazimine for the treatment of bacteremic Mycobacterium avium complex disease in patients with HIV infection.
AIDS, 11 (1997), pp. 311-317
[120]
O Kirk, P Reiss, C Uberti-Foppa, M Bickel, J Gerstoft, C Pradier, et al.
European HIV Cohorts. Safe interruption of maintenance therapy against previous infection with four common HIV-associated opportunistic pathogens during potent antiretroviral therapy.
Ann Intern Med., 137 (2002), pp. 239-250
[121]
SD Shafran, LD Mashinter, P Phillips, RG Lalonde, MJ Gill, SL Walmsley, et al.
Successful discontinuation of therapy for disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection after effective antiretroviral therapy.
Ann Intern Med., 137 (2002), pp. 734-737
[122]
JA Aberg, PL Williams, T Liu, HM Lederman, R Hafner, FJ Torriani, et al.
A study of discontinuing maintenance therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects with disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex: AIDS Clinical Trial Group 393 Study Team.
J Infect Dis., 187 (2003), pp. 1046-1052
[123]
H Masur.
Recommendations on prophylaxis and therapy for disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex disease in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
N Engl J Med., 329 (1993), pp. 898-904
[124]
Centers for Disease Control U.S. Public Health Service/Infectious Disease Society of America.
Guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
MMWR. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep., 51 (2002), pp. 1-52
[125]
SD Nightingale, DW Cameron, FM Gordin, PM Sullam, DL Cohn, RE Chaisson, et al.
Two controlled trials of rifabutin prophylaxis against Mycobacterium avium complex infections in AIDS.
N Engl J Med., 32 (1993), pp. 828-833
[126]
M Pierce, S Crampton, D Henry, L Heifits, A LaMarca, M Montecalvo, et al.
A randomized trial of clarithromycin as prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in patients with advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
N Engl J Med., 335 (1996), pp. 384-391
[127]
CA Benson, PL Williams, DL Cohn, S Becker, P Hojczyk, T Nevin, et al.
Clarithromycin or rifabutin alone or in combination for primary prophylaxis of Mycobacterium avium complex disease in patients with AIDS: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. The AIDS Clinical Trials Group 196/Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS 009 Protocol Team.
J Infect Dis., 181 (2000), pp. 1289-1297
[128]
DV Havlir, MP Dube, FR Sattler, DN Forthal, CA Kemper, MW Dunne, et al.
Prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex with weekly azithromycin, daily rifabutin, or both.
N Engl J Med., 335 (1996), pp. 392-398
[129]
III Oldfield EC, WJ Fessel, MW Dunne, G Dickinson, MR Wallace, W Byrne, et al.
Once weekly azithromycin therapy for prevention of Mycobacterium avium complex infection in patients with AIDS: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial.
Clin Infect Dis., 26 (1998), pp. 611-619
[130]
JS Currier, PL Williams, SL Koletar, SE Cohn, RL Murphy, AE Heald, et al.
Discontinuation of Mycobacterium avium complex prophylaxis in patients with antiretroviral therapy-induced increases in CD4+ cell count. A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. AIDS Clinical Trials Group 362 Study Team.
Ann Intern Med., 133 (2000), pp. 493-503
[131]
WM El-Sadr, WJ Burman, LB Grant, JP Matts, R Hafner, L Crane, et al.
Discontinuation of prophylaxis for Mycobacterium avium complex disease in HIV-infected patients who have a response to antiretroviral therapy. Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS.
N Engl J Med., 342 (2000), pp. 1085-1092
[132]
MS Dworkin, DL Hanson, JE Kaplan, JL Jones, JW Ward.
Risk for preventable opportunistic infections in persons with AIDS after antiretroviral therapy increases CD4+ T lymphocyte counts above prophylaxis thresholds.
J Infect Dis., 182 (2000), pp. 611-615
[133]
H Furrer, A Telenti, M Rossi, B Ledergerber.
Discontinuing or withholding primary prophylaxis against Mycobacterium avium in patients on successful antiretroviral combination therapy. The Swiss HIV Cohort Study.
AIDS, 14 (2000), pp. 1409-1412
[134]
J Banks, AM Hunter, IA Campbell, PA Jenkins, AP Smith.
Pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium xenopi: review of treatment and response.
Thorax, 39 (1984), pp. 376-382
[135]
RG Parrot, JH Grosset.
Post-surgical outcome of 57 patients with Mycobacterium xenopi pulmonary infection.
Tubercle., 69 (1988), pp. 47-55
[136]
J Banks, PA Jenkins, AP Smith.
Pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium malmoense: a review of treatment and response.
Tubercle., 66 (1985), pp. 197-203
[137]
JM Maloney, CR Gregg, DS Stephens, FA Manian, D Rimland.
Infections caused by Mycobacterium szulgai in humans.
Rev Infect Dis., 9 (1987), pp. 1120-1126
[138]
ZM Blacklock, DJ Dawson, DW Kane, D McEvoy.
Mycobacterium asiaticum as a potential pulmonary pathogen for humans. A clinical and bacteriologic review of five cases.
Am Rev Respir Dis., 127 (1983), pp. 241-244
[139]
LQ Taylor, AJ Williams, S Santiago.
Pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium asiaticum..
Tubercle., 71 (1990), pp. 303-305
[140]
M Pechere, M Opravil, A Wald, JP Chave, M Bessesen, A Sievers, et al.
Clinical and epidemiologic features of infection with Mycobacterium genavense. Swiss HIV Cohort Study.
Arch Intern Med., 155 (1995), pp. 400-404
[141]
MT Bessesen, J Shlay, B Stone-Venohr, DL Cohn, RR Reves.
Disseminated Mycobacterium genavense infection: clinical and microbiological features and response to therapy.
AIDS, 7 (1993), pp. 1357-1361
[142]
RJ Wallace Jr, BA Brown, GO Onyi.
Susceptibilities of Mycobacterium fortuitum biovar fortuitum and the two subgroups of Mycobacterium chelonae to imipenem, cefmetazole, cefoxitin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 35 (1991), pp. 773-775
[143]
BA Brown, RJ Wallace Jr, GO Onyi, V De Rosa, III Wallace RJ.
Activities of four macrolides, including clarithromycin, against Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium chelonae-like organisms.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 36 (1992), pp. 180-184
[144]
BA Brown-Elliott, RJ Wallace Jr.
Clinical and taxonomic status of pathogenic nonpigmented or late-pigmenting rapidly growing mycobacteria.
Clin Microbiol Rev., 15 (2002), pp. 716-746
[145]
R Fernández-Roblas, J Esteban, F Cabria, JC López, MS Jiménez, F Soriano.
In vitro susceptibilities of rapidly growing mycobacteria to telithromycin (HMR 3647) and seven other antimicrobials.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 44 (2000), pp. 181-182
[146]
RJ Wallace Jr, BA Brown-Elliott, SC Ward, CJ Crist, LB Mann, RW Wilson.
Activities of linezolid against rapidly growing mycobacteria.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 45 (2001), pp. 764-767
[147]
RJ Wallace Jr, BA Brown-Elliott, CJ Crist, L Mann, RW Wilson.
Comparison of the in vitro activity of the glycylcycline tigecycline (formerly GAR-936) with those of tetracycline, minocycline, and doxycycline against isolates of nontuberculous mycobacteria.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 46 (2002), pp. 3164-3167
Copyright © 2005. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR)