Article information
Abstract
Our understanding of the relationship between gastro-oesophageal reflux and respiratory disease has recently undergone important changes. The previous paradigm of airway reflux as synonymous with the classic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) causing heartburn has been overturned. Numerous epidemiological studies have shown a highly significant association of the acid, liquid, and gaseous reflux of GORD with conditions such as laryngeal diseases, chronic rhinosinusitis, treatment resistant asthma, COPD and even idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. However, it has become clear from studies on cough hypersensitivity syndrome that much reflux of importance in the airways has been missed, since it is either non- or weakly acid and gaseous in composition. The evidence for such a relationship relies on the clinical history pointing to symptom associations with known precipitants of reflux. The tools for the diagnosis of extra-oesophageal reflux, in contrast to the oesophageal reflux of GORD, lack sensitivity and reproducibility. Unfortunately, methodology for detecting such reflux is only just becoming available and much additional work is required to properly delineate its role.
Keywords:
Airway reflux
Gastro-oesophageal reflux
Non-acid reflux
Chronic cough
Asthma
Resumen
Nuestro conocimiento sobre la relación entre el reflujo gastroesofágico (RGE) y las enfermedades respiratorias ha conllevado recientemente a cambios importantes. El paradigma previo del reflujo a vía aérea (RVA) o RGE que llega hasta la vía aérea como sinónimo de la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico clásica (ERGE) con la pirosis como síntoma imprescindible ha sido definitivamente rechazado. Numerosos estudios epidemiológicos han mostrado una asociación altamente significativa entre el reflujo ácido, líquido y gaseoso de la ERGE con condiciones tales como enfermedades laríngeas, rinosinusitis crónica, asma resistente al tratamiento, EPOC e inclusive fibrosis pulmonar idiopática. Hoy se sabe que gracias a estudios del síndrome de hipersensibilidad tusígena gran parte del reflujo que llega a la vía aérea no es diagnosticado debido a su escaso o nulo contenido de ácido o a su composición gaseosa. La evidencia para esta relación se basa en la historia clínica que señala una asociación sintomática con factores precipitantes conocidos del reflujo. Las exploraciones para el diagnóstico del RA no poseen la sensibilidad o la reproducibilidad que han demostrado las del reflujo esofágico de la ERGE. Desafortunadamente, el acceso a la metodología para la detección de tal reflujo empezó a ser posible hace muy poco tiempo y se requiere aún muchos trabajos de investigación para perfilar correctamente su papel.
Palabras clave:
Reflujo a vía aérea
Reflujo gastroesofágico
Reflujo no ácido
Tos crónica
Asma
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